BDwbU

Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv
(Production Management)
5

f~wgKv (Introduction)
Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g `ªe¨ I †mev Drcvw`Z nq| Drcv`b Kg©KvÐ mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcv`b
e¨e¯’vcbv Drcv`b cwiKíbv cÖYqb, Drcv`‡bi DcKiY msMÖn I gRy`KiY, KviLvbv web¨vm, hš¿cvwZ
iÿYv‡eÿY, Kgx©‡`i g‡bvej Dbœqb Ges mvgwMÖKfv‡e Drcv`b Kg©KvÐ wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi
gva¨‡g †µZvgyLx cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b Kiv nq hv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †gvKv‡ejv K‡i `xN©‡gqv‡` e¨emvq wU‡K _vK‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i|

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-5.1 : Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi aviYv I MwZcÖK…wZ
cvV-5.2 : `ªe¨ ev cY¨ I †mevi aviYv
cvV-5.3 : Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi Kvhv©ewj I ¸iæZ¡
cvV-5.4 : ‡mev Lv‡Zi cÖe„w×
cvV-5.5 : Drcv`bkxjZvi mgm¨v I Zvi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb
cvV-5.6 : gvbm¤úbœ `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ¸iæZ¡
cvV-5.7 : †µZv‡Kw›`ªKi‡Yi aviYv|

cvV-5.1 Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi aviYv I MwZ cÖK…wZ (Concept of Production Management

and its Nature)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
 Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi MwZcÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|

Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv, Drcv`b Kg©KvÛ, Drcv`b cÖwµqv BZ¨vw`|

g~L¨ kã (Keywords)
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv I wecYb-cÖ_g cÎ

Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv aviYv (Concept of Production Management)

Drcv`b kãwU gvbe mf¨Zvi DrKl©mva‡Yi mv‡_ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| Drcv`b ej‡Z Avgiv eywS
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K gvby‡li e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍi NUv‡bv| Ab¨w`‡K, e¨e¯’vcbv ej‡Z eySvq wbw`©ó
D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ m¤úvw`Z Kvh©vewj| A_©vr, Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv ej‡Z KuvPvgvj‡K P~ovšÍ c‡Y¨ cwiYZ Kivi
Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖYqb, msMVb, ev¯Íevqb, mgš^qmvab I wbqš¿Y‡K eySvq|
wb‡¤œ Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv-
Gaurav Akrani e‡jb, “Production management means planning, organizing, directing and
controlling of production activities.” A_v©r ,ÒDrcv`b Kg©Kv‡Ði cwiKíbv cÖYqb, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv I
wbqš¿Y‡K Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv e‡j|Ó
Rastogi Gi g‡Z, “The management of transformation process of input into output is
production management.” A_v©r, ÒKuvPvgvj‡K P~ovšÍ c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍi Kivi e¨e¯’vcbv‡K Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv
e‡j|Ó
Buffa e‡jb, “Production management deals with decision making related to production
process.” A_v©r ÒcY¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©vewj‡K Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv e‡j|Ó
Koontz e‡jb, “Production management is those activities necessary to manufacture
products.” A_v©r ÒDrcv`b cÖwµqvi mv‡_ RwoZ wm×všÍmg~n‡K Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv e‡j|Ó
Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi AšÍf³
©~ welq¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
1. Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv KuvPvgvj‡K P~ovšÍ c‡Y¨ cwiYZ K‡i;
2. Gi gva¨‡g b~b¨Zg e¨‡q cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq;
3. Gi gva¨‡g c‡Y¨i ¸YMZgvb DbœZ Kiv hvq; Ges
4. GwU e¨e¯’vcbvi GKwU we‡klvwqZ kvLv|
Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv‡K wb‡¤œv³ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-

wPÎ 5.1: Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, KuvPvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ welq‡K P~ovšÍ cY¨ I †mevq cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖYqb, msMVb,
wb‡`©kbv, †cÖlYv, mgš^qmvab I wbqš¿Y‡K Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv e‡j| Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv n‡jv mvgwMÖK e¨e¯’vcbvi
GKwU Ask hvi mvnv‡h¨ Pvwn`v gvwdK I b~¨bZg e¨‡q cY¨ Drcv`bmn wewfbœ KvR Kiv hvq|

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Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi MwZcÖK…wZ (Nature of Production Management)

Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi Kvhvewj cÖ_gw`‡K cwievi‡Kw›`ªK wQj| Drcv`K ïaygvÎ wb‡Ri ev cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i wb‡q
KvuPvgvj msMÖn K‡i cY¨ Drcv`b I weµq KiZ| Aóv`k kZvwãi gvSvgvwS mg‡q BD‡iv‡c wkí wecøe ïiæ n‡j
Drcv`‡bi KvR cwiev‡ii MwÛ †cwi‡q KviLvbvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| Gi d‡j †`Lv hvq, †Kvb GKK e¨w³i c‡ÿ
Drcv`‡bi mKj KvR Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| ZLb Drcv`b Kvh©‡K mvgwMÖK e¨e¯’vcbv †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i Zv †Kvb
we‡kl e¨w³ ev `‡ji Dci Ac©b Kiv nq| Gi gva¨‡gB Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi DrcwË| Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi g‡a¨
AšÍf³ ©~ i‡q‡Q cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b cwiKíbv, hš¿cvwZ web¨vm, Drcv`b BwÄwbqvwis, c‡Y¨i wWRvBb wba©viY,
Drcv`b c×wZ wbav©iY, KvuPvgvj cÖwµqvRvZKiY, Drcv`b wbqš¿Y, gvb wbqš¿Y, kÖwg‡Ki wb‡`©kbv, †cÖlYv `vb
BZ¨vw` Kvh©vewj|
wkí wecø‡ei cÖ_g chv©‡q KviLvbvq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi RwUjZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ kÖg wefvM I kÖwgK‡`i `ÿZvi
Dci wfwË K‡i gRywi ev †eZb wbav©iY Kivi K_v fvev nq| wkí wecø‡ei ci KviLvbvq ‰eÁvwbK e¨e¯’vcbvi
cÖPjb ïiæ nq hvi gva¨‡g Drcv`b c×wZ we‡kølY, Kvh© cwigvcKiY, Kgx© e¨e¯’vcbvi Dbœqb, Kvh© eÈb BZ¨vw`
†ÿ‡Î e¨vcK Dbœqb nq| ax‡i ax‡i Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvq AviI AšÍ©f~³ nq cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK gRywi`vb c×wZ Dbœqb
Ges c×wZMZ Dbœqb, e¨e¯’vcbv bxwZ I MwZ we‡kølY, MvwYwZK †KŠk‡ji e¨envi, cwimsL¨vwbK gvb wbqš¿Y
e¨e¯’v MÖnY| wØZxq wek^hy‡×i ci †`Lv hvq, Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi aviYv, ZË¡ I †KŠk‡j AvaywbK ¯^qswµq e¨e¯’v
MÖnY Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvq wbf©yjZv, `ÿZv I `ªæZZvi w`K †_‡K ‡ek eo iK‡gi
cwieZ©b Av‡b| AvaywbK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi wewfbœ c×wZi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Liner programming, Waiting Line
Model, Simulation Analysis, PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique, CPM
(Critical Path Method), E-Commerce, E- Governance cªf„wZ|
eZ©gvb mg‡q †`Lv hvq †h, Drcv`b Kvh© cÖwµqv AZ¨šÍ I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y,© ZvB mgMÖ Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K ÿz`ª ÿz`ª
As‡k wef³ K‡i Kvh© m¤úbœ Kiv nq; hvi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡K we‡kl †Kvb e¨w³ ev `j| Drcv`b KvR GLb KZK¸‡jv
cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cwiPvjbv K‡i cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b wbwðZ Kiv nq| Kvwh©K e¨e¯’vcbv (Operation
Management) n‡jv Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi AvaywbK GKwU iƒc hvi gva¨‡g cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³
cÖwµqvmg~n‡K cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi bZzb Av‡iKwU kvLv n‡jv mvcøvB †PBb g¨v‡bR‡g›U
(Supply Chain Management) hvi g~j KvR n‡jv Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ wewfbœ DcKiY †hgb- KvuPvgvj,
gvbe m¤ú`, †gwkb, †UK‡bvjwR BZ¨vw` DcKiY h_v mg‡q, h_v¯’v‡b, Dchy³ cwigv‡Y mieivn Kiv| Drcv`b
e¨e¯’vcbvq eZ©gv‡b AwaK cwigvY cY¨ Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbm¤§Z `ªe¨ ev cY¨ Drcv`‡b ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq|
GQvovI Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvq Drcv`bkxjZvi P¨v‡jÄ, †mev Lv‡Zi cÖe„w× I †µZv‡Kw›`ªKiY bZzb wKQy cÖeYZv|
myZivs ejv hvq †h, Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv n‡jv GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv hv µgvš^‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| Avi
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© cwi‡e‡k ‡µZv‡`i DbœZ gv‡bi cY¨ ev †mev mieivn wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi
Kv‡Ri cwiwa w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|

GKwU we¯‹zU cÖ¯ÍZKvix cÖwZôv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv wKiƒc n‡e Zv wP‡Îi
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiæb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv GKwU we‡klvwqZ e¨e¯’vcbv| GwU cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z;
 cwiKíbv, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv, mgš^q mvab I wbqš¿Y msµvšÍ Kvh©vejx Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq|
 Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv n‡jv GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv hvi Kv‡Ri cwiwa w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †Kvb kãwU mf¨Zvi DrKl© mva‡bi mv‡_ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ|
K) Drcv`b L) Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv
M) e¨e¯’vcbv N) †cÖlYv
2| wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ m¤úvw`Z Kvh©vejx‡K ejv nq|
K) Drcv`b L) Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv
M) e¨e¯’vcbv N) †cÖlYv
3| The management of transformation process of input into output is production management - Dw³wU
Kvi?
K) Gaurav Alerani L) Rastogi
M) H. W. Taylor N) Warren Baffet
4| Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv-
i. KuvPvgvj‡K P‚ovšÍ c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
ii. GKwU we‡kqvwqZ e¨e¯’vcbv
iii. GwU bv _vK‡jI Drcv`b wVKgZB cwiPvwjZ n‡e|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I iii L) ii I iii
M) i I ii N) i, ii I iii
5| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Drcv`‡bi Kvh© wKfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv n‡Zv?
K) GKKfv‡e L) mgwóMZfv‡e
M) mvgwMÖKfv‡e N) `jMZfv‡e

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cvV-5.2 `ªe¨ ev cY¨ I †mevi aviYv (Concept of Goods or Products and Services)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 `ªe¨ ev cY¨ Kv‡K e‡j I cÖKvi‡f` Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †mev Kv‡K e‡j I Gi cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
 cY¨ I †mevi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

`ªe¨, cY¨, †mev, †mev`vbKvix BZ¨vw`|

g~L¨ kã (Keywords)

cÖwZôvb cÖavbZ `yB ai‡Yi Drcv`b Kv‡h© wjß n‡Z cv‡i| Avi †m`yBwU n‡jv- `ªe¨ ev cY¨ Ges †mev|
hv gvby‡li e¯‘MZ I Ae¯‘MZ Afve c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB n‡jv cY¨ ev †mev| wb‡P cY¨ I †mev m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
`ªe¨ ev cY¨ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq (What is meant by Goods/Product)
`ªe¨ ev cY¨ n‡jv `„k¨gvb I ¯úk©‡hvM¨ †Kvb wKQz hvi AvKvi, AvK…wZ, IRb I e¯‘MZ Ae¯’vb i‡q‡Q| `ªe¨ ev cY¨
ej‡Z weµq‡hvM¨ †Kvb wKQz‡K †evSvq hv A‡_©i wewbg‡q µq-weµq Kiv nq Ges gvby‡li Afve ev Pvwn`v c~i‡Y mÿg|
wb‡¤œ `ª‡e¨i msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv-
Stanton, Etzel & Walker Gi g‡Z, ÒGood/Product is a set of tangible physical attributes
assembled in an identifiable form to provide want-satisfaction to customers.” A_©vr, Ò`ªe¨ ev
cY¨ nj `„k¨gvb e¯‘MZ ¸YvM‡Yi mgwó hv kbv³KiY‡hvM¨ Ges †µZv‡`i Afv‡ei mšÍwó weavb K‡i|Ó
Philip Kotler Gi g‡Z, ÒA product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention,
acquisition or consumption. It includes physical objects, services, personalities, places,
organisations and ideas.”1 A_©vr, ÒcY¨ n‡jv Ggb †Kv‡bv welq hv evRv‡i ‡µZv‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y I
Zv‡`i KZ„©K msMÖn ev †fv‡Mi wbwg‡Ë Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq; hvi AšÍf©~³ n‡jv- †eva‡hvM¨ e¯‘, †mev, e¨w³MZ
fve ev Ae¯’v, ¯’vb, cÖwZôvb I aviYv|Ó
Dc‡iv³ msÁv¸‡jv †_‡K `ª‡e¨ ev c‡Y¨i wb‡¤œv³ ˆewk󨸇jv †`Lv hvq-
1. `ªe¨ ev cY¨ †`Lv hvq;
2. GwU ¯úk© Kiv hvq;
3. GwU mbv³KiY‡hvM¨;
4. GwU gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb I Afve †gUvq; Ges
5. Gi ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g ‡µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq|
myZivs ejv hvq †h, `ªe¨ ev cY¨ weµq‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv wKQz hv †µZvi Afve c~iY Ki‡Z ev mš‘wó weav‡b mÿg Ges
hv A‡_©i wewbg‡q µq-weµq Kiv nq|
`ªe¨ ev c‡Y¨i cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Goods or Products)
cY¨‡K Zvi ˆewkó¨, Drcv`‡bi Drm, †fv‡Mi mgqKvj ev wecYb ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx fvM Kiv hvq| wb‡¤œ wecY‡bi
ˆewkô¨ Abyhvqx c‡Y¨i cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-

1
Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, Indian Print, 5th Ed, P-464.

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv I wecYb-cÖ_g cÎ

K. †fvM¨ cY¨ (Consumer Goods): †fvM¨ cY¨ n‡jv †hme cY¨ P~ovšÍ †fv‡Mi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx| †hgb-
Pvj, Wvj, mvevb, Nwo BZ¨vw`| †fvM¨ cY¨ wewfbœ ai‡Yi nq Zv wb¤œ iƒc-
1. myweavRbK cY¨ (Convenience Goods): myweavRbK cY¨ n‡jv †mBme cY¨ hv myweavRbK
RvqMv n‡Z mn‡R µq Kiv hvq| ‡µZv GBme cY¨ µq Kivi mgq Kg mgq I Kg kw³ e¨q
K‡i, c~e© cwiKíbv QvovB cY¨ µq K‡i| †hgb- we¯‹zU, Pvj, mvevb BZ¨vw`|
2. wecYb cY¨ (Shopping Goods): †h mKj cY¨ ‡µZv mPivPi µq K‡i bv Ges µq Kivi
mgq c~e© cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i c‡Y¨i ¸Yv¸Y, g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ †µZv mgq, A_© I kÖg BZ¨vw`
e¨q K‡i Zv‡KB wecYb cY¨ e‡j| †hgb- †Uwjwfkb, Mvwo, GqviKzjvi BZ¨vw`|
3. wewkó cY¨ (Industrial Goods): GB ai‡Yi cY¨ ej‡Z we‡kl †kÖwYi †fv³v‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl
gvb m¤^wjZ cY¨‡K †evSvq| †hme †µZv Ab¨‡`i †_‡K wb‡R‡`i Avjv`v fve‡Z cQ›` K‡i,
Zv‡`i Rb¨ we‡µZv AvK©lYxq Nwo, d¨vk‡bej Rvgv, `vwg Kjg BZ¨vw` cY¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i| GBme
cY¨ µq Kivi mgq †µZv cÖPzi A_©, mgq I kÖg e¨q K‡i|
L. wkí cY¨ (Industrial Goods): †hmKj cY¨ P~ovšÍ †fv‡M e¨eüZ nq bv eis †fvM¨ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi
Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K wkí cY¨ e‡j| wb‡¤œ wkí c‡Y¨i cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
1. KvuPvgvj (Raw-materials): Zzjv, cvU, KvV BZ¨vw`|
2. Avav cÖ¯‘Z cY¨ I cY¨vsk (Fabricating Materials and Parts): ‡jŠn AvKwiK KvuPvgvj
Ges †jŠnwcÐ Avav cÖ¯‘Z cY¨|
3. fvix hš¿cvwZ I m¤úwË (Machinaries and Assets): KviLvbv, ¸`vgNi, wW‡Rj BwÄb,
eqjvi BZ¨vw`|
4. Avbylvw½K hš¿cvwZ (Accessories): †j` †gwkb, I‡qwìs †gwkb, KvwUs †gwkb BZ¨vw`|
5. mnvqK cY¨ (Operating Supplies): Awd‡mi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z hš¿, ‰e`y¨wZK
cvLv BZ¨vw`|
eZ©gvb mg‡q †µZvi wewfbœ Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡Yi c‡Y¨i cÖ‡qvRb nq|
†mev ej‡Z Kx eySvq (What is meant by Service)
†mev n‡”Q Ggb wKQz Kvh©ejx †h¸‡jvi c„_Kfv‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡ kbv³KiY‡hvM¨ wKš‘ ¯úk©‡hvM¨ bq| GwU †µZvi
cÖ‡qvRb I Afve c~i‡Y mÿg| †hgb: AvBbx mnvqZv, wkÿv I wkïi cwiPh©v| †mevi msÁv wb¤œiƒc-
Kotler and Armstrong e‡j‡Qb, ÒService is any activity or benefit that one party can offer to
another that is essentially intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything.” A_©vr,
Ò†mev n‡”Q †h †Kvb KvR ev myweav hv GKcÿ Ab¨cÿ‡K cÖ`vb K‡i, hv Aek¨B A¯úk©bxq Ges G‡Z
gvwjKvbvi cwieZ©b N‡U bv|Ó
Zikmund & D. Amico e‡j‡Qb, ÒService is a task or activity performed for a buyer.” A_©vr,
Ò‡mev n‡jv ‡Kv‡bv KvR ev Kvh©µg, hv †µZvi Rb¨ m¤úvw`Z n‡q _v‡K|Ó
AZGe, †mev m¤ú‡K© ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h-
1. †mev Avjv`vfv‡e mbv³ Kiv hvq;
2. †mev aiv ev †Quvqv hvq bv, Z‡e Dcjwä Kiv hvq;
3. GwU †fv³vi Afve †gUv‡Z cv‡i;
4. †mev I †mev`vbKvix ci¯úi Awew”Qbœ I m¤úK©hy³; Ges
5. †mev msiÿY Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e mieivn Kiv hvq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, gvby‡li Afve c~i‡Y mÿg A¯úk©bxq, Z‡e mbv³KiY‡hvM¨ Kvh©vewj hv gvby‡li DcKv‡i
e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K †mev e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| Avi †mev mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©‡b RwoZ e¨emvq‡K †mevg~jK
e¨emvq ejv nq|

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†mevi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Service)

gvbyl wewfbœ cY¨ `ªe¨ µq K‡i †mB mv‡_ †mevI Avkv K‡i| c„_Kfv‡e †mev MÖnY K‡i A_© ev g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡i|
wKQz †mev c‡Y¨i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³, †hgb- †gvevBj‡dv‡bi mv‡_ A_ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ weµ‡qv³i †mev| Avevi
wKQz †mev Av‡Q c‡Y¨i mv‡_ m¤úK© †bB, †hgb Wv³v‡ii civgk© ev wPwKrmv †mev| †mev LvZwU µgvMZfv‡e
gvby‡li A_©‡bwZK Ae¯’v, RbmsL¨v Ges Gi DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z, m¤úªmvwiZ I DbœZ n‡q P‡j‡Q|
AvaywbK G mg‡q miKvi, ¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv, Z_¨, cÖhyw³, †hvMv‡hvM I e¨emvq †ÿ‡Î †mev e„wׇZ Zrci| cÖK…Z c‡ÿ
gvby‡li Áv‡bi weKvk, cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb I bZzb bZzb Pvwn`vi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ ai‡Yi ‡mevi D™¢e I †mme †ÿ‡Î
wewb‡qvM n‡”Q-d‡j †mevLv‡Z cÖe„w× I mvwaZ n‡”Q|
Stanton, Etzel and Walker- ‡mev LvZ‡K `ywU ch©v‡q wef³ K‡ib| h_v-
K. gybvdv AR©bKvix cÖwZôv‡bi †mev (Services by Profit Seeking Firms): Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK
eZ©gvb G we‡k¦ wecYbKvix‡K wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡j Aek¨B †µZv‡`i‡K †mev cÖ`v‡bi welqwU ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kej gybvdv AR©b K‡iB eZ©gvb evRv‡i wU‡K _vKv m¤¢e bq; eis †µZv‡`i‡K
†mev cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡gB gybvdv AR©b m¤¢e nq Ges evRv‡i wU‡K _vKvI mnR nq| G‡ÿ‡Î gybvdv
AR©bKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †h mKj †mev cÖ`vb K‡i †m¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1. K¨vUvwis I we‡bv`b †mev (Catering and Entertainment): †i÷z‡i›U, K¨v‡dUvwiqv, dv÷
dyW, mvK©vm, bvU¨gÂ, bvP, we‡bv`b cvK© BZ¨vw`|
2. e¨w³MZ cwiPh©v (Personal Care): weDwU cvj©vi, †mjyb, †R›Um& cvj©vi, WªvBwK¬wbs, jwÛª, `wR©,
wRg‡bwmqvg BZ¨vw`|
3. cÖvB‡fU wkÿv (Private Education): wKÛviM‡U©b, Bswjk wgwWqvg ¯‹zj, cÖvB‡fU ¯‹zj, K‡jR,
wek¦we`¨vjq, †KvwPs †m›Uvi, M„nwkÿK BZ¨vw`|
4. e¨emvq I Ab¨vb¨ †ckv`vwi †mev (Business and Other Professional Service): AvBb,
DwK‡ji civgk© e¨e¯’vcbvMZ civgk©, wecYb M‡elYv, weÁvcbx ms¯’v BZ¨vw`|
5. BÝy‡iÝ, e¨vswKs I Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K †mev (Insurance, Banking and other Financial
service): e¨w³MZ I e¨emvwqK wegv, e¨vswKs FY I †mev, wewb‡qvM BZ¨vw`|
6. cwienY (Transportation): hvÎx cwienY, gvjvgvj ev cY¨ cwienY, Mvwo †givgZ I fvov,
`ªæZ cv‡m©j mvwf©m (Gm. G. cwienY)|
7. †hvMv‡hvM (Communication): †gvevBj †dvb, j¨vÛ †dvb, B›Uvi‡bU, d¨v·, B-‡gBj,
Kzwiqvi mvwf©m BZ¨vw`|
8. Avevmb (Housing): †nv‡Uj, †gv‡Uj, GcvU©‡g›U, d¬¨vU BZ¨vw`|
9. M„n¯’vwji KvR (Household Operation): M„n †givgZ, M„‡ni hš¿cvwZ †givgZ, cwi®‹vi-
cwi”QbœZv welqK hš¿cvwZ BZ¨vw`|
L. Ae¨emvqx ev Agybvdv‡fvMx cÖwZôv‡bi †mev (Services by Non-Profit Organization): †h mKj
cÖwZôvb gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ bv n‡q RbKj¨vYg~jK wewfbœ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i Zv‡K
Ae¨emvqx cÖwZôvb e‡j| Giƒc Ae¨emvqx cÖwZôvb¸‡jv wewfbœ ai‡Yi †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K †h¸‡jv wb‡P
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1. wkÿvMZ (Education): cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, D”P gva¨wgK we`¨vjq, K‡jR Ges wek¦we`¨vjq|
2. mvs¯‹…wZK (Cultural): hv`yNi, wPwoqvLvbv, wkíKjv GKv‡Wwg,w_‡qUvi `j, e¨vÛ `j cÖf…wZ|
3. agx©q (Religious): gmwR`, gw›`i, wMR©v, c¨v‡MvWv cÖf…wZ|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 107

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv I wecYb-cÖ_g cÎ

4. `vZe¨ Ges gvbe‡mev (Charitable and Philanthropic): †iW-wµ‡m›U, mÜvbx, euvab,

K¨vÝvi dvD‡Ûkb, ¯‹vDwUs, M‡elYv dvD‡Ûkb cÖf…wZ|
5. mvgvwRK KviY (Social Cause): cwievi-cwiKíbv Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ RwoZ msMVb, gvbevwaKvi
msMVb, a~gcvb eR©‡b wb‡qvwRZ msMVb (cÖZ¨vkv), †hŠZzK, GwmWwe‡ivax msMVb BZ¨vw`|
6. ¯^v¯’¨ †mev (Health Care): nvmcvZvj, bvwm©s †nvg, b¨vkbvj nvU© dvD‡Ûkb, Wvqv‡ewUK
†mvmvBwU, K¨vÝvi M‡elYv BÝwUwUDU BZ¨vw`|
7. †ckvMZ I e¨emvq (Professional and Trade): kÖwgK BDwbqb, Awdmvm© Kj¨vY mwgwZ,
wkÿK-Kg©Pvix mwgwZ, W±i G‡mvwm‡qkb Ae evsjv‡`k BZ¨vw`|
8. ivR‰bwZK (Political): ivR‰bwZK `j, ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡ cÖf…wZ|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, †µZv‡`i Pvwn`v c~i‡Y wewfbœ †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb wewfbœ ai‡Yi †mevi Av‡qvRb K‡i‡Q|
Dc‡ii ZvwjKvq ‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb‡K gybvdv AR©bKvix †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb Ges Ae¨emvqx cÖwZôv‡bi AvIZvq
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †hgb: ¯‹zj, nvmcvZvj| G‡ÿ‡Î KwZcq ¯‹zj, nvmcvZvj i‡q‡Q hviv gybvdv AR©bKvix Avevi
Ggb KwZcq ¯‹zj, nvmcvZvjI i‡q‡Q hviv cy‡ivcywi Ae¨emvqx A_©vr, gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwôZ nqwb|
cY¨ I †mevi cv_©K¨ (Differences Between Product and Service)
cY¨ I †mevi g‡a¨ wb¤œwjwLZ cv_©K¨¸‡jv cwijwÿZ nq-
cv_©‡K¨i welq cY¨ †mev
1. ¯úk©bxqZv ¯úk© Kiv hvq| ¯úk© Kiv hvq bv|
c‡Y¨i Drcv`b I eÈb Kvh©µg †_‡K c‡Y¨i Drcv`b, eÈb I †fv‡Mi Kvh©µg GKB
2. wew”QbœZv
†fv‡Mi Kvh©µg Avjv`v Kiv hvq| mv‡_ nq|
wewfbœ GK‡K mgq, e¨w³, ¯’vb I cÖwµqv‡f‡`
3. gv‡bi wewfbœZv wewfbœ GK‡K wewfbœZv †`Lv hvq bv|
†mevi gvb wewfbœ nq|
4. msiÿY msiÿY Kiv hvq| msiÿY Kiv hvq bv|
µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡g gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi †mev`vZvi wbKU n‡Z †mev MÖwnZvi wbKU
5. gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi
nq| †mevi gvwjKvb n¯ÍvšÍi nq bv|

ˆ`bw›`b e¨envh©¨ welqe¯‘i ga¨ n‡Z 3wU c„_K `ªe¨ ev cY¨ I 3wU c„_K †mev
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) wPwýZ Kiæb| Gevi G¸‡jvi ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiæb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 `ªe¨ ¯úk©bxq e¯‘, GwU †`Lv hvq, e¯‘MZ cY¨ mvgvwMÖB Gi AšÍfz©³, G¸‡jv µ‡qi c~‡e© g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
 †mev ¯úk©bxq bq, GwU c„_Kfv‡e kbv³KiY Kiv hvq, G‡K †mev`vbKvixi KvQ †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvq bv,
msiÿY Kiv hvq bv Ges e¨w³ ev ¯’vb ev cwi‡ek †f‡` Gi gv‡bi wewfbœZv m„wó nq| †mev memgqB `„wói
A‡MvPi wKš‘ Abyf‚wZi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z, hLb gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ GwU cÖ`vb Kiv nq ZLb Gi gvb cÖkœwe×
n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †h †mev Ab¨emvqxK D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ`Ë Zvi gvb wbiæcY Av‡iv KwVb| GRb¨ me©v‡MÖ‡mevi
gvb`Û wba©viY I ¸YMZ gvb cixÿv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 108

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| "Goods are physical products" Dw³wUÑ
K) Stanton -Gi L) F.W. Taylor -Gi
M) Bearden -Gi N) Issac Nieatos -Gi
2| †KvbwU mZ¨ bq?
K) `ªe¨ †`Lv hvq L) `ªe¨ †Qvuqv hvq bv
M) †mev msiÿY Kiv hvq bv N) †mev ¯úk©bxq bq
3| †KvbwU mwVK?
K) †mev†K ¯úk© Kiv hvq L) †mev Dcjwä Kiv hvq bv
M) †mev‡K †`Lv hvq N) ‡mev‡K †mev`vbKvixi KvQ †_‡K wewQbœ Kiv hvq bv
4| †mev-
i. `ªe¨ †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv
ii. `„k¨gvb
iii. †fv³vi Afve †gUvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I iii L) ii I iii
M) i I ii N) i, ii I iii
5| e¨w³MZ †mev`vbKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv-
K) Ae¨emvqx L) gybvdv AR©bKvix
M) weÁvcb †`q bv N) †KvbwUB bq
6| †KvwPs †m›Uvi †Kvb ai‡Yi †mev `vbKvix?
K) gybvdv AR©bKvix L) Ae¨emvqx
M) wecYb †mev cÖ`vbKvix N) ‡mev mieivnKvix
7| K¨vÝvi dvD‡Ûkb ‡Kvb ai‡Yi †mev cÖ`vb K‡i?
K) Ae¨emvqx L) gybvdv AR©bKvix
M) cY¨ mieivnKvix N) ‡ckv`vwi †mev cÖ`vbKvix

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 109

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv I wecYb-cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.3 Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi Kvh©vewj I ¸iæZ¡ (Function and Importance of

Production Management)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi Kvhv©ewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
 Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv, m¤ú‡`i mwVK e¨envi, Kg©ms¯’vb, gvb wbqš¿Y, †fv³v

g~L¨ kã (Keywords) mš‘wó BZ¨vw`|

Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi Kvh©vewj (Function of Production Management)

Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv g‡a¨ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi cwiKíbv cÖYqb, Drcv`b Kvh© cwiPvjbv, wbqš¿Y, Kgx©‡`i
‡cÖlYv cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` KvR RwoZ| Drcv`b Kvh©vewj‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM wef³, cÖ_gZ Drcv`bc~e© Kvh©vewj,
Drcv`b PjvKvwjb Ges Avbylvw½K Kvh©vewj| wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. c‡Y¨i bKkvKiY (Product Designing): Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvq bKkv cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †`Iqv nq
hw`I Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcKB P~ovšÍ bKkvi Aby‡gv`b †`b| KviY Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcK bKkv msµvšÍ mKj
`vq- `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡Kb|
2. Drcv`b wbqš¿Y (Production Control): Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvq, Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcK Drcv`b cwiKíbvi
mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri Zzjbv K‡ib Ges †Kvb wePy¨wZ _vK‡j Zv wZwb ms‡kvab K‡ib|
3. Drcv`‡bi cwigvY c~ev©bygvb (Forecasting of Production Quantity): Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvq gZvgZ
Rwic, weµq Kgx©i gZvgZ MÖnY, evRvi M‡elYv I wewfbœ cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZ e¨envi K‡i Drcv`‡bi
cwigvb c~ev©bygvb Kiv nq|
4. Drcv`b cwiKíbv cÖYqb (Preparing Production Plan): Drcv`b cwiKíbvq fwel¨r Pvwn`v
†gvZv‡eK Drcv`b Kg©m~Px MÖnY Kiv nq| Gi gva¨‡g †Kvb ai‡Yi cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv n‡e, wK cwigvY
Drcv`b n‡e, KLb Drcv`b Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` m¤úwK©Z mKj wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq|
5. Kvh© M‡elYv (Research in Procedure): Kvh© M‡elYvi gva¨‡g Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ wewfbœ Dcvq-
Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K wePvi we‡kølY K‡i wbav©iY Kiv nq †Kvbfv‡e b~¨bZg e¨q enb K‡i gvbm¤§Z cY¨
Drcv`b Kiv hvq|
6. gvb wbqš¿Y (Quality Control): †µZvi Pvwn`v, mš‘wó, `xN© m¤úK© ‰Zwi I eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Drcv`b
e¨e¯’vcbvq cY¨ Drcv`‡b gvb wbqš¿Y‡K ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ g~j¨vqb Kiv nq|
7. gRy` wbqš¿Y (Inventory Control): Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvq gRy` wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g Kvw•LZ gvÎvq cY¨
Drcv`b‡K ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ †`Lv nq KviY Kvw•LZ gvÎvi †P‡q Kg ev †ewk Drcv`b n‡j c‡Y¨i cwigv‡Y
NvUwZ n‡Z cv‡i ev e¨q e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i|
8. hš¿cvwZ msiÿY (Maintenance of Machinaries): hš¿cvwZi mwVK I Dchy³ iÿYv‡eÿY I e¨envi
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcK wewfbœ KvR K‡ib †hgb- mwVK ¯’v‡b hš¿cvwZ msiÿY, ¯’vbvšÍi I
†givgZ BZ¨vw`|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 110

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Dc‡iv³ Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g aviYv Kiv hvq †h, Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi KvR Drcv`‡bi c~e© †_‡K ïiæ K‡i,
Avbylvw½K wewfbœ welqvejxmn Drcv`b PjvKvjxb ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z _v‡K|
Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Production Management)
eZ©gvb †cÖÿvc‡U Dcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| GB e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g †h ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq¸‡jv m¤úbœ nq
Zv wb¤œiƒc:
1. m¤ú‡`i mwVK e¨envi (Proper Utilization of Resources): djcÖm~ cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g
Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvwjZ n‡j Zv mKj cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i cwic~Y© mبenvi wbwðZ K‡i| e¯‘Z
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i cwic~Y© e¨envi e¨ZxZ Drcv`b e¨q n«vm Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e| AZGe, mKj ai‡Yi
m¤ú‡`i c~Y© e¨envi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
2. Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó (Employment Generation): mwVK iƒ‡c Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvwjZ n‡j Kg©x‡`i
Zv‡`i `ÿZvi wbix‡L Kg©e›Ub Kiv nq d‡j AwfÁ I AbwfÁ Dfq †kÖYxi Rbe‡ji Rb¨ wbw`©ó cwigv‡Y
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
3. wkí Dbœqb (Industrial Development): GKwU Kvh©Ki Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv cÖwµqv Drcv`bkxiZv e„w×
K‡i| Gi d‡j gybvdv e„w× cvq Ges djkÖæwZ‡Z wkí Dbœqb I wkívq‡bi cÖmvi N‡U|
4. bZzb bZzb cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b (Development of Newer Products & Services): Drcv`b
e¨e¯’vcbvq M‡elYv Kivi h‡_ó my‡hvM i‡q‡Q e‡j cY¨ Dbœqb, wWRvBb cwieZ©Ymn bZzb cY¨ cÖPj‡bi
my‡hvM m„wó nq|
5. Drcv`‡bi cwiKíbv cÖYqb (Preparing Production Plan): fwel¨r Pvwn`v wbiæcY K‡i †m Abyhvqx
cY¨ `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kivi cÖqvkB Drcv`b cwiKíbv myô I wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q GB cwiKíbv cÖYqb I
cwiPvjbv Kiv GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
6. Drcv`b e¨q n«vm (Reduce Production Cost): myôz cwiKíbv I wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g Drcv`b e¨q
A‡bKUvB Kwg‡q Kvg¨ gvÎv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e|
7. gvb wbqš¿Y (Quality Control): Kv‡Ri I cwiYZ c‡Y¨i gvb wbiæcY Ges wbqš¿‡Y AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
iæwUb, wmwWDwjs, ‡WmcvwPs, †KvqvwjwU †PwKs Gi AšÍM©Z|
8. cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKv (Surviving the Competition): cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi j‡ÿ¨ †µZvi
Pvwn`v I AvKv•Lv‡K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡j evRv‡i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e| Gi d‡j gybvdv AR©b,
wbZ¨ bZzb wewb‡qvM I cY¨ D™¢veb Ges Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g †µZvi Pvwn`v c~iƒY K‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K
_vKv mnR nq|
9. ‡fv³vi mš‘wó AR©b (Attaining Consumer Satisfaction): †fv³vi Pvwn`v‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq e‡j
†µZv I †fv³vMY Zv‡`i cQ›` Abyhvqx cY¨ I †mev †c‡Z cv‡ib| G‡Z †fv³vi mš‘wó AR©b Kiv hvq|
10. Drcv`b RwUjZv wbimb (Reducing Production Complexity): GKwU Drcv`bg~Lx wkí cÖwZôvb‡K
bvbvb ai‡Yi cÖwZK‚jZv I RwUjZvi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq| mwVK I mywbqwš¿Z Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv G ai‡Yi
RwUjZv mwVK mg‡q mwVK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wbimb K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`k GKwU K…wl wbf©i‡`k n‡jI µgk wkí I evwYR¨ Gi A_©bxwZ‡Z `„p Ae¯’vb K‡i wb‡”Q| †`‡k K…wl‡Z
†hgb wewb‡qvM I weÁvbm¤§Z Dbœqb evo‡Q †Zgwb wkí‡ÿ‡Î †`wk-we‡`wk wewb‡qvM wbZ¨ bZzb cY¨ D™¢veb I
Drcv`‡bi Kv‡Y †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK wfwË my`„p n‡”Q| m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi wbwðZ K‡i bZzb cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b
K‡í MwVZ n‡q _v‡K| GLv‡b eû Kg©x, Kjv-Kzkjx, hš¿cvwZi mgv‡ek N‡U| GB cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU myôz cwiPvjbv,
m¤úªmviY I wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ mwVK Dcv‡q e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖ‡qvRb AZ¨vekK|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 111

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv I wecYb-cÖ_g cÎ

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡ÿ‡Î Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ I AvIZv wPwýZ Ki|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR
mvims‡ÿc
 cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ‡qvRb;
 `ªæZ Drcv`b I e„n`vqZb ev ÿz`ª wkí mKj cÖwZôv‡bi wbLyZfv‡e wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ mywbqš¿Z Drcv`b
e¨e¯’vcbv Ab¯^xKvh©|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| Drcv`b cwiKíbv KLb M„wnZ nq?
K) Drcv`b ïiæi c~‡e© L) Drcv`b Kvh© †kl n‡j
M) Drcv`b PjvKv‡j N) †KvbwUB bq
2| iæwUb, ‡WmcvwPs, †KvqvwjwU †PwKs †KvbwUi AšÍM©Z?
K) Drcv`b e¨q n«vm L) M‡elYv
M) Drcv`‡bi cwiKíbv cÖYqb N) gvb wbqš¿Y
3| cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-
K) cwiKíbv L) gvb wbqš¿Y
M) M‡elYv N) me¸‡jvB
4| myôy cwiKíbv I wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g
i. e¨q n«vm nq
ii. m¤ú‡`i mwVK e¨envi nq
iii. mgm¨v mn‡R kbv³ Kiv hvq bv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I iii L) ii I iii
M) i I ii N) i, ii I iii

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.4 †mev Lv‡Zi cÖe„w× (Growth of Service Sector)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †mev Lv‡Zi cÖe„w×i aviYv jvf Ki‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖwÿ‡Z †mev Lv‡Zi cÖe„w× m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z Ki‡eb|

†mev, cÖwZ‡hvMxZv, †mev LvZ cÖe„w×, gybvdv BZ¨vw`|

g~L¨ kã (Keywords)

†mev Lv‡Zi cÖe„w×i aviYv (Concept of Growth of Service Sector)

†mev ej‡Z †Kvb KvR ev myweav‡K ‡evSvq hv `„k¨gvb bq Ges gvwjKvbv cwieZ©b nq bv| eZ©gvb mg‡q
†mevLv‡‡Zi Pvwn`v w`b w`b evo‡Q| †mev Lv‡Zi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li wewfbœ Pvwn`v c~iY n‡”Q| GKB mv‡_ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡”Q| †mev Lv‡Zi Drcv`b c×wZ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Drcv`b c×wZ †_‡K wfbœ GKvi‡Y Drcv`b
e¨e¯’vcbvq †mev LvZ‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq|
eZ©gv‡b cwienb, wegv, e¨vsK, Z_¨ cÖhyw³, wkÿv I wPwKrmv BZ¨vw` †mevi gva¨‡g ‡µZvi wewfbœ Pvwn`v c~iY
n‡”Q| miKvwi chv©‡q wewfbœ †mev †hgb- wkÿv, wPwKrmv, K…wl, e¨vsK, †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` RbKj¨v‡Y cÖ`vb Kiv
nq| Avevi, LyPiv I cvBKvwi e¨emvwqiv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ †µZv‡`i Kj¨vY I g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y
Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †mev cÖ`v‡b m‡Pó _v‡K| GQvovI wbivcËv, cwienb, M¨vm mieivnmn Ab¨vb¨ †mev Lv‡Zi
Pvwn`v w`b w`b evo‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki †mev Lv‡Zi cÖe„w× (Growth of Service Sector in Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`‡k cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb I RbM‡Yi Pvwn`vi Kvi‡Y miKvwi I †emiKvwi chv©‡q µgvš^‡q †mev Lv‡Zi e¨vcK
DbœwZ n‡”Q| wb‡P K‡qKwU LvZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1. ‡Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM LvZ (Telecommunication Sector): miKvwi I †emiKvwi gvwjKvbvq †`‡ki wewfbœ
†mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n †gvevBj †dv‡bi †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Kivi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v‡K kw³kvjx
Ki‡Q|
2. wkÿvLvZ ( Education Sector): eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ AÂj I kni¸‡jv‡Z miKvwi I †emiKvwi
AmsL¨ ¯‹zj, K‡jR, wek^we`¨vjq BZ¨vw` ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿvLv‡Z cÖe„w× n‡”Q|
3. ¯^v¯’¨LvZ (Health Sector): eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl miKvwi I †mmiKvwi chv©‡q ¯’vwcZ
AvaywbK †QvU-eo †gwW‡Kj K‡jR I nvmcvZv‡ji gva¨‡g GKw`‡K wPwKrmK ˆZwi n‡”Q I †fv³viv
gvbm¤úbœ wPwKrmv †mev cv‡”Q|
4. ch©Ub LvZ (Tourism Service Sector): evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK„wZK I HwZnvwmK `k©bxq ¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y
†`wk I we‡`wk wewfbœ ch©UK ågY Ki‡Qb| Gi gva¨‡g †nv‡Uj, †gv‡Uj, kwcsgj, we‡bv`b †K›`ª M‡o
DV‡Q miKvwi I †emiKvwi ch©v‡q| GB †mev Lv‡Zi gva¨‡g ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv AwR©Z n‡”Q|
5. e¨vswKs †mevLvZ (Banking Service Sector): evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b A‡bK miKvwi- †emiKvwi I
we‡`wk-AvšÍ©RvwZK e¨vsK Zv‡`i e¨vswKs Kvh©µg Pvjv‡bvi gva¨‡g MÖvnK‡`i wewfbœ †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡Q|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 113

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv I wecYb-cÖ_g cÎ

evsjv‡`‡k 5wU cwiwPZ †mevLvZ wPwýZ Kiæb Ges Zv‡`i mieivnK„Z †mev
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 †mev Lv‡Zi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li wewfbœ Pvwn`v c~iY n‡”Q Ges Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡”Q|
 evsjv‡`‡k †mevLvZ wn‡m‡e ‡Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM LvZ, wkÿvLvZ, ¯^v¯’¨LvZ, ch©Ub LvZ, e¨vswKs †mevLvZ
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU †mevLvZ?
K) cY¨ eÈb L) wegv †mev
M) cY¨ msiÿY N) cY¨ Drcv`b
2| †KvbwU †mevLvZ bq?
K) ch©Ub LvZ L) wkÿv LvZ
M) wecYb †mev cÖ`vbKvix N) ¯^v¯’¨ LvZ
3| evsjv‡`‡k †Kvb †mev Lv‡Zi e¨vcK Dbœqb n‡q‡Q?
K) ‡Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM LvZ L) ‡mevi gvb wbqš¿Y
M) cY¨ I †mev Dbœqb LvZ N) ‡mev mieiv‡n

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 114

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.5 Drcv`bkxjZvi mgm¨v I Zvi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb (Productivity Challenges and

Possible Remedies)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Drcv`bkxjZvi mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
 Drcv`bkxjZvi mgm¨v¸‡jvi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb wK n‡Z cv‡i Zv Rvb‡eb|

Drcv`bkxjZv, Drcv`b, DcKiY BZ¨vw`|

g~L¨ kã (Keywords)

Drcv`bkxjZvi mgm¨v (Productivity Challenges)

Drcv`bkxjZv ej‡Z Drcv`b I DcKi‡Yi AbycvZ‡K eySvq| Drcv`b n‡jv Drcvw`Z cY¨ I †mev Ges
DcKiY n‡jv Drcv`b Kv‡R e¨eüZ f~wg, kÖg, g~jab I msMVb| eZ©gv‡b Drcv`bkxjZvi DbœqY ej‡Z `ÿZvi
DbœqY‡K eySvq| `ÿZvi DbœqY `yÕfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| h_v- Kg DcKiY w`‡q c~‡e©i b¨vq mgcwigvY `ªe¨ I †mev
Drcv`b Kiv| A_ev mgcwigvY DcKiY w`‡q c~‡e©i †P‡q †ewk cwigv‡Y cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î
Drcv`b I DcKi‡Yi Abycv‡Zi †h †Kvb ai‡Yi cwieZ©b Drcv`bkxjZvq P¨v‡jÄ m„wó K‡i| Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×
†c‡j wewfbœ myweav cvIqv hvq| h_v- c‡Y¨i Drcv`b e¨q Kg nq, †µZvi Kg g~‡j¨ gvbm¤úbœ cY¨ †fv‡Mi my‡hvM
cvq, kÖwgK‡`i †eZb I gRywi e„w× cvq, gybvdvi cwigvY e„w× cvq Ges e¨emv‡qi m¤úªmviY N‡U BZ¨vw`|
Ab¨w`‡K Drcv`bkxjZv K‡g †M‡j wewfbœ ai‡Yi P¨v‡jÄ m„wó nq| Drcv`bkxjZvi e¨vcv‡i hv evav m„wó K‡i ZvB
n‡jv Drcv`bkxjZvi P¨v‡jÄ ev mgm¨v| wb‡P Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1. A`ÿ Kgx© I K‡g© ¯^Ztù~Z© AskMÖnY bv Kiv (Inefficient Worker and Lack of Spontaneous
Participation): Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ Kgx© A`ÿ n‡j ev `ÿ n‡jI Zviv wbR wbR KvR ¯^Zù~Z©
AskMÖnY bv Ki‡j Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv evavMÖ¯’ nq|
2. wb¤œ g‡bvej I wb¤œ †cÖlYv (Low Morale and Low Motivation): Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ Kgx©‡`i
g‡bvej I †cÖlYv hw` wb¤œgv‡bi nq Zvn‡j Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Kg nq Avevi c‡Y¨i gvbI Lvivc n‡q
hvq|
3. AbybœZ KvwiMwi Dcv`vb (Undeveloped Technical Factors): Drcv`bkxjZvi ‡ÿ‡Î AbybœZ
KvwiMwi Dcv`vb GKwU eo P¨v‡jÄ KviY AZ¨vaywbK weÁvb, cÖhyw³ I KvwiMwi Áv‡bi Afve n‡j Drcv`b
e¨e¯’v wcwQ‡q c‡o|
4. wb¤œgv‡bi KvuPvgvj (Below Standard Raw-materials): Drcv`‡bi AbybœZ I wb¤œgv‡bi KvuPvgvj
e¨eüZ n‡j cY¨ Drcv`b n«vm cvq| Gid‡j ïaygvÎ cY¨ Drcv`b ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq bv, e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZi
Kvh©KvwiZvi DciI cÖfve co‡Z cv‡i|
5. cÖwZK~j miKvwi wewa-weavb (Unfavorable Government Rules and Regulation): ‡Kvb †`‡ki
miKvi M„wnZ wewa-weavb cY¨ Drcv`‡bi cÖwZK~‡j _vK‡j, cY¨ Drcv`b evavi m¤§Lxb nq|
GQvovI Drcv`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY (kÖg, g~jab, msMVb BZ¨vw`) Gi Afv‡e Drcv`bkxjZv n«vm ‡c‡Z cv‡i|
Avevi, cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek (f~wgi MVb, Rjevqy, b`-b`xi Ae¯’vb BZ¨vw`) I AcÖvK„wZK cwi‡ek (ag©, mgvR
e¨e¯’vv, ms¯‹…wZ, ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v BZ¨vw`) Gi cÖwZK~jZvi Rb¨ Drcv`bkxjZv evavMÖ¯’ nq|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv I wecYb-cÖ_g cÎ

Drcv`bkxjZvi mgm¨vi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb (Possible Remedies of Productivity Challenges)

Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi Ask wn‡m‡e Drcv`bkxjZvi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôvb wewfbœ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i| mwVK cwiKíbv cÖYqb, Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ e¨w³ I Kgx©‡`i †cÖlYv I Drmvn cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ
Drmvng~jK Avw_©K I Abvw_©K e¨e¯’v MÖnY, DbœZ KvwiMwi Dcv`vb I KvuPvgvj e¨envi wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
Drcv`bkxjZvi mgm¨v¸‡jv †gvKv‡ejv Kiv m¤¢e| Drcv`bkxjZvi wel‡q Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv‡K hZœevb nIqv
cÖ‡qvRb, ‡hb Kg Li‡P AwaK cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv hvq| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq †h Kgx©, ivR‰bwZK
I A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK cwi‡ek, Drcv`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb, miKvix bxwZ-wb‡`©kbv Drcv`‡bi AbyK~‡j _vK‡j
Drcv`bkxjZvi mgm¨v †gvKvwejv Kiv m¤¢e|

Avcbvi g‡Z evsjv‡`‡k †cvkvK wkí KviLvbv¸‡jv †cvkvK Drcv`b Kivi mgq
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) †Kvb †Kvb mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL nq?
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 evsjv‡`kmn c„w_exi mKj Drcv`bkxjgyLx †`k¸‡jv wewfbœ ai‡Yi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKvwejv K‡i _v‡K| mwVK
cwiKíbv cÖYqb I myôzfv‡e Zv ev¯Íevqb Ges mg‡qvchyMx M‡elYv GBme mgm¨v mgvav‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
ivL‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| evsjv‡`‡ki Drcv`bg~Lx wk‡í †KvbwU †ewk Riæix?
K) myôz cwiKíbv cÖYqb L) A`ÿ Rb‡Mvôxi e¨envi
M) weÁvbm¤§Z e¨e¯’vcbv N) †KvbwUB bq
2| †KvbwU Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi mgm¨v?
K) A`ÿ e¨e¯’vcbv L) cwiKwíZ web¨vm
M) †mev Lv‡Zi cÖe„w× N) mvkÖqx kÖwgK
3| †KvbwU Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖeYZv?
i. †mev Lv‡Zi cÖe„w×
ii. †µZv‡Kw›`ªKZv
iii. Drcv`bkxjZv P¨v‡jÄ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I iii L) ii I iii
M) ii I ii N) i, ii I iii

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5.6 gvbm¤úbœ `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Producing Quality Goods)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 gvbm¤úbœ `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ¸iæZ¡ eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|

gvbm¤úbœ `ªe¨, gybvdv e„w×, †µZv mš‘wó BZ¨vw`|

g~L¨ kã (Keywords)

gvbm¤úbœ `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Producing Quality Goods)

mvaviYZ gvbm¤úbœ `ªe¨ ev cY¨ ej‡Z DbœZ I ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ `ªe¨‡K eySvq| GwU †fv³vi Afve I
Pvwn`vi mš‘wó weavb K‡i _v‡K| †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb gvb m¤§Z cY¨ Drcv`b I †µZvi Kv‡Q Zv mieivn Kivi gva¨‡g
†µZv‡`i mš‘ó Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ ¯’vqx †µZv m„wó, weµq e„w×, mybvg AR©b BZ¨vw` myweav †fvM K‡i|
gvbm¤úbœ `ªe¨ ev cY¨ Drcv`b Kivi d‡j g~ja‡bi mwVK I me©vZ¥K e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv hvq, gybvdv e„w× nq,
`xN©‡gqv`x-‡fv³v-we‡µZv m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv hvq, cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cwi‡e‡k wU‡K _vKv hvq, cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úªmviY
Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges D”PZi Dbœqb I cÖhyw³i mgv‡ek N‡U| G‡ÿ‡Î, Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK gvb wbw`©ó
K‡i †mB Abyhvqx cY¨ Drcv`‡bi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i,
d‡j gvbm¤úbœ `ªe¨ Drcv`b m¤¢e
nq| wb‡¤œ `ª‡e¨i ¸YMZgvb
cwigv‡ci GKwU wPÎ †`Iqv n‡jv-
†fv³v ev †µZviv `ªe¨ ev †mevi
cÖK…Z Dc‡hvwMZv †_‡K gvb
we‡ePbv K‡i gvb m¤úbœ cY¨ n‡j
evievi µq K‡i, bv n‡j †fv³v ev
†µZv Ab¨ ‡Kv¤úvwbi cY¨ µq
K‡i| myZivs Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvq
gvb m¤úbœ `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ¸iæZ¡
Acwimxg|
1. A_©‰bwZK †cÖÿvcU
(Economic
Perspective): eZ©gv‡bi
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i
wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨
cÖwZôvb‡K wewfbœ ai‡Yi
e¨‡qi m¤§ywLb n‡Z nq,
†hgb: cÖwZ‡iva e¨q,

wPÎ: `ª‡e¨i ¸YMZ gvb

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 117
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv I wecYb-cÖ_g cÎ

g~j¨vqb e¨q, Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K AK…ZKvh© e¨q BZ¨vw`| GB mKj ai‡Yi e¨q n«v‡mi j‡ÿ¨ gvbm¤úbœ
cY¨/`ªe¨ Drcv`b cÖwµqv e¨e¯’vcbv LyeB Riæix|
2. gybvdv e„w× wbwðZKiY (Ascertaining Increase in Profit): †µZv AvKl©Y I Zv‡`i mš‘wó AR©‡bi
Rb¨ gvbm¤úbœ cY¨ †hvMvb †`Iqv AZxe cÖ‡qvRbxq|
3. ‡fv³vi AvbyMZ¨ I mš‘wó m„wó (Creation of Consumer Loyalty and Satisfaction): hLb †Kvb
cÖwZôvb cÖwZ‡hvMx Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi c‡Y¨i †P‡q DbœZgv‡bi `ªe¨/‡mev Avkvbyiæc g~‡j¨ †µZv I
†fv³v‡`i Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb K‡i ZLb †mB cÖwZôvb `ªæZ †fv³v‡`i g‡a¨ mš‘wó m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv
cÖvqk †µZv‡`i g‡a¨ AvbyMZ¨ mÂvi K‡i| e¯‘Z †µZv‡`i mš‘wóweav‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Av¯’v AwR©Z nq
Ges Gi d‡j `xN©‡gqv`x †fv³v we‡µZv m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq|
4. AePq n«vm (Reducing Depreciation): †h‡nZz GKwU myôz I mywbqwš¿Z cwiKíbv cÖm~Z Drcv`b e¨e¯’v
M„nxZ nq †m‡nZz †h‡Kvb ai‡Yi A`ÿ Kg©hÁ I hš¿cvwZi A`~i`k©x e¨envi cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq| d‡j
Aek¨¤¢vex AePq n«vm Kiv m¤¢e nq|
5. cÖwZ‡hvMxZv †gvKv‡ejv (Surviving Competition): gvbm¤úbœ `ªe¨ †fv³v mš‘wói c~e©kZ©| Avkvbyiƒc
g~‡j¨ gvbm¤úbœ cY¨ †µZv I †fv³vi wbKUeZ©x ¯’vb Pvwn`v gvwdK †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z cvi‡j Ges wbqwgZ
M‡elYvi gva¨‡g †fv³vi Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK cY¨ I †mevi gv‡bvbœqb NUv‡j cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq wU‡K _vKv
mnRZi nq|
6. SzuwK n«vm (Reducing Risk): †µZvi mš‘wó AR©b Kiv hvq e‡j A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZ m„wó nq| GB `„pZv
cÖwZôvb‡K wewfbœ SzuwK †gvKv‡ejv Kivi †ÿ‡Î A_©‰bwZK mvg_©¨ I mKj ai‡Yi `ÿZvi wbix‡L mnvqZv
K‡i|
7. cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úªmviY (Expansion of the Enterprise): GKwU mywbqwš¿Z M‡elbv wefvM
cwiKwíZfv‡e †fv³vi Pvwn`v wbiæcY K‡i wbZ¨ bZzb `ª‡e¨i D™¢veY NwU‡q cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úªmvi‡Y
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
8. D”PZi Dbœqb I cÖhyw³i mgv‡ek (Assembling Modern Technology and Greater
Development): cY¨ ev †mev hLb ÎæwUgy³, `xN©¯’vqx, I cwi‡ek Dc‡hvMx nq ZLb Zv cÖwZôv‡bi
m¤ú‡K© †µZv I †fv³v‡`i g‡a¨ ab¨vZ¡K aviYv m„wó K‡i| AbyMZ¨ †fv³v‡`i mgv‡Ri cÖwZôvb‡K
A_©‰bwZKfv‡e m”Qj I kw³kvjx K‡i d‡j Zviv `ª‡e¨i wbqwgZ Dbœqb Kivi cvkvcvwk DbœZ cÖhyw³i
e¨envi K‡i _v‡K †hb Zv‡`i wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv, Kvh©ÿgZv I †mev`v‡bi mgv_©¨ e„w× cvq|

Avcbvi evmvq e¨eüZ †Uwjwfk‡bi/†iwWI Gi gvb wbav©i‡Y Avcwb †Kvb †Kvb

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) welq‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡eb Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 gvb m¤úbœ cY¨ Drcv`b `yÕw`K †_‡KB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, cÖ_gZ G‡Z †µZv mš‘ó _v‡K Ges wØZxhZ G‡Z weµq
e„w× cvq e‡j cÖwZôv‡bi mybvg-myL¨vwZ DˇivËi e„w× cvq|
 gvb m¤úbœ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZôvb gybvdv e„w× wbwðZ K‡i, ‡fv³vi AvbyMZ¨ I mš‘wó m„wó K‡i,
AePq n«vm K‡i, cÖwZ‡hvMxZv †gvKv‡ejv, SzuwK n«vm, cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úªmviY, D”PZi Dbœqb I cÖhyw³i mgv‡ek
NUv‡Z cv‡i|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU gvbm¤úbœ c‡Y¨i ¸iæZ¡ cÖKvk K‡i bv?
K) cÖwZôvb m¤úªmviY L) Drcv`b cÖwµqv
M) AePq n«vm N) cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †gvKv‡ejv
2| gvbm¤úbœ cY¨ Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZôvb wK AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i?
K) ‡µZvi mš‘wó I `xN© m¤úK© L) g~jab e„w×
M) Drcv`‡b cvi`wk©Zv N) Kg©Pvwi‡`i mš‘wó
3| cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi †ÿ‡Î gvbm¤úbœ cY¨ Drcv`b ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
K) welqwU mZ¨ L) welqwU mZ¨ ev wg_¨v †KvbwUB bq
M) welqwU wg_¨v N) AvšÍ©RvwZK e¨emv‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

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cvV-5.7 †µZv‡Kw›`ªKi‡Yi aviYv (Concept of Customizations)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †µZv‡Kw›`ªKiY m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†µZv‡Kw›`ªKZv, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv BZ¨vw`|

g~L¨ kã (Keywords)

†µZv‡Kw›`ªKi‡Yi aviYv (Concept of Customizations)

mvaviY A‡_© we‡kl Kvi‡Y †µZvi digv‡qk Abyhvqx cY¨ ˆZwi Kiv Ges mieivn Kivi cÖwµqv‡K
†µZv‡Kw›`ªKZv ev Kv÷gvB‡Rkb e‡j| e¨vcK A‡_©, †µZv‡Kw›`ªKZv ej‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K †µZvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i cY¨ ev
†mev‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv, Drcv`‡bi ci †µZvi cQ›` I Pvwn`vi K_v ey‡S evRviRvZKiY Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbv Kiv‡K
†µZv‡Kw›`ªKZv ev Kv÷gvB‡Rkb e‡j| †hgb: Bayerische Motoren Werke AG ev ms‡ÿ‡c BMW Rvgvwb©i
GKwU †gvUihvb wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb hv wejvmeûj I AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq Mvox, †gvUi mvB‡Kj, BZ¨vw` Zvi †µZvi
cQ›`, iæwP I cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cÖ¯‘Z K‡i|
Hyunjookim e‡jb, “Customization is a systematic process of purposeful modification of any
intervention in order to meet a specific organization’s needs.” A_©vr Òmywbw`©ó cÖwZôv‡bi wbw`©ó
cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi wbwg‡Ë †h †Kvb ai‡bi D‡Ïk¨g~jK ms‡kva‡bi wbqgZvwš¿K cÖwµqv‡K †µZv‡Kw›`ªKZv
e‡j|Ó
†µZv‡Kw›`ªKZv Kivi mgq c‡Y¨i Drcv`K Zv‡`i wbR¯^ gvb, AvKvi, msL¨v, †gvoKiY BZ¨vw`‡K ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q
†µZvi Pvwn`v‡KB †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q| eZ©gv‡b Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv cÖ‡Z¨K †µZvi Pvwn`v fvjfv‡e wba©viY Ki‡Q
Ges Zv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b Ki‡Q| †µZv‡Kw›`ªKZvi †cQ‡b †h mKj hyw³ i‡q‡Q Zv wb¤œiƒc-
1. †µZvi Avq, iæwP, Pvwn`vi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc;
2. Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZv;
3. B›Uvi‡bU I †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb;
4. cÖ‡Z¨K †µZvi cÖwZ mgvb ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc; Ges
5. bgbxq Drcv`b e¨e¯’v|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, cÖ‡Z¨K †µZvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i cY¨ Drcv`b I mieivn Kiv‡K †µZv‡Kw›`ªKZv e‡j|

evsjv‡`‡ki ˆZwi †cvkvK †ÿ‡Î Customiaztion wKiƒ‡c Dcw¯’Z Zv wbiæcY

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) Kiæb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
 †µZvi digv‡qk Abyhvqx cY¨ Drcv`b I e›Ub KivB n‡”Q Kv÷gvB‡Rkb ev †µZv‡Kw›`ªKZv| Gi gva¨‡g
cÖwZôvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wb‡Ri cY¨‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z cv‡i|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †µZv‡Kw›`ªKZvi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb wel‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq?
K) Drcv`b mvg_©¨Zv L) †µZvi Pvwn`v
M) evRvi g~j¨ N) Drcv`b ÿgZv
2| †µZv‡Kw›`ªKZvq †Kvb welq‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq bv?
K) †µZvi iæwP L) †µZvi µqÿgZv
M) c‡Y¨i †gvoK N) ‡µZvi Pvwn`v
3| cÖwZôvb †Kb ‡µZv‡Kw›`ªKZv‡K †Kb ¸iæZ¡ †`q?
K) Drcv`b e¨q L) Drcv`bkxjZv
M) Drcv`b ÿgZv N) Zxeª cªwZ‡hvwMZv

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
K. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 1:
cÙv †gvUim& Gi gvwjK Rbve mvdKvZ Zvi KviLvbvq Mvwo ˆZwi K‡ib| GRb¨ wZwb †fv³v msµvšÍ mgmvwqK
Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i Mvwo ˆZwii cwiKíbv cÖYqb, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv, †cÖlYv, ev¯Íevqb I wbqš¿Y K‡ib| d‡j
mvdKv‡Zi ˆZwi Mvwoi Pvwn`v †`‡k I we‡`‡k e¨vcKnv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
(K) `ªe¨ Kx?
(L) †mev ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
(M) Rbve mvdKvZ KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z KvR¸‡jv †Kvb ai‡bi e¨e¯’vcbvi AšÍf©~³ Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÙv †gvUim Gi gvbm¤úbœ `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 2:
wg‡mm Avkv †U·UvBj BwÄwbqvwis wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K cvk Kivi ci K‡cvZvÿ †U·UvB‡j Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcK
wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib| wZwb †µZv‡`i Pvwn`v ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i bZzb bZzb wWRvB‡bi Kvco Drcv`‡bi civgk©
†`b| GRb¨ Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z cwieZ©b Avbv nq Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq|
(K) Drcv`bkxjZv Kx?
(L) Drcv`bkxjZv wKfv‡e P¨v‡jÄ m„wó K‡i?
(M) Kvco Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wg‡mm Avkv †Kvb welqwU‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) DÏx‡Ki wfwˇZ †µZv‡Kw›`ªKZv wKfv‡e e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?
m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 3:
covïbvi cvkvcvwk ivwKe eB co‡Z I eB wK‡b Rgv‡Z Lye cQ›` K‡i| MÖv‡g A‡bK cÖwZK~jZvi ciI cvwievwiK
mvnv‡h¨ †m cvuPkiI †ewk eB wKb‡Z mÿg nq| ‡m Mªv‡gi myweav ewÂZ QvÎ-QvÎx I eB coyqv‡`i K_v †f‡e
GKwU jvB‡eªwi †Lvjvi K_v fv‡e| cieZx©‡Z †m Zvi eB¸‡jv wb‡q GKwU jvB‡eªwi Pvjy K‡i|
(K) Agybvdv‡fvMx cÖwZôvb wK?
(L) cY¨ I †mev g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
(M) Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) DÏx‡Ki wfwˇZ ivwKe wKfv‡e jvB‡eªwi‡K m¤úªmviY Ki‡Z cv‡i?

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv I wecYb-cÖ_g cÎ

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.1 t 1. K 2. M 3. L 4. M 5. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.2 t 1. M 2. L 3. N 4. K 5. L 6. K 7. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.3 t 1. K 2. N 3. N 4. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.4 t 1. L 2. M 3. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.5 t 1. K 2. K 3. K 4. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.6 t 1. L 2. K 3. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.7 t 1. L 2. M 3. N

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