Syllabus Affiliated ArtsScience B.SC Biotechnology 2021 22

PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
PUDUCHERRY
B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
(Choice Based Credit System)
Syllabus & Regulations
2021-2022 ONWARDS
REGULATIONS
Choice Based Credit System
1. AIM OF THE COURSE
The degree of Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology (Choice Based Credit System) aims to
introduce various aspects of Biotechnology and interdisciplinary subjects to the students.
At the end of the course, the students are expected to have good working knowledge in the
field of Biotechnology and in addition knowledge gained from courses of interdisciplinary
in nature.
2. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION
Candidate for admission to B.Sc. Biotechnology shall be required to have passed H.Sc. or
10+2 or equivalent course conducted by the Government of Tamilnadu / Andhrapradesh/
Kerala / CBSE with Botany / Zoology / Biology as one of the subjects of study or an
examination accepted as equivalent thereto and 35 percentage of marks in part III (aggregate
/ part III), subject to such conditions as may be prescribed therefore. Maximum age for the
duration into B.Sc. Biotechnology programme is 22.
3. DURATION OF THE COURSE
The course shall be of Three years duration spread over six semesters. The maximum
duration to complete the course shall be six years (including the completion of arrears, if
any).
4. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION TO EXAMINATION
Seventy-five (75) percentage of attendance for theory.

Seventy-five (75) percentage of attendance for practical
.
5. MEDIUM
The medium of instruction shall be English.
6. CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)
The Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) is being introduced in affiliated colleges of
Pondicherry University for select UG courses, including B.Sc. Biotechnology, from the academic
year 2017-2018 onwards in accordance with the directives of University Grants Commission
(UGC). The system provides an opportunity to students to design curriculum to suit individual
needs, mobility across related disciplines and institutions in both horizontal and vertical manner.
This System enables a student to obtain a degree in a subject by earning required number of
credits prescribed for that degree. Number of credits earned by the student reflects knowledge or
skill acquired and performance in each course is reflected in grades. The grade points earned for
each course reflect the student’s performance in that course.
The students should study prescribed courses like Discipline Specific Core Courses, Ability
Enhancement Compulsory Courses, Skill Enhancement Courses, Public Administration,
Environment Awareness etc. They are allowed to exercise choices in selection of courses that are
Discipline Specific Elective Courses, General Electives, and Modern Indian Language etc., out of
those offered by departments within college or any other college/institution affiliated to
Pondicherry University (PU) or any other PU recognized institutions. While allowing students to
exercise choices, Pondicherry University notifies regulations by taking into account the
practicality. Overall, CBCS is meant to promote student centric education instead of system centric
education that is in vogue at present.
7. DEFINITIONS OF KEYWORDS
7.1 Programme: An educational program leading to award of a degree/ diploma/ certificate.
7.2 Programme Committee: Each Program of Study shall have a Programme Committee to
oversee implementation of the program.
7.3.1 Course: Usually a course referred to as ‘subject’ is a component of the Programme of

Study. All courses need not carry the same weight. The courses should define learning objectives
and learning outcomes. A course may be designed to comprise lectures/ tutorials/laboratory work/
field work/ outreach activities/ project work/ vocational training/viva/ seminars/term
papers/assignments/ presentations/ self-study etc., or a combination of some of these.
7.3.2 Core Course: There shall be Core Courses in the first four semesters. These courses
shall be compulsorily studied by a student.
7.3.3 Elective Course: Elective Course is a course which can be chosen from a pool of papers.
It may be:
▪ Supportive to the discipline of study

▪ Providing an expanded scope
▪ Enabling an exposure to some other discipline/domain
▪ Nurturing student’s proficiency/skill.
An elective may be “Generic Elective” focusing on those courses which add generic
proficiency to the students. An elective may be “Discipline Centric” or may be chosen from an
unrelated discipline. It may be called an “Open Elective.”
7.3.4 Foundation Course: The Foundation Courses may be of two kinds: Compulsory
Foundation and Elective foundation. “Compulsory Foundation” courses are the courses based
upon the content that leads to Knowledge enhancement. They are mandatory for all disciplines.
Elective Foundation courses are value-based and are aimed at providing ethical and humanistic
education.
7.3.5 Repeat Course: If a student gets (i) less than 40% in the internal assessment and fails in
the course or (ii) fails to get the required attendance, the student shall repeat the course when
offered.
7.4 Choice Based Credit System (CBCS): The CBCS provides choice for students to select
from the prescribed courses (core, elective or minor or soft skill courses etc.).Under the CBCS, the
requirement for awarding a degree / diploma / certificate is prescribed in terms of number of credits
to be completed by the students.
7.5 Credit: It is a unit by which the course work is measured. It determines the number of
hours of instructions required per week:
Course Name Credit Hours of Weightage

instruction (credit/ hours)
MIL 1 1.5 0.66
ENGLISH 1 1.5 0.66
DSC (Main Theory) 1 1 1.0
DSC (Practical) 1 2 0.5
SEC 1 1 1.0
DSE (Theory) 1 1.5 0.66
DSE (Practical) 1 2 0.5
GE 1 1.3 0.75
7.6 Letter Grade: It is an index of the performance of students in a said course. Grades are
denoted by letters O, A+, A, B+, B, C, P and F.
7.7 Grade Point: It is a numerical weight allotted to each letter grade on a 10-point scale.
7.8 Credit Point: It is the product of grade point and number of credits for a course.
7.9 Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA): It is a measure of performance of work done in
a semester. SGPA is the ratio of total credit points secured by a student in various courses
registered in a semester and the total course credits taken during that semester. It shall be expressed
up to two decimal places.
7.10 Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA): It is a measure of overall cumulative

performance of a student over all semesters. The CGPA is the ratio of total credit points secured
by a student in various courses in all semesters and the sum of the total credits of all courses in all
the semesters. It is expressed up to two decimal places.
7.11 Transcript or Grade Card or Certificate: Based on the grades earned, a grade
certificate shall be issued to all the registered students after every semester. The grade certificate
will display the course details (code, title, number of credits, grade secured) along with SGPA of
that semester and CGPA earned till that semester.
7.12 Academic Year: Two consecutive (one odd + one even) semesters constitute one
Academic year.
7.13 Semester: Each semester consist of 15-18 weeks of academic work equivalent to 90
actual teaching days. The odd semester may be scheduled from July to December and even
semester from January to June.
8. SCOPE AND COVERAGE
8.1 The CBCS is applicable to all full-time UG Biotechnology approved by the Academic
Council.
8.2 Teaching, learning and evaluation shall follow Semester pattern.
8.3 Students who have passed their Higher Secondary Examination under 10+2 system
conducted by the Government of Tamil Nadu or any other equivalent system recognized by the
Government of Puducherry based on the admission criteria laid down by Pondicherry University
are eligible to apply to B.Sc. Biotechnology. The exact eligibility criteria will be as prescribed in
the regulations approved by the Academic Council of Pondicherry University on the
recommendation of the BOS of the respective Departments from time to time.
8.4 Prescribed B.Sc. Biotechnology consists of six consecutive semesters (three years). The
maximum duration allowed for each student to acquire prescribed number of credits in order to
complete the Programme of Study shall be twelve consecutive semesters (six years).
8.5 The academic year consists of two consecutive (one odd and one even) semesters.
8.6 The medium of instruction for all the courses, excepting Arabic, Bengali, French, Hindi,
Malayalam, Sanskrit, Tamil, and Telugu, shall be English.
9. COURSE STRUCTURE
At least 60% (72 Credits) of the total minimum credit requirement must be earned by the
student in DSC and DSE courses put together in order to obtain a degree in a specific discipline.
10. CREDITS
10 .1 One teaching period shall be for 60 minutes duration.
10.2 The minimum number of credits to be earned by a student for the award of B.Sc.
Biotechnology is 120. Out of these, minimum 72 credits are mandatory from Discipline Specific
Core Courses (DSC) and Discipline Specific Elective Courses (DSE) put together for obtaining a
degree in a particular discipline. The minimum number of credits in each semester is 20.
11. REGISTRATION
11.1 Every student will be assigned a Faculty Advisor after his/her completion of admission
procedure.
11.2 Based on the advice and consent of the Faculty Advisor the student shall register for a set
of courses that he/she plans to take up in each semester from among those denoted by the Principal/
HOD.
11.3 The student must take the consent of the course teacher offering course(s) for
registration.
11.4 The student is permitted to register for courses not exceeding 30 credits per semester.
However, registration for Repeat Courses is allowed in excess of this limit.
11.5 A student, in order to retain his/her status, should register for at least a minimum of 12
credits in a semester.
11.6 Students shall have to register for the courses within the first week of a semester.
11.7 The maximum number of students to be registered in each course shall depend upon the
physical/ laboratory facilities available.
11.8 The information concerning the courses to be offered in every department in a semester
with credits and pre-requisites, if any, along with the time-slot shall be made available by the
Biotechnology Department of the Institution.
11.9 A student shall not be denied registration for whom the courses are Discipline Specific
Core Course (DSC) or Discipline Specific Elective (DSE).
11.10 The registration for all other courses shall be done in the spirit of accommodating as
many students as possible in the interest of the students.
11.11 Dropping of courses may be allowed to enable students to opt for the courses of their
choice within three weeks from the date of registration.
12. INTRODUCTION OF COURSES
12.1 The course code consists of four alphabets representing the discipline of study followed
by three numerals. The first numeral ‘1’ stands for level/ year of the course (year of collegiate
education), 2 for second year course and 3 for third year course. The second numeral stands for
semester (odd or even) and the third numeral is for the serial number of the course.
12.2 The Course Structure and Syllabus for each UG programme shall be finalized and
recommended by the Board of Studies (BOS) to be placed in the School Board, and then, in the
Academic Council, for consideration and approval.
12.3 The syllabi of B.Sc. Biotechnology course shall be revised at least once in three years, to
keep in tune with recent developments in knowledge and innovations. Minor revisions in the
already approved syllabus of a particular course may be approved by the Chairman of the
Academic Council provided there is proper justification and recommendations by the Chairpersons
of the BOS and School Board.
13. WORKLOAD OF TEACHERS
13.1 Every faculty member shall be assigned workload as per UGC norms.
13.2 In addition to regular handling of classes, teachers are required to participate in

preparation of detailed syllabus, designing of the teaching plan, invigilation, paper setting,
evaluation of answer scripts during continuous assessment and any other duties as and when
assigned by the Principal or University authorities.
13.3 Teachers shall associate with organizing practical lab sessions, field visits, industrial
tours, and guided project work etc., as per directions of the Principal/ Head of the
institution.
13.4 Faculty to Students Ratio: The Faculty to Student Ratio in all the practical/ laboratory
classes shall be maintained at 1:25.
14. PATTERN OF EXAMINATION
14.1 The End-Semester examination (ESE) for each course in B.Sc. Biotechnology shall be
conducted by the Pondicherry University for a maximum of 75 marks and Internal Continuous
Assessment (ICA) for 25 marks.
14.2 Internal assessment for all theory courses shall be done on the basis of at least two Internal
Assessment tests (15 marks), term papers/assignments/seminars/case demonstrations/
presentations/ write-ups/viva etc. (5 marks) and attendance (5 marks). The following weightage
shall be given to attendance:
95% - 100% (5 marks)

90% - 94% (4 marks)
85% - 89% (3 marks)
80% - 84% (2 marks)
75% - 79% (1 mark)
14.3 Internal Assessment for practical courses involving Laboratory/Field work/Project work
is 15, marks for Practical Record is 10, 25 marks for Practical end-semester exam.
14.4 A schedule of Internal Assessment tests shall be prepared by each College commonly to
all departments in the beginning of each semester. Internal Assessment marks shall be displayed a
week before the commencement of end-semester examinations.
14.5 End-semester examination shall be conducted for all courses offered. The duration of the
end-semester examination shall be 3 hours.
14.6 Every student has to pay examination fee per Credit basis as fixed by the University.
14.7 A schedule of end-semester examinations will be prepared and displayed by the

University much in advance.
14.8 No student with less than 75% in any particular course shall be permitted to attend the
end-semester examination and shall be given grade FA-failure due to lack of attendance. However,
an overall condonation of 10% is permitted for valid reasons (NCC, NSS, Swachh Bharat) or
medical reasons. A student who has been awarded FA shall repeat the course when offered. The
Principal/ Head of the Department shall ensure that the candidate is informed about the lack of
attendance before the commencement of end-semester examination and confirm that such
candidates are not permitted to write the examination.
14.9 To pass a course the student must secure minimum of 40 out of 100 marks (40%) in the
internal and the end-semester examination put together.
14.10 A student who has earned the required number of 120 credits by clearing all the required
courses shall be declared as pass even if he/she could not clear optional courses which were taken
in excess of the required number of courses.
14.11 Result Passing Board for each Programme of Study shall be constituted by the
Pondicherry University from time to time.
14.12 Revaluation and re totaling of the answer scripts shall be allowed within the stipulated
period of time as decided by the Controller of Examinations (COE) after paying the required
amount of fee.
15. SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
15.1 A failed student who meets the attendance requirement may be permitted to register for
the next end-semester examination in the following semester itself for theory paper. (eg. for
practical papers, those who failed in odd semester practical paper may be permitted to register for
next odd end-semester examination).
15.2 Students who have failed due to insufficient attendance and /or less than 40% Internal
Assessment marks should repeat the course as and when offered.
16. PROGRAMME COMMITTEE
16.1 The Programme Committee (PC) of each department shall be chaired by the Principal /
Head of the institution. The HOD, all the faculty members offering DSC and DSE course and two
students (one male and one female, where possible) from each class shall be Members of PC.
16.2 The PC shall meet at least once in a semester to discuss implementation of the program.
The discussions and resolutions should be on adherence to time-table, proper syllabus coverage,
introduction of new courses and all other issues concerning academic matters.
16.3 The minutes of the PCM must be communicated to the Chairman of BOS, Controller of
Examinations and Dean, College Development Council of Pondicherry University.
17. GRADING AND GRADE CARD
17.1 Letter grades shall be used to assess the performance of students in each course by
converting final marks (out of 100) into grades. In case of fractions the marks shall be rounded off
to next integer. The following shall be used to convert marks into awarding grades:
Range of Marks Letter Grade Grade Point

96-100 0 10
86-95 A+ 09
76-85 A 08
66-75 B+ 07
56-65 B 06
46-55 C 05
40-45 P 04
Below 40 F 00
Lack of attendance FA 00
17.2 The SGPA shall also be calculated by taking all courses taken by the student in the
semester and CGPA shall also be calculated by taking all the courses taken by the student in all
the semesters (refer 16and 17).
17.3 The University shall award “class” to students who acquired 120 (see 5.6) according to
the following:
CGPA Class
9.00 – 10.00 First Class with Distinction (should not have
failed in any course)
7.00 – 8.99 First Class
5.50 – 6.99 Second Class
4.00 – 5.49 Pass
17.4 The Grade card shall be issued to the students containing grades obtained by the student
in the previous semester Grade Point Average (SGPA) and Cumulative Grade Point Average
(CGPA).
The Grade card shall list the following:
a. Title of the course taken by the student

b. Number of credits allotted to the course
c. The grades secured by the student in each course
d. Total number of credits earned by the student in that semester
e. SGPA of the student
f. Total number of credits earned by the student till that semester
g. CGPA of the student
18. FAIRNESS IN ASSESSMENT
To ensure fairness of examination and evaluation following shall be followed.

18.1 In case of at least 50% of core courses offered in different programmes across the
disciplines, the assessment of the theoretical component towards the end of the semester should be
undertaken by external examiners from outside the university conducting examination, who may
be appointed by the Controller of Examinations. In such courses, the question papers will be set as
well as assessed by external examiners.
18.2 In case of the assessment of core practical courses, the team of examiners should be
constituted on 50 – 50 % basis. i.e., half of the examiners in the team should be invited from
outside the University for conducting examination.
18.3 In case of the assessment of project reports / thesis / dissertation etc. the work should be
undertaken by internal as well as external examiners.
19. COMPUTATION OF SGPA AND CGPA
Following procedure to compute the Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA) and Cumulative
Grade Point Average (CGPA) shall be followed:
19.1 The SGPA is the ratio of sum of the product of the number of credits with the grade points
scored by a student in all the courses taken by a student and the sum of the number of credits of
all the courses undergone by a student, i.e.,
SGPA (Si) = Σ (Ci x Gi) / ΣCi
where Ci is the number of credits of the ith course and Gi is the grade point scored by the
student in the ith course.
19.2 The CGPA is also calculated in the same manner taking into account all the courses
undergone by a student over all the semesters of a programme, i.e.
CGPA = Σ (Ci x Si) / Σ Ci
where Si is the SGPA of the ith semester and Ci is the total number of credits in that semester.
19.3 The SGPA and CGPA shall be rounded off to 2 decimal points and reported in the
transcripts.
20. ILLUSTRATION OF COMPUTATION OF SGPA AND CGPA AND FORMAT FOR
TRANSCRIPTS
20.1 Computation of SGPA and CGPA
20.1.1 Illustration 1 for calculation of SGPA
The illustration is for a student who has taken six courses of given credits in a semester and
performance is given in grade letter which carry certain grade point.
Grade Grade Credit Point

Course Credit letter point Credit x Grade
Course 1 3 A 08 3x08 = 24
Course 2 4 B+ 07 4x07 = 28
Course 3 3 B 06 3x06 = 18
Course 4 3 O 10 3x10 = 30
Course 5 3 C 05 3x05 = 15
Course 6 4 B 06 4x06 = 24
20 139
SGPA = 139/20 = 6.95
20.1.2 Illustration 2 for calculation of SGPA
A student registered for 6 (six) courses in a semester. At the end of the semester the student
got A grade in a 4 credit course , A grade in 2 credit course B+ in a 3 credit course another B+ in
a 3 credit course, B in a 3 credit course and F grade in a 3 credit course. Calculation of SGPA of
this student is:
SGPA = (8x4+8x2+7x3+7x3+6x3+0x3)/(4+2+3+3+3+3) = (32+16+21+21

+18+00)/18= 108/18 = 6.00 0ut of 10.00.
SGPA of the student is 6.00.
20.2 Illustration for calculation of CGPA (Example)
The illustration is for calculation of CGPA of a student who studied six semesters in a UG
program.
Semester Credits SGPA

Semester 1 20 6.95
Semester 2 22 7.80
Semester 3 18 5.65
Semester 4 21 6.04
Semester 5 19 7.21
Semester 6 20 7.85
Total = 120
CGPA =
(20 x 6.95 + 22 x 7.80 + 18 x 5.65 + 21 x = 139.00 + 171.60 + 101.70 + 126.84 + 136.99 +

6.04 + 19 x 7.21 + 20 x 7.85) divided by 157.00 = 833.13/120 = 6.94275 Rounded off to
120 6.94
CGPA = 6.94. The student has passed in the program and is placed in 2nd Class.
20.3 Transcript: the University shall issue a transcript for each semester as given in 14.7
and a consolidated transcript indicating the performance in all semesters.
2020-2021 ONWARDS SYLLABUS PROPOSED FOR
B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNDER CBCS AND CFSD FRAMEWORK
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
2020
Course structure for B.Sc Biotechnology
To be implemented from 2020-2021
onwards
CREDITS ALLOTED Hours Per Week
COURSE SUBJECT CODE TITLE OF THE PAPER
Lecture Tutorial/Lab Lecture Tutorial/Lab
SEMESTER – I
23 Credits
LARA/ Arabic/Bengali/ Hindi/ Malayalam/ Sanskrit/ 03 05
MIL - 1 LBEN/ LHIN/ LMAL/ Tamil/ Telugu
LSAN/ LTAM/ LTEL 111
ENGLISH - 1 ENGL 112 English – I 03 05
DSC - 1A UBIOT 111 Cell biology 04 04
DSC - 2A UBIOT 112 Microbiology 04 04
DSC - 3A UBIOT 113 Chemistry for Biology 04 04
AECC - 1 PADM 113 Public administration 02 02
UBIOT 111 (P) Cell biology 01 02
Practical UBIOT 112 (P) Microbiology 01 02
UBIOT 113 (P) Chemistry for Biology 01 02
SEMESTER – II
23 Credits
LARA/ LBEN/ LHIN/ Arabic/ Bengali/ Hindi/ Malayalam/ Sanskrit/ 03 05
MIL - 2 LMAL/ LSAN/ LTAM/ Tamil/ Telugu
LTEL 121
ENGLISH - 2 ENGL 122 English – II 03 05
DSC - 1B UBIOT 121 Analytical techniques in Biology 04 04
DSC - 2B UBIOT 122 Immunology 04 04
DSC - 3B UBIOT 123 Biochemistry 04 04
AECC - 2 ENVS 123 Environmental science 02 02
UBIOT 121 (P) Analytical techniques in Biology 01 02
Practical UBIOT 122 (P) Immunology 01 02
UBIOT 123 (P) Biochemistry 01 02
SEMESTER – III 23 Credits

LTEL 231
ENGLISH - 3 ENGL 232 English – III 03 05
DSC - 1C UBIOT 231 Molecular Biology 04 04
Bioprocess technology and Downstream 04 04
DSC - 2C UBIOT 232
processing
DSC - 3C UBIOT 233 General Biology 04 04
SEC - 1 UBIOT 234 Parasitology and Entomology 02 02
UBIOT 231(P) Molecular Biology 01 02
Bioprocess technology and Downstream 01 02
Practical UBIOT 232 (P)
processing
UBIOT 233 (P) General Biology 01 02
SEMESTER – IV
23 Credits

LTEL 241
ENGLISH - 4 ENGL 242 English – IV 03 05
DSC - 1D UBIOT 241 Genetic Engineering 04 04
DSC - 2D UBIOT 242 Enzyme Technology 04 04
DSC - 3D UBIOT 243 Evolution and Genetics 04 04
SEC - 2 UBIOT 244 Developmental Biology 02 02
UBIOT 241(P) Genetic Engineering 01 02
Practical UBIOT 242 (P) Enzyme Technology 01 02
UBIOT 243 (P) Evolution and Genetics 01 02
SEMESTER – V 20 Credits
Scientific writing and 02 02

SEC - 3* UBIOT 351 communication/Presentation Skills
(any one) 02 02
UBIOT 352 Molecular diagnostics
UBIOT 353 Animal Biotechnology 04 06
DSE - 1A*
DSE - 2A* UBIOT 354 Marine Biotechnology 04 06
DSE - 3A* UBIOT 355 Environmental Biotechnology 04 06
(any three) UBIOT 356 Medical Biotechnology 04 06
GE - 1 UBIOT 357 Genomics and Proteomics 03 04

UBIOT 353 (P) Animal Biotechnology 01 02
UBIOT 354 (P) Marine Biotechnology 01 02
Practical UBIOT 355 (P) Environmental Biotechnology 01 02
UBIOT 356 (P) Medical Biotechnology 01 02
SEMESTER – VI 20 Credits
SEC - 4* UBIOT 361 Skills in Biotechnology 02 02

(any one) UBIOT 362 Industrial Visit 02 02
UBIOT 363 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 04 06
DSE - 1B*
DSE - 2B* UBIOT 364 Bioinformatics 04 06
DSE - 3B* UBIOT 365 Plant Biotechnology 04 06
(any three) UBIOT 366 Microbial Biotechnology 04 06
Biosafety, Bio-ethics, IPRs and Entrepreneurial 03 04

GE - 2 UBIOT 367
Development
UBIOT 363 (P) Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 01 02
UBIOT 364 (P) Bioinformatics 01 02
Practical UBIOT 365 (P) Plant Biotechnology 01 02
UBIOT 366 (P) Microbial Biotechnology 01 02
Pondicherry University 17
B.Sc. Biotechnology
DSE* - Any 3 in semester V & VI

SEC* - Any 1 in semester V & VI
Total Number of Credits 132

Course code ending with (P) denotes practical paper.
Number of Courses:
B.Sc. Biotechnology Course with Credit

Semester MIL ENG DSC DSE SEC AECC GE
I 01 01 03 - 01 -
II 01 01 03 - 01 -
III 01 01 03 01 - -
IV 01 01 03 01 - -
V - - - 03 01 - 01
VI - - - 03 01 - 01
Total 04 04 12 06 04 02 02
Total No. of Papers = 34
DETAILS OF COURSES FOR B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
I. DSC 1 - DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE – (for Biotechnology main) (COMPULSORY)

(Four papers)
1. Cell biology
2. Analytical techniques in Biology
3. Molecular Biology
4. Genetic Engineering
DSC 2- DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE- (for Biotechnology main) (COMPULSORY)

(Four papers)
1. Microbiology
2. Immunology
3. Bioprocess technology and Downstream processing
4. Enzyme Technology
DSC 3- DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE- (for Biotechnology main) (COMPULSORY)

(Four papers)
1. Chemistry for Biology
2. Biochemistry
3. General Biology
4. Evolution and Genetics
II. SEC- SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES (also for Non-Biotechnology main)

(Four papers)
1. Parasitology and Entomology
2. Developmental Biology
3. Scientific writing and communication/Presentation Skills or Molecular
Diagnostics
4. Skills in Biotechnology or Industrial Visit
Effective from 2020-2021

B.Sc. Biotechnology
For Skill Enhancement Course of Semester V (SEC-3* UBIOT 351: Scientific writing and
communication/Presentation Skills) and Semester VI (SEC-4* UBIOT 361: Industrial Visit)
course’s End-Semester examination (75 marks) shall be internally conducted and evaluated by the
Department of Biotechnology.
III. DSE - DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVES (for Biotechnology main)*
DSE-1A, 2A, 3A
(Three papers)
1. Animal Biotechnology
2. Marine Biotechnology
3. Environmental Biotechnology
4. Medical Biotechnology
DSE-1B, 2B, 3B
(Three papers)
1. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
2. Bioinformatics
3. Plant Biotechnology
4. Microbial Biotechnology
IV. GE - GENERIC ELECTIVE (also for Non-Biotechnology main)

GE - 1
1. Genomics and Proteomics
GE - 2
1. Biosafety, Bio-ethics, IPRs and Entrepreneurial Development
V. MIL - MODERN INDIAN LANGUAGES

Arabic/ Bengali/ Hindi/ Malayalam/ Sanskrit/ Tamil/ Telugu
VI. ENGLISH
VII. AECC- ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSES- (COMPULSORY)

1. Public Administration
2. Environmental Studies

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs):
I. To prepare students for successful career in industry and research institutes.

II. To develop the ability amongst the students to apply modern biotechnological
techniques in industry and research.
III. To enable students to work in a team with multidisciplinary approach.
IV. To provide students with fundamental strength in analyzing and solving
biotechnological related problems.
V. To promote and inculcate ethics and code of professional practice among students.
Programme Outcomes:
I. After successful completion of Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology, the students will

be able to demonstrate basic knowledge in biological sciences
II. The students would acquire basic knowledge of science and skills to design and
conduct experiments, analyse data and interpret the results.
III. The students will be able to demonstrate understanding of basic knowledge in modern
biology disciplines
IV. The students will be able to demonstrate understanding of modern techniques used in
biotechnology
V. The student will be able to demonstrate ability to provide technological solutions in the
fields of biotechnological applications
VI. The students will be able to reinforce technological skills and high-end recent
advances in biotechnology
VII. The students will be able to communicate effectively and demonstrate professional and
ethical responsibilities
VIII. The graduates will acquire first-hand experience in working on projects at individual
level and exposure to industrial and research environment.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSES

(COMPULSORY)

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Discipline Specific Core (DSC) – 1A

CELL BIOLOGY
(Credits: Theory-4, Practicals-1)
THEORY
Course Code: UBIOT 111 Lectures: 60
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course objectives:
The course is aimed to impart knowledge of structural and functional aspects of cells as unit of
living systems.
To understand functions of various organelles and transport of information and matter across
cell membrane and classical genetics comprising Mendelian laws of inheritance and their
significance in genetic diseases.
UNIT – I (10 hours)

History of cell Biology, cell as basic unit of life, Cell theory, Protoplasm theory,
Organismal theory, Classification & characterization of cell types – Prokaryotes &
Eukaryotes, Organization, Ultrastructure of plant cell, animal cell, bacterial cell and
viruses.
UNIT – II (10 hours)

Structure and function of cell wall - Bacterial and Plant. Ultra structure of plasma
membrane – fluid mosaic model, membrane fluidity, Transport across membranes -
Symport, antiport, uniport, active and passive transport, Differentiation of cell surface:
Basement membrane, tight junction, gap junctions, Desmosomes, hemidesmosomes.
Cytoskeletal structures – microtubules, microfilaments (actin, myosin), Intermediate
filament.
UNIT –III (10 hours)

Structure & Functions of cell organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER & RER), golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, microbodies (peroxysomes and glyoxysomes), ribosomes and its
types, centrioles, basal bodies. Structure and functions of mitochondria, chloroplast,
organization of respiratory chain in mitochondria, photophosphosphorylation in
chloroplast.
UNIT – IV (15 hours)

Structure and organization of nucleus, nuclear membrane, organization of
chromosomes-structural organization of chromatids, centromere, chromatin, telomere,
nucleosomes, euchromatin and heterochromatin, specialized structures- polytene and
lambrush chromosomes
UNIT – V (15 hours)

Cell division - Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis, regulations of cell cycle and check points
and proteins involved in cell cycle check points. Basics in cell signaling- signaling
molecules and receptors, G protein coupled receptors, Tyrosine kinase receptor,
apoptosis and necrosis.
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO):

Students will be able to
1. acquire knowledge about the organizational and functional aspects of cell and cell
organelles

B.Sc. Biotechnology
2. learn about the interactions of the cells with outside environment through exchange of
information and transport of molecules.
3. learn about the classical genetics and transmission of characters from one generation to the
next which will make foundation for the advanced genetics.
4. develop innovative research ideas for curing genetic disorders in humans
CELL BIOLOGY PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Microscopic techniques- light microscopy.

2. Observation of permanent slides
3. Measurement of cell using ocular micrometer and stage micrometer
4. Cell types- Microbial, animal and plant cells
5. Cell counting method- animal cell: Haemocytometer
6. Cell counting method- plant cells-stomatal density
7. Mitosis in onion root tip.
8. Meiosis in Pollen mother cells of plants
Text Books:
• E.D. P. De Robertis and E.M.F. De Robertis, Jr. 2012 Cell and Molecular Biology (Eighth
edition). B.I. Waverly Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi.
• Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, S. Lawrence Zipursky, Paul Matsudaira, David Baltimore
and James Dernell, 2009. Molecular Cell Biology (Fourth Edition). Media Connected –
W.H.Freeman and Company.
• P.S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal, 2012, Concepts of Cell Biology. S.Chand & Company
Ltd., New Delhi;
Further Reading:
• D.E Sadava, 1993. Cell Biology - Organelle Structure and Function. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers
• B Alberts, 2009 Essential Cell Biology (Third Edition), Garland Science; publishers
• Alberts Bruce, 2008 Molecular Biology of the Cell (Fifth Edition), Garland Science;
publishers

B.Sc. Biotechnology

MICROBIOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course objective:
To understand the basics of microbiology and to know the role in environment.
To provide fundamental understanding of the microbial world, basic structure and functions of
microbes, metabolism, nutrition, their diversity, physiology and relationship to environment
and human health.
To impart practical skills of isolation and manipulating conditions for their propagation.
To ensures the students to understand about the structure and function of microorganisms.
UNIT - I (10 hours)

Microbial Diversity: Basics of microbiology, History and Scope of microbiology,
General features and Classification of Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa,
Viruses and Prions. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
UNIT- II (15 hours)

Ultrastructure of Bacteria: Sub-cellular structures - Cell wall of bacteria and its
biosynthesis, Cell envelope - capsule and slime layer, Cellular appendages - pili,
flagella and fimbriae, Cell membrane, inclusion bodies, Plasmid DNA and
chromosomal DNA. Bacterial genetics - conjugation, transduction (generalized and
specialized), and transformation.
UNIT - III (15 hours)

Microscopy: Staining - Principles and types of staining (simple and differential)
Microscopy -Instrumentation, principles and applications of light microscopes (bright
field, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescent microscopes) and electron microscopes
(transmission and scanning electron microscopes)
UNIT - IV – (10 hours)

Microbial Nutrition: Classification of microorganisms based on their nutritional
types, Preparation of media, types of media, culturing of microbes, Microbial growth
curve, viral replication: lytic and lysogenic cycles, Isolation, preservation and
maintenance of microorganisms, Aerobic and Anaerobic culturing of bacteria, Effect
of biotic and abiotic factors on the growth of organisms.
UNIT - V (10 hours)

Microbial Control: Sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, fumigation. Physical control:
Temperature (moist heat, autoclave, dry heat, hot air oven and incinerators),
desiccation, osmotic pressure, radiation, UV-light, electricity, ultrasonic sound waves,
filtration. Chemical control: Antiseptics and disinfectants (halogens, alcohol, gaseous
sterilization)

1. define the science of microbiology, its development and importance in human welfare.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
2. describe historical concept of spontaneous generation and the experiments performed to

disprove.
3. describe some of the general methods used in the study of microorganisms.
4. recognize and compare structure and function of microbes and factors affecting microbial
growth.
5. demonstrate aseptic microbiological techniques in the laboratory and check sources of
microbial contamination and their control.
MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICALS
(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Microscopic examination of Bacteria, Yeasts & Fungi

2. Motility of bacteria.
3. Simple staining of bacteria
4. Gram staining.
5. Preparation of media – solid, liquid media and semi-solid.
6. Methods of inoculation.
7. Isolation and maintenance of pure cultures.
8. Enrichment culture techniques.
9. Growth curve of microbes
Text Books:
• M.J. Pelczar Jr. E.C.S. Chan and N.R. Kreig, Microbiology (5th edition), Tata
MaCraw-Hill, New Delhi;
• R. Ananthanarayanan. and C.K.Jayaram Panickar, Text book of Microbiology (9th
edition), Orient Longman Publications, New Delhi
• Lansing M. Prescott, John. P. Harley, Donald A. Klein, 1999. Microbiology (9th
edition) WCB MaCraw-Hill, New York;
Further reading:
• Sundararajan S (2003). College Microbiology, revised edition, Vardhana publications,
Banglore.
• R.C. Dubey, D.K.Maheswari, A Text book of Microbiology (2005), S.Chand &
C7ompany Ltd. New Delhi

B.Sc. Biotechnology

CHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course objective:
The Students will know the basics of organic chemistry, how the collection of thousands
inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact to maintain and perpetuate life
governed solely by the physical and chemical laws as applicable to the nonliving thing.
To emphasize the role of biomolecules by providing basic information on metabolism.
UNIT-I (10 hours)

Bio Organic Chemistry: Functional groups of Biomolecules, Geometry of C bonding,
chirality and 3D structure- configuration, confirmations, steric hinderance. Setero
isomers and geometric isomers. Stereo specific interactions, chemical bonding and
intramolecular forces.
UNIT-II (15 hours)
Chemistry of Carbohydrates: Definition, nomenclature and classification.
Monosaccharides - Optical isomers and configurations (D&L), Fischer’s, Haworth
Projections and Conformations (chair and boat), Formation of Hemiacetyl / Hemiketyl
linkage, Cyclic structures (α & β) and Mutarotation. Hexose derivatives. Disaccharides
and glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides - Starch, Bacterial Peptidoglycan and
Extracellular matrix (Glycosaminoglycans). Glycoconjugates.
UNIT-III (15 hours)
Chemistry of Amino acids & Proteins: Classification, Structure and Properties of
amino acids, proteogenic and non proteogenic aminoacids, unusual aminoacids,
amphoteric nature, Zwitter ion, isoelectric point and pKa Value, Ramachandran plot for
amino acids. Peptide bond formation - Planar structure, stabilization & peptide
conformation (φ & ψ). Peptide hormones (glucagon) and antimicrobial peptides.
Structural classification of proteins, Forces stabilizing the 3D structure of proteins,
Protein denaturation and folding. Molecular chaperons, Protein misfolding and genetic
disorders. Oxygen binding proteins (Hemoglobin & Myoglobin) and Histones.
UNIT-IV (10 hours)
Chemistry of Lipids: Nomenclature and Classification, Structure and function of
storage lipids (Triacylglycerols), membrane lipids (Phospholipids, Glycolipids and
Archeal ester lipids), Intracellular signals (Phosphatidyl inositol), Cofactors (Vitamins)
and natural pigments (β- carotene). Biomembranes: Behavior of amphipathic lipids in
water- formation of micelles, bilayers, vesicles, liposomes. Membrane composition and
organization – Fluid mosaic model.
UNIT-V (10 hours)
Chemistry of Nucleic acids: Occurrence, Composition & structure of DNA and RNA,
Chargaff's rules, Nucleotides as energy carrier, cofactors & regulatory molecules
(cyclic AMP). Unusual structures in DNA (Palindrome, mirror repeats, hairpins and
cruciform), Structural polymorphism in DNA, DNA stability, DNA Denaturation (Cot
value and Tm), DNA hybridization, Molecular Concept of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
genes: introns, exons, spacers. Chromosomes: chromatin, centromere & Telomere,
Role of telomere and centromere, telomeric and centromeric repeat sequences,
karyotyping. Central dogma of life.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

1. know the chemical constituents of cells, the basic units of living organisms.
2. explain various types of weak interactions between the biomolecules.
3. know how the simple precursors give rise to large biomolecules such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids.
4. correlate the structure-function relationship in various biomolecules
5. know the role of biomolecules for orderly structures of the cells/tissues.
CHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGY PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Extraction and Characterization of Starch

2. Qualitative test for Carbohydrates
3. Isoelectric precipitation of proteins
4. Precipitation of Immunoglobin from serum
5. Intracellular total protein precipitation by TCA/ Acetone method
6. Qualitative analysis of proteins
7. Separation of Amino acids by chromatography
8. Karyotyping
Text Books:
• Nelson and Cox, Lehninger. Principles of Biochemistry (7th Edition), W.H
Freeman Publishers (2010).
• Voet D. Biochemistry (4th Edition), Academic Press (2012).
• Dubey R.C, A Textbook of Biotechnology (6th Edition), S. Chand Publishing,
reprint, 2014.
Further Readings:
• Zubey G. Principles of Biochemistry, Oscar Publication (2000).
• Devlin T. M. Text Book of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations (4th Edition)
Wiley & Sons Publication (2005).
• Roy Tasker, Carl Rhodes. Stryer’s Biochemistry (7th Edition) W. H. Freeman
publishers(2012).

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Discipline Specific Core (DSC) – 1B

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course objective:
The objective of this course is to provide the students with the understanding of various
analytical techniques used in biotechnology-based research and industry.
The course will acquaint the Students with the various instruments, their configuration and
principle of working, operating procedures.
In this course, the students will be exposed to basic concepts related with techniques and
instrumentation widely used in Biotechnology.
Solutions: Water- Structure and interaction, water as solvent, pH, Bronsted- Lowry
concept of acid and bases, ionization, Buffer: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
Biological buffer system (bicarbonate, phosphate buffers and Tris buffers),
Determination of molecular weight- molarity, molality, normality, equivalent weight.

Spectroscopy: Colorimetry, Basic principles, Beer-Lamberts law, instrumentation and
application of UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy, Centrifugation – Principle & types,
sedimentation co-efficient, sedimentation velocity, ultra centrifugation, separation of
macromolecules, subcellular fractionation.
UNIT – III (15 hours)

Chromatography – Basic principle & types – paper chromatography, thin layer
chromatography, column chromatography: gel exclusion, adsorption, ion exchange,
affinity. Application of chromatographic technique – separation of biomolecules

Electrophoresis – Principle, DNA and RNA gel electrophoresis, Protein gel
electrophoresis – SDS PAGE, native-PAGE, documentation, 2D-electrophoresis,
Isoelectric focusing.
Tracer techniques: nature of radioactivity, isotopes, radioactive decay, α, β and γ
radiation, Scintillation counter, application of radioisotopes in biological sample.

Bio-Physical Techniques: Crystallography: basic concepts & laws, symmetry of
elements in crystal X–ray crystallography, determination of crystal structure.
Fluorescence: concepts, emission, chemi-luminescence, luminometry. NMR-2D & 3D
structure prediction.

At the end of the course students will be able perform biochemical assays, electrochemical
techniques, spectrophotometry and chromatography.
1. Apply basic principles of different analytical techniques in analytical work.
2. Use spectroscopy and radioactivity in biotechnological applications
3. Use microscopy, centrifugation and electrophoretic techniques.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
4. Demonstrate principle and working of various instruments.

5. Use various techniques for solving industrial and research problems.
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Operation of shakers, incubators, pH meters and centrifuges

2. Buffer preparation- Phosphate/Acetate/Citrate
3. Density gradient centrifugation
4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA
5. Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins
6. Staining of SDS- PAGE: coomassie brilliant blue and silver staining.
7. Column chromatography
8. Thin layer Chromatography.
9. Estimation of nuclei acid by colorimetric method.
Text Books:
• Wilson, K. and Walker, J. Practical Biochemistry – Principles and techniques 7th
edition, 2010, Cambridge University Press,
• Brawer, I M., Perce, A.M., Experimental techniques in Biochemistry. Prentice Hall
Foundation, New York 2012.
Further Readings:
• Joseph Sambrook and David. W. Russel, Molecular Cloning- A laboratory
manual, 4th edition, 2012, Cold spring harbor press.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

IMMUNOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To introduce the science of immunology and detailed study of various types of immune
systems and their classification, structure and mechanism of immune activation. And to get
conceptual views about transplantation and its necessity.
UNIT - I (10 hours)

Immunology - History & Milestones, Microbial infections and host resistance. Immune
response: Innate & Adaptive responses, Humoral and cell mediated Immune Responses.
Structures, composition and functions of cells and organs of immune system.
UNIT- II: (10 hours)

Antigens & Immunogenicity. Antigens - Types, properties, Haptens, Adjuvants, Toxoids,
Immunoglobulins- structure, types and properties, Theories of antibody formation,
Structural and genetic basis of antibody formation.

Antigen and antibody reactions, Immunodiagnostic methods - Agglutination,
precipitations, complement fixation, RIA, ELISA and its types, Immunofluorescence,
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies and Hybridoma technique.
UNIT - IV (13 hours)

Cytokines & Chemokines - Classification, types and its functions, Complement system:
- structure, properties, functions of complement components and its pathways.
UNIT - V (15 hours)

Immune disorders and tumors: Types of tumors, tumor antigens, immune response to
tumors. Immunodeficiency and Auto immune diseases, MHC - Structure and function of
class I and class II MHC molecules, Hypersensitivity reactions: Type I, II, III and IV
Transplantation immunology - types and mechanisms involved.

1. describe and explain the fundamental principles of modern immunology.
2.understand and apply related immunological techniques in medical laboratory.
3. relate and apply medical laboratory science knowledge to immunological changes in
healthy and disease contexts.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
IMMUNOLOGY PRACTICALS
(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Single Immunodiffusion analysis

2. Double Immunodiffusion analysis.
3. Rocket Immuno-electrophoresis.
4. Separation of PBMC from the blood sample.
5. Slide & Tube Agglutination Reaction
6. Extraction of antigens from microbes
7. Purification of Antibodies.
8. Preparation of murine splenolymphocytes
9. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Text Books
• Roit, I.M., Delves P.J., Essential Immunology (10th edition), Blackwell Science,
Oxford 2001
• Immunology by Kuby, J. (8th edition) W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 2013
• Kumar. M.S, Leela K Sai, Microbiology and Immunology (2 nd edition)
Jaypeebooks 2014
Further Reading:
• Male. D and Roth. D, Immunology (8 edition), Reed Elsevier India Pvt Limited 2013.
• Khan. F.H. The Elements of Immunology, Pearson Education India, 2009
• Hay. F.C, Olwyn. M.R West wood, Practical Immunology (4th edition), Blackwell
science 2002

B.Sc. Biotechnology

BIOCHEMISTRY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course objective:
The course aims to introduce the theories and concepts of biomolecules, provide an advanced
understanding of the core principles and topics of biomolecule metabolism and their
experimental basis and to enable students to acquire a specialized knowledge and
understanding of selected aspects by means of lecture series
UNIT-I (10 hours)

Bioenergetics: Laws of thermodynamics, free energy change, enthalpy, entropy,
equilibrium constant, flow of electrons, electron carriers, redox potential, redox
coupling & ATP bioenergetics, High energy compounds.
UNIT-II (10 hours)

Introduction to Metabolism: Anabolic, catabolic and amphibolic pathways. Enzymes
in metabolism: Nature of enzymes - protein and non-protein (ribozyme). Cofactor and
prosthetic group, active site, allosteric site, apoenzyme, holoenzyme, substrate inhibitor,
modulator. IUBMB classification of enzymes, Fischer’s and Koshland’s hypothesis.
UNIT-III (10 hours)

Metabolism in mitochondria: Biological oxidation - enzymes involved in oxidation
and reduction, reactions catalyzed by dehydrogenases, oxidases, peroxidases and
oxygenases; removing of H2O2 from the biologic systems. Macroergic compounds.
Respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors of the respiratory chain. The
action of uncouplers; chemiosmotic theory. Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, central role of
Acetyl CoA, localization of TAC in the cell, Inborn errors: Type 1 Diabetes mellitus.
UNIT-IV (15 hours)

Metabolism of lipids: Biosynthesis of fatty acids, membrane phospholipids, fatty acid
synthase complex, regulation, Microsomal & Mitochondrial system of chain elongation
& synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. β-oxidation of fatty acids, role of carnitine,
oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids & odd carbon fatty acids. Inborn errors: Disorders
of Fatty acid oxidation metabolism– Medium chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
deficiency.
UNIT-V (15 hours)

Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds: Transamination (mechanism). Oxidative &
Non-oxidative deamination. Urea cycle, linkage of urea & TCA cycle. Transmethylation
& Decarboxylation, physiologically important products of decarboxylation. Synthesis
and degradation of nucleotides (DNA). Disorders of Amino acid metabolism-
Phenylketonuria, Disorders of Urea cycle– Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
deficiency. Disorders of nucleotide metabolism – Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

1. Demonstrate broad knowledge of the biomolecules, machinery and information that flow
within living cells and an appreciation of how these underpin all biological processes, in both
normal and diseased states.
2. Demonstrate proficiency in core biochemical laboratory techniques, understanding both the
principles and applications of these methods within the molecular biosciences.
3. Understand enzyme actions and kinetics
BIOCHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Estimation of proteins:
(a) Lowry’s method, (b) Bradford’s method
2. Estimation of enzyme activity by reducing sugar method
3. Effect of substrate concentration on salivary amylase activity
4. Estimation of amino acids
5. Estimation of carbohydrates by Anthrone method
6. Estimation of total Cholesterol by Zak method
7. Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method
8. Determination of unsaturated fatty acids
Text Books:
• Voet. D. Biochemistry (4th Edition), Academic Press2012.
• Zubey.G - Principles of Biochemistry (4th edition) Oscar Publication 2000.
• Wilson and Walker Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, (7th edition),
Cambridge University Press 2010.
Further reading:
• Nelson and Cox, Lehninger. Principles of Biochemistry (7th Edition), W.H Freeman
Publishers 2010
• Roy Tasker, Carl Rhodes. Stryer’s Biochemistry (7th Edition). W. H. Freeman
publishers 2012.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Discipline Specific Core (DSC) – 1C

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course objective:
The aim is to extend the understanding of molecular mechanisms of cell through which
genetic information is stored, expressed and transmitted among generations.
UNIT - I (10 hrs)

Introduction to Molecular Biology, Types of genetic materials- Experiments of Griffith,
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty, Hershey and chase, John Cairns experiment, Meselson-
Stahl experiment, Central dogma of life.
UNIT- II (10 hrs)

Replication of DNA, Models of DNA replication, Mechanism of DNA replication in
prokaryotes (initiation, elongation, replication fork, replication machinery, termination),
Enzymes and proteins involved in DNA replication (nucleases, DNA polymerases, DNA
helicases, gyrases, SSBP, topoisomerase, primase).
UNIT - III (15 hrs)

Mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Enzymes and proteins
involved in transcription, post transcriptional modifications. Inhibitors of transcription.
UNIT- IV (15 hrs)

Genetic code - characteristics and properties, Wobble hypothesis. Protein biosynthesis in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes, post translational modifications, protein degradation,
Inhibitors of protein synthesis. Regulation of gene expression (lac, trp and gal operons).
UNIT- V (10 hrs)

Mutation and its types- spontaneous, induced, reverse, suppressor mutations; chemical
mutagens- alkylating agent, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine; physical mutagen- radiation.
DNA repair- mismatch repair, base excision repair, nucleotide excision, direct repair
and SOS repair.

Students will be able to get the overview of Molecular Biology and understand the process
involved in replication, transcription and translation and regulation of gene expression and the
molecular functions of antibiotics.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practicals
1. DNA isolation from prokaryotes- E.coli

2. DNA isolation from eukaryotes- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
3. Protein extraction from E.coli
4. Molecular weight determination of DNA
5. Physical mutations: UV irradiation
6. Quantification of DNA
7. Total RNA isolation from bacteria
8. Melting curve analysis of DNA
Text books
• Lodish. H, Berk. A, Lawrence, A, Matsudaira. A, Baltimore. D and Dernell. J.

Molecular Cell Biology (Fourth Edition). – W.H.Freeman and Company. 2009
• Cooper G M & Hausman E, The Cell - A Molecular Approach. (6th edition), Sinauer
Associates 2013
Further readings
• P.S. Verma and V.K. Agarwal, 2012, Concepts of Cell Biology. S.Chand & Company
Ltd., New Delhi. 2012
• Lewin. B , GENES X, (10th edition), Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011
• David L. Nelson & Michael M. Cox. (2017) Lehninger principles of biochemistry (7th
Edition) W H Freeman & Co.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Discipline Specific Core (DSC) – 2C

BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY AND DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course objective:
This course updates students’ knowledge of new developments in biology of industrial
relevance. To make the students understand the fermentation process, using these tools and
its combination of bioprocess engineering. In addition, this provides broad understanding and
experience of technological processes involved in biotechnological industries.
UNIT I (15 Hours)
Principles of Bioprocess technology – Introduction and history of traditional and
modern bioprocess technology. General concepts of fermentation technology – Outline
of an integrated bioprocess and various unit operations. Industrially important
microbes: Isolation, Screening & Preservation techniques – Slant culture, spore culture,
overlaying culture with mineral oil, Lyophilization, Cryopreservation – Strain
improvement – mutation, protoplast fusion & rDNA techniques for strain development
– Maintenance of Industrially important microbes.
UNIT II (10 Hours)
Introduction to fermentation - Types of fermentation processes (Submerged & solid
static) - Media formulation - Synthetic and complete media, Sterilization (batch &
continuous) – Air, Filter and Media sterilization – Operation: Inoculum preparation and
sampling. Fermenters: Design of a fermenter – Types: Stirred tank, Fluidized bed,
Immobilized bed bioreactors, Photo bioreactors, Air lift bioreactors and its other types.
UNIT III (10 Hours)
Microbial growth and death kinetics - Bioprocess control & monitoring of various
factors, temperature, agitation, pressure, pH, dissolved oxygen and foam sensing –
online measurements, Control systems – Manual control, Automatic control - on/off
control & PID control, Computer applications in fermentation technology - Scale up &
Scale down of microbial reactions.
UNIT IV (10 Hours)
Down- stream processing: Removal of microbial cells and solid matter – Precipitation,
Filtration, Centrifugation, Liquid – Liquid extraction, Chromatography and membrane
processes, BOD and COD measurements, Disposal of industrial wastes.
UNIT V (15 Hours)
Industrial waste water treatment and disposal: Physical treatment, chemical treatment
and biological treatments. Aerobic processes - trickling filter, towers, biologically
aerated filters, rotating drums, fluidized bed systems, activated sludge process.
Anaerobic treatment - anaerobic digestion, anaerobic filters, up-flow anaerobic sludge
blankets. Disposal - seas and rivers, lagoons, spray irrigation, well-disposal, landfilling,
incineration, disposal of effluents to sewers.
At the end of the course students will be able to acquire knowledge on the types of fermentation
process, bioprocess and the preparation of media and anaerobic digesters, current themes and
insights, informed by the forefront of the Biotechnology industry and its related disciplines,
understand and apply scale-up methods for designing bioreactors. Become familiar with
principles of recovery and purification techniques of bioprocess.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY AND DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

PRACTICALS
(1 Credit)
Practical:
1. Fermenter design and structure.
2. Inoculum preparation and sterilization
3. Preparation of Wine
4. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from curd
5. Isolation of amylase producing microorganisms
6. Isolation of antibiotic producing microorganisms from soil
7. Estimation of COD.
8. Estimation of BOD.
9. Immobilization of bacterial cells.
Text Books:
• Stanbury P.F., Whitaker. A & Hall. S. J. Principles of fermentation technology
(2nd edition), Aditya Books Private ltd., 2000.
• Crueger, W. and Crueger, A, Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial
Microbiology. (2nd Ed.), Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. 2000.
• Waites M.J., Morgan N.L., Rockey J.S., Industrial Microbiology. 2nd edition,
Blackwell Science, 2002.
Further Reading:
• Demain L. & Davies E. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
(2nd edition), ASM Press, Washington, 2004.
• Emt El Mansi, Bryce, CFA, Demain, AL (Eds). Fermentation Microbiology and
Biotechnology (2nd Edition), CRC Press. 2006.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Discipline Specific Core (DSC) –3C

GENERAL BIOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objectives: To understand the diversity, complexity and integrity of the system and
behavior of the living organisms.
UNIT - I (10 hours)

Diversity of Life forms: Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological
nomenclature, classical & quantitative methods of taxonomy of plants, animals.
Important criteria used for classification in each taxon. Classification of plants and
animals. Evolutionary relationships among taxa.
UNIT - II (13 hours)
Tissues: Meristematic, simple permanent tissues – parenchyma, collenchyma,
sclerenchyma, and complex permanent tissues – xylem and phloem. Types of vascular
bundles. Growth and differentiation in plants - Primary growth, secondary growth,
arithmetic growth, geometric growth, determinate growth, indeterminate growth,
absolute growth and relative growth. Animal tissues – Epithelial, connective, muscular
and nervous tissues.
Integrative Physiology: An overview of neuronal structure and function; Sensory
physiology –mechano, chemo, thermo, photo and electro receptors; Endocrine systems
in animals and their physiological effects; Plant hormones and their physiological
effects; Regulation of metabolism and response to environmental cues; Neuronal basis
of behaviour; Behaviour concepts and measurements
Regulatory Physiology: Regulation of water in aquatic and terrestrial animals; Water
and solute excretion in organisms; osmoregulatory organs; Transpiration in plants;
Excretion of nitrogenous wastes in animals; Patterns of Thermoregulation : Ectotherms
and Endotherms; Structural and functional adaptation to stress.
Ethology: Introduction to Animal Behaviour Origin and history of Ethology. Methods
and recording of a behavior. Patterns of Behaviour Stereotyped Behaviours (Orientation,
Reflexes); Individual Behavioural patterns; Instinct vs. Learnt Behaviour; Associative
learning, classical and operant conditioning, Habituation, Imprinting.
Course outcome: Students will come to know the diversity, complexity and integrity of the
system and behavior of the living organisms.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
GENERAL BIOLOGY PRACTICALS (1 Credit)
Practicals
1. Preparation of herbarium.
2. Culture of plant (explants).
3. Calculation of the stomatal index, stomatal frequency and percentage of leaf area open
through Stomata.
4. Cross section of dicot leaf, stem and root.
5. Cross section of monocot leaf, stem and root.
6. Study of the mechanism of stomatal opening and closing.
7. Study of transpiration in plants using Ganong’s potometer.
8. Experiment on plasmolysis of Tradescantia leaf.
8. Study of the developmental stages and life cycle of Drosophila from stock culture.
9. To study geotaxis behavior in earthworm.
10. To study the phototaxis behavior in insect larvae.
Text Books
• D. J. Taylor, N.P.O. Green, G.W. Stout. Biological Science (3rd Edition) –

Cambridge University Press. 2008.
• Raven, Johnson, Mason, Losos & Singer. Biology (9th edition). Tata McGraw
Hill Education, New Delhi. 2011.
• Taiz, L & Zeiger, E. Plant physiology (5th edition), Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Sunderland. 2010.
• Knut Schmidt-Nielsen. Animal physiology (5th edition). Cambridge University
Press. 1997.
Reference Books
▪ Scott. F. Gilbert, Developmental Biology (6th ed.) Sinauer Associates, INC.,

Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts. 2000.
▪ Mc Farland David, Animal Behavior: Psychobiology, Ethology and Evolution.
3rd Ed. Benjamin Cummings. 1998.
▪ An A. Manning & MS Dawkins, Introduction to Animal Behavior, Cambridge
University, Press. 2012.
▪ W. Paul, Sherman and J Alcock, Exploring Animal Behavior, Sinauer Associate
Inc., Massachusetts. 2013.
▪ Knut Schmidt – Nielsen. Animal Physiology 5th Ed., Cambridge University
Press. 2005.
▪ Randall D, Burggren W & K French, EcKert Animal Physiology, 5th Ed. W.H.
Freeman. 2002.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Discipline Specific Core (DSC) – 1D

GENETIC ENGINEERING
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objective:
To provide knowledge in Basics Genetic engineering.
This course would familiarize students with facile molecular techniques involved in isolation
and manipulation of genetic material for achieving the desired goal.
To train the students in various techniques involved in Genetic engineering.
UNIT-I (10 hours)

History and basic steps involved in genetic engineering, Enzymes involved in genetic
engineering (Nucleases, Restriction enzymes and their types, DNA ligases and ligation,
Kinases, Phosphatases, Reverse transcriptase, Deoxynucleotidyl transferases, DNA
polymerase), Restriction mapping.
UNIT -II (10 hours)

Basic design of cloning vectors - plasmid (pBR322 and pUC 18/19), cosmids, phage
vectors (lambda and M13), phagemid, yeast vectors (YEp, YRp, YIp), shuttle vectors,
BAC and YAC
Expression of cloned genes - general features of an expression vector, expression of
eukaryotic gene in prokaryotes - advantages and limitations.

Gene transfer techniques - physical (Electroporation, microinjection and biolistic
transformation), chemical (CaCl2 mediated transformation and Lipofection),
transduction.
Selection of recombinants - blue and white screening and plus and minus screening.
UNIT –IV (15hours)

Construction of genomic and cDNA library, PCR- steps involved, Guidelines for PCR
primer designing, variants of PCR (multiplex, nested, quantitative real time, RT- PCR),
applications and limitations.
Blotting - southern, northern and western blotting; Nucleic acid and immuno probes.
UNIT -V (10 hours)

Manipulation of gene sequences by random mutations and site directed mutagenesis,
Applications of Genetic engineering in industry, medicine and agriculture. Bioethics
and Biosafety.

1. apply landmark discoveries in developing a number of facile molecular techniques used in
rDNA technology.
2. learn how to select the suitable hosts for the individual vectors for different purposes.
3. know the extraordinary power of restriction and other enzymes in molecular cloning and
genetic manipulations.
4. perform application of PCR in rDNA technology.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
5. perform expression of the cloned gene (s) for basic and applied research.
6. gain hands-on training in various molecular techniques for gene manipulation.
GENETIC ENGINEERING PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Plasmid DNA isolation.

2. Restriction digestion of pBR322
3. Ligation using pET vector
4. Southern hybridization.
5. Preparation of Competent Cell.
6. Transformation & blue white screening.
7. Isolation of total RNA from Bacteria.
8. Polymerase chain reaction.
9. SDS-PAGE of Bacterial Proteins.
10. Plasmid curing.
Text books
• Primrose Sandy B. and Richard Twyman, Principles of Gene Manipulation and

Genomics (7th Edition), Wiley-Blackwell 2006.
• Brown T. A, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction, (6th Edition) Wiley-
Blackwell, 2010.
• Winnacker L Ernst, From genes to clones -Introduction to gene technology (4th
edition), Panima Publishing Corporation, 2003.
Further readings:
• Dubey R.C, Advanced Biotechnology (1st edition), Chand and Company, 2014.
• Watson D James; et al Recombinant DNA: genes and genomes, (3rd edition),
Basingstoke: Palgrave pacmillan, 2007.
• Sathyanarayanan U, Biotechnology (2013) Books and allied (P) ltd.
• Michael R. Green, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (4th Edition), Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

ENZYME TECHNOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objective:
To make the students understand the concepts of in detail
To make Students function and kinetics of enzymes
To provide basic knowledge of enzyme technology and use of enzymes as tools in industry,
agriculture and medicine.
To study about the industrially important enzymes
UNIT I (15 hours)

Introduction to Enzymes: General introduction and historic background- General
Terminology, Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes. Criteria of purity of
enzymes- Specific activity. Enzyme units-Katal and IU. Enzyme activity- chemical
nature of enzymes. Protein nature of enzymes and Non protein enzymes- Ribozymes
and DNAzymes. Metalloenzymes and metal activated enzymes. Coenzymes and
Cofactors- Prosthetic group.
UNIT II (10 hours)
Enzyme Catalysis: Lock and key, Induced fit and Transition state Hypotheses.
Mechanism of enzyme catalysis- Acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, Metal ion
catalysis, Proximity and orientation effects etc. Mechanism of Serine proteases-
Chymotryspin, Lysozyme, Carboxypeptidase A and Ribonuclease., Proenzymes
(Zymogens).
UNIT III (15 hours)
Enzyme Kinetics and Inhibition: Kinetics of a single-substrate enzyme catalysed
reaction, Michealis-Menten Equation, Km, Vmax, L.B Plot, Turnover number, Kcat.
Kinetics of Enzyme Inhibition. Kinetics Allosteric enzymes. Factors affecting the
enzyme activity- Concentration, pH and temperature. Reversible Inhibition-
Competitive, Non Competitive, Uncompetitive, Mixed, Substrate, Allosteric and
Product Inhibition. Irreversible Inhibition.
UNIT IV (10 hours)
Enzyme Regulation: Feedback Regulation, Allosteric Regulation, Reversible
Covalent Modification and Proteolytic Activation. Enzymes in the cell, localization,
compartmentation of metabolic pathways, enzymes in membranes, concentrations.
Mechanisms of enzyme degradation, lysosomal and nonlysosomal pathways, examples.
UNIT V (10 hours)
Industrial and Clinical uses of Enzymes (Applied Enzymology): Industrial Enzymes-
Thermophilic enzymes, amylases, lipases, enzymes in industry, enzymes used in various
fermentation processes, cellulose degrading enzymes, Metal degrading enzymes.
Clinical enzymes- Enzymes as thrombolytic agents, Anti-inflamatory agents,
strptokinasae, asparaginase, Isoenzymes like CK and LDH, Transaminases (AST, ALT),
Cholinesterases, Phosphatases. Immobilization of enzymes. Enzyme Engineering and
site directed mutagenesis.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

know the basic concept of enzyme.
know the principles of isolation and purification of enzymes from various sources
comprehend various methods involved in enzyme technology and their commercial
applications.
ENZYME TECHNOLOGY PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Screening of microorganisms for enzyme production.

2. Effect of pH on enzyme activity.
3. Effect of Temperature on enzyme activity.
4. Ammonium sulphate precipitation of enzymes
5. Partial purification of enzymes by dialysis.
6. Colorimetric assay for enzyme activity
7. Determination of Km and Vmax of the enzymes.
8. Electrophoretic separation of isoenzymes.
Text Book:
1. Nelson.D.L, Cox. M. M. Lehninger’s Principle of Biochemistry. 4th ed. Freeman,
2004
2. Berg.J.M, Tymoczko.J.L, Stryer, L. Biochemistry. 6th ed. Freeman, 2006.
Suggested Reading:
1. Dixon & Webb. Enzymes. 3rd ed. Longmans, 1979.
2. Murray. R.K, Granner.D.K, Mayes. P.A, Rodwell. V.W.Harper’s Biochemistry. 27th
ed. McGraw Hill, 2006.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

EVOLUTION AND GENETICS
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To understand the transfer of characters and its expression in relation to the changing
environment and the evolution of organisms.

Inheritance Biology: History of Genetics, Mendel’s laws of inheritance, Deviations
from Mendelian laws, dominance, relationships, incomplete dominance, co- dominance,
lethal genes, multiple alleles, epistasis, complementary, supplementary, duplicate and
inhibitory genes.
Linkage & Crossing Over: Chromosomal Mapping Linkage and crossing over,
Cytological basis of crossing over, Molecular mechanisms of crossing over including
models of recombination, Recombination frequency as a measure of linkage intensity,
Two factor and three factor crosses, Interference and coincidence, Somatic cell
hybridization. Sex determination and dosage compensation. Pedigree analysis.
Origin of Life: Historical and theories: special creation theory, theories of spontaneous
generation or abiogenesis, theory of abiogenesis, hypothesis of panspermia, theory of
chemical evolution and spontaneous origin of life at molecular level, experimental
support of Oparin’s hypothesis — Miller’s experiment. Theories of Organic Evolution -
Theory of inheritance of acquired characters (Lamarckism); theory of natural selection
(Darwinism), modern synthetic theory; Weismann’s germ plasm theory
Evidences of evolution: Direct Evidences of Evolution - Palaeontological evidences,
Indirect Evidences of Evolution - Evidences from classification (taxonomy); evidences
from comparative anatomy; evidences from comparative embryology; evidences from
comparative physiology and biochemistry; evidences from comparative cytology;
evidences from genetics.
Population Genetics: Gene pool and gene frequency; Hardy-Weinberg law. Selection
in Action - Types of Natural Selection: directional selection, stabilizing selection,
disruptive or diversifying selection, sexual selection, group and kin selection. Speciation
– sympatric, allopatric, parapatric.
Course Outcome: Students will come to know the transfer of characters and its expression in
relation to the changing environment and the evolution of organisms.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
EVOLUTION AND GENETICS PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Study of Linkage, recombination, gene mapping using marker based data from
Drosophila.
2. Study of Allium Karyotype (normal and abnormal).
3. Study of blood grouping in humans.
4. PTC testing in a population and calculation of allele and genotype frequencies.
5. To determine a minimal quadrat area for sampling in the given simulation sheet
6. To determine density/frequency/abundance of the vegetation by quadrat method in the
field or on given simulation sheet.
7. Selection Exemplifying Adaptive strategies (Colouration, Mimetic form, Co-adaptation
and co-evolution; Adaptations to aquatic, fossorial and arboreal modes of life) using
Specimens.
8. Phylogeny (study from chart)
a. Digit reduction in horse phylogeny
b. Study of horse skull to illustrate key features in equine evolution
c. Study of monkey and human skull - A comparison to illustrate common
primate and unique Hominin features
Text Books:
1. Brooker, R.J. Genetics: Analysis & Principles (4th edition). Tata McGraw Hill Education.
2011.
2. Wilkinson, D.M. Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems Approach. Oxford
University Press. U.S.A. 2007.
3. M. Ridley, Evolution,. 3rd Ed.. Blackwell Scientific Publishing. 2004.
Reference Books
1. Gardner EJ, Simmons MJ, Snustad DP. Principles of Genetics. 8th Ed. Wiley- India. 2008.
2. Snustad DP, Simmons MJ. Principles of Genetics. 6th Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2011.
3. Smith R.L. Elements of ecology. 9th Ed., Benjamin Cummings. 2014.
4. Odum, E.P. Fundamentals of ecology. 5th Ed. Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., (New
Delhi).
2005.
5. B. K Hall & B. Hallgrimson Strickberger’s Evolution,. 4 th Ed.. Jones and Barlett. 2008.
6. C. Zimmer & D. J. Emlen. Evolution: Making Sense of Life, 1 st Ed. Roberts & Co.
Publishers. 2013.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVES

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Discipline Specific Elective (DSE)

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
THEORY
Course Code: UBIOT 353
Lectures: 60
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objective
The course provides the basic knowledge and understanding of cell culture techniques.
The students will learn the maintenance and various in vitro applications of cell and
molecular techniques.
UNIT - I (10 hours)
Introduction, history, basic concepts of animal cell culture, primary cell culture and
established cell lines, maintenance of cultures, requirements of animal cell culture,
media - natural (clots, biological fluids and tissue extracts) and synthetic (serum
containing media, serum free media, chemically defined media, protein free media).

Basic techniques of mammalian cell culture, disaggregation of animal tissues -
mechanical, enzymatic and EDTA, evolution of cell line, monolayer culture,
suspension culture, immobilized culture, organ culture - plasma clot, raft method, agar
gel, grid method, embryo culture, maintenance of cell culture.

Artificial insemination, Super ovulation, In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer,
applications and limitation, Transgenic animals (avian, rodent & ruminants),
Transgenic methods, Embryonic Stem cell transfer, Targeted Gene Transfer,
Detection of transgenic animals, Production of useful proteins in transgenic animals,
Sericulture basics and production of useful proteins through sericulture.

Role of Animal models in Experimentation. Molecular markers - RFLP, RAPD, VNTR,
AFLP. Somatic and Reproductive cloning - Definition, history and types. Somatic cell
nuclear transfer, story of dolly, Therapeutic cloning and its significance.

Animal diseases (cattle) -Mad cow, Anthrax, Foot and Mouth, Lumpy skin,
Bluetongue; (Poultry)- Newcastle; Bird flu, Avian Influenza, Marek’s disease –
Vaccines; Bioethics and biosafety in animal handling.
1. explain the fundamental scientific principles that underlie cell culture and acquire
knowledge for isolation, maintenance and growth of cells.
2. the students will gain an insight into the concepts and techniques of genetically
modified animals and its applications in various fields of science.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Isolation of chick emryos

2. Isolation of CAM from chick embryo for culture
3. Isolation of organ rudiments for primary culture from chick embryos.
Effect of drugs on PBMCs:
4. Dye exclusion assay- Trypan blue assay and cell counting using Hemocytometer.
5. Effect of various drugs on hPBMCs- lymphocyte proliferation assay.
Protein profiling from hPBMCs:
6. Protein isolation from drug treated hPBMCs
7. SDS-PAGE of proteins isolated from drug treated hPBMCs
8. Western blotting
Text Books:
• Bernard R. Glick, Jack J. Pasternak, Cheryl L. Patten, Molecular Biotechnology:
Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA (4th edition), ASM publisher(2009).
• Michael wink, An Introduction to Molecular Biotechnology: Fundamentals, methods
and applications, (2nd edition) , John Wiley and sons 2013.
• Ganga. G & Slochanachetty, An Introduction to Sericulture, (2nd edition), Oxford and
IBH publishers Pvt.Ltd.Delhi (2012).
• Old R.W, Primrose S.B, Twyman R. M, Principles of Gene manipulation (6th edition),
Blackwell Sciences, (2001)
Further Reading:
• Tom Strachan & Andrew P. Read, Human Molecular Genetics, 2nd edition. Garland
Science, (2004).
• Maule J.P, The Semen of Animals and Artificial Insemination, Commonwealth
Agricultural Bureaux, 1962
• John R.W. Masters, Animal Cell Culture, 3rd edition, OUP Oxford, (2000).

B.Sc. Biotechnology

MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objective
To Know and to understand the essential facts and concepts related to marine biotechnology.
To Know the marine organisms of interest in biotechnology, their basic functions and role in
the ecosystem.
To Acquire the ability to analyze and determine those marine organisms that may be useful in
biotechnology.
UNIT - I (10 hours)
The marine ecosystem and its functioning: intertidal, estuarine, salt marsh, mangrove,
coral reef, coastal & deep sea ecosystems. Hydrothermal vents - biodiversity of
organisms. Marine microbes - unculturable bacteria, occurrence, characteristics and
exploitation,
Barophilic organisms and their potential gene application for Marine Biotechnology
Industry
UNIT - II (15 hours)

Bioactive compounds from marine organisms, GFP, RFP characteristics and their
applications, Green mussel adhesive protein, Marine hydrocolloids - Agar, Agarose,
Chitosan, Chitin, Alginate, Carrageen and its applications, Marine enzymes and their
applications in food processing, Marine Pharmaceuticals – Zinconotide, Dolostain,
Bryostain.

Aquaculture - Culturing of shrimp, edible mollusks, oysters, pearl oysters, sea cucumbers.
Culture of live feed organisms - brine shrimp, rotifers, marine algae. Techniques for
identification of bacterial & viral pathogens in aquaculture Methods of diagnosis of
SEMBV, MBV and Vibrio diagnosis, Probiotic bacteria and their importance in
aquaculture; Vaccines in aquaculture: Fish, shrimps & prawns
UNIT - IV (10 hours)

Chromosome manipulation in aquaculture – hybridization; Ploidy induction;
Gynogenesis, Androgenesis and sex reversal in commercially important fishes;
Cryopreservation of fish gametes and embryo; Transgenic fishes - Antifreeze and
metalothionine gene.
UNIT - V (10 hours)

Biofouling, biofilms, corrosion and antifouling treatment. Ballast water: consequences &
management. Red tides: causative organisms and control. Control of oil spills and
bioremediation.

1. explain the fundamentals of marine ecosystem , and deep sea organism,
2. maintenance and growth of commercial important marine organism and their feed
organism,

B.Sc. Biotechnology
3. the students will gain an insight into the concepts and techniques of genetically modified
fishes for ornamental and commercial purpose.
4. understand the concept of Biofouling and antifouling , their maritime economic loss
MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL

(1 Credit)
Practicals
1. Biochemical tests for identification of Marine bacteria.

2. Measurement of growth of microorganisms.
3. Plankton analysis.
4. Isolation, characterization and antagonistic effects of probiotic bacteria against fish
pathogens.
5. Identification of Shrimp/Oysters/Sea cucumber (Spotters)
6. Estimation of Ammonia from shrimp pond
7. Disease identification in shrimps and fishes.
8. Isolation of chitin and chitosan from shrimp waste.
Text Books:
• Milton Fingerman, Nagabhushanam. R, Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology,

Vol. 8: January 1, Science Publisher, (2003).
• Kim, Se-Kwon, Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology, Springer Handbooks,
(2014) Pillay T V R; Kutty M N, Aquaculture: Principles and practices, 2nd edition,
Blackwell Pub., (2005).
Further readings:
• Ronald M. Atlas , Richard Bartha, Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and
Applications (4th edition), Benjamin Cummings, (1997).
• Marco Saroglia, Zhanjiang Liu, Functional Genomics in Aquaculture, Wiley-
Blackwell, (2012).
• Laboratory manual on methodologies for assessing Biodiversity in estuaries,
mangroves and coastal waters – Annamalai University.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objective:
To provide sound knowledge about ecosystem, bioremediation and metal mining.
The course content aims to make the Students understand how biotechnology can help in
monitoring or removing the pollutants and developing an understanding of new trends such as
biofuels, renewable energy sources, or microbial technologies which can minimize the harmful
impact of pollutants in the environment.
To make students understand the environmental crisis and about its control measures.
UNIT - I (10 hours)

Introduction to environmental biotechnology, Non Renewable resources - coal,
petroleum, and natural gas. Renewable resources - solar, wind, tidal, biomass, nuclear,
geothermal and hydroelectric resources. Current status and environmental impact of
renewable and non-renewable resources
UNIT- II (10 hours)

Methanogenic bacteria and biogas, microbial hydrogen production, conversion of
sugars to alcohols, plant-based petroleum industry, cellulose as the source of energy,
Environmental impact of modern fuels.

Principles of waste management, types, sources and effects of solid waste, Physical and
biological treatment methods, Concept of composting and vermicomposting, Waste to
energy conversion, Disposal of wastes.
UNIT- IV (15 hours)

Basics and types of bioremediation, Bioremediation of oil, heavy metals, pesticides
contaminated soil and water, Phytoremediation and its types, Biochemical and genetic
basis of biodegradation, Xenobiotic compounds and recalcitrance, Biodegradation of
pesticides and petroleum products, Biotransformation of heavy metals, Biopolymers
and Biodegradable plastics.
UNIT - V (15 hours)

Biomonitoring - Bioassays, Biosensors, Biochips, Biological indicators and
Biomarkers, Biorestoration of waste land, Bioleaching – microbes involved, Role of
Biotechnology in pollution abatement.

1. comprehend environmental issues and role of biotechnology in the cleanup of
contaminated environments
2. comprehend fundamentals of biodegradation, biotransformation and bioremediation of
organic contaminants and toxic metals
3. apply biotechnological processes in waste water and solid waste management.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
4. comprehend biofuels/bioenergy systems; attributes for biofuel / bioenergy production.

5. demonstrate innovative biotechnological interventions to combat environmental
challenges.
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Biodiesel production from vegetable oil (Lipase-Catalysis method)

2. Bioethanol production from organic waste.
3. Enumeration of microorganisms from sewage samples.
4. Isolation of cellulolytic organisms from soil.
5. Isolation of phage from sewage.
6. Preparation of phage stock.
7. Estimation of total hardness in water.
8. Estimation of nitrite in water sample.
9. Estimation of salinity in water samples.
10. A Visit to Waste water treatment (Sewage and Industrial effluents treatment)
Text Books:
• Scragg A. H, Environmental Biotechnology, (2nd revised edition), Oxford University

Press 2005
• Jogdand S. N, Environmental Biotechnology (3rd edition), Himalaya publishing house
pvt.ltd 2012.
• Thakur. I. S, Environmental Biotechnology: Basic Concepts and Applications, (2nd revised
edition), I K International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, 2011.
Further readings:
• Varnam A. H - Environmental Microbiology (1st Edition), ASM Press 2001

• Wang, L.K., Ivanov, V., Tay, J.H., Hung, Y.T, Environmental Biotechnology
(Volume 10), Humana Press 2010

B.Sc. Biotechnology

MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objectives:
To enlighten the knowledge of the Students on different areas of Medical Biotechnology.
To train the Students in a hospital based setup and familiarize them with the clinical
diagnostics of diseases.
To make Students acquainted with the fundamental concepts of nanotechnology and develop
an understanding to employ its principles in modern biotechnology applications.

Introduction – Origin, significance & worldwide market of Medical Biotechnology.
Revolution in clinical diagnosis, Antibody and Nucleic Acid Hybridization techniques,
Imaging techniques (Nanodiagnosis).

Genetic & Metabolic Disorders – Introduction, Classification, Impact of genetic
diseases on human health - Chromosome errors - Down syndrome, Klinefelter’s and
Turner’s syndrome. Metabolic disorders – Phenylketonuria, Homocystinuris,
Mucopolysaccharidosis, Gangliosidosis, Gaucher’s disease, Diabetes, Hemophilia and
sickle cell anemia. Treatment of Genetic diseases - prenatal diagnosis, Genetic
Counseling - Ethical, Legal and Social Issues.

Revolution in treatment – Recombinant DNA technology for human insulin, Hepatitis
B vaccine. Therapeutic proteins and peptides – Erythropoietin, Tissue plasminogen
activator, clotting factor VIII. Antibody Engineering and Therapeutic Antibodies.
Phage therapy.

Cancer - Molecular, cellular and genetic basis of cancer, tumor virus and oncogenes,
tumor suppressor genes and mechanism of action of p53 proteins. Stem Cells - Sources
and types of stem cells, Stem cell transplant and its types, Potential targets for stem cell
treatment, Therapeutic applications of stem cells, Regenerative medicine and Stem cell
ethics.

Gene therapy- basic approaches and types of gene therapy, vectors used in gene therapy,
application of gene therapy in medicine. Nanobiotechnology - Introduction, types and
structures of nanoparticles, biosynthesis of nanoparticles, application of nanoparticles
in treatment.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain insights about genetic diseases and also about the molecular aspects related to
human disease
2. Gain new insights into molecular mechanisms of nucleic acid and gene therapy
3. Gain knowledge about therapeutic recombinant proteins and immunotherapy for the
treatment of different diseases.
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICALS
(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Biochemical test for identification of bacteria

2. Extraction and separation of Antigen proteins from Bacteria & protozoa
3. Estimation of blood glucose.
4. Estimation of cholesterol in blood.
5. Estimation of iron in blood.
6. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles
7. Detection of plasmodium pathogen using peripheral smear
8. Widal test.
Text Books:
• Glick B.R. and Pasurank..Molecular biotechnology – Principle and Applications of

Recombinant DNA- J.I.(4th edition), ASM Press. 2010.
• Anthony D. Ho, Hoffman. R, and Esmail D. Zanjani, Stem Cell Transplantation (4th
edition), Wiley – liss publishers, 2006.
• Hornyak. G.L , Moore. J.J. Tibbals H.F., Dutta. J. Fundamentals of
Nanotechnology (1st edition), CRC press, 2008.
Further Reading:
• Jogdand. S. N. Medical Biotechnology –, (4th edition), Himalayan publishing house,

2004.
• Freshney.I, Stacey. G. N, Auerbach.J.M, Culture of Human Stem Cells (1st edition) ,
Wiley – Liss publishers, 2007.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to make Students understand the basic concepts involved in
pharmaceutical industry.
The course will give knowledge about new drug development and approval process, ADMET
of drugs, about the manufacturing and quality control of conventional, new type of dosage
forms and biotechnology derived pharmaceuticals.
UNIT- I (10 hours)

Definition and scope of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, sources of drugs, classification
of pharmacological agents (based on chemistry, mode of action, dosage forms), route
of administration, absorption and bioavailability of drugs, distribution and liver
detoxification metabolism and drug excretion.
UNIT- II (10hours)
General classes and properties of phytopharmaceuticals, Extraction of phytochemicals,
Phytochemical screening of medicinal plants. Bioassay guided fractionation methods-
TLC, HPTLC, GC, and HPLC, Role of NMR and Mass spectrometry in drug discovery.
UNIT- III (15 hours)

Antimicrobial agents, Antibiotics - source, classification, mode of action, Antimicrobial
resistance, and Antimicrobial activity studies (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and
antiparasitic activity).
Pharmacological Assays - In-vitro assays - chemical (anti-oxidant), Biological (anti-
cancerous and assay system based on enzymes and cells), and immunological (RIA and
ELISA) - In vivo assays (Anti-inflammatory and Anti-analgesic).
UNIT- IV (15 hours)

Process of drug discovery and development- Target identification and validation, Assay
development, lead optimization, pre-clinical testing, clinical trials involved in drug
discovery and development, regulatory approvals and phase IV trials, High throughput
screening, CPCSEA guidelines, ICMR guidelines for drug testing.
UNIT- V (10 hours)

Vaccines: concept, production and types - Inactivated, Attenuated, toxoid,
Recombinant vaccines, Peptide and DNA vaccines, Edible vaccines, nanodrugs.
Recombinant proteins, approved rDNA drugs in market, Probiotics, Nutraceuticals,
Economic and legal considerations in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

1. explain the strategies and various steps of new drug discovery process.
2. explain the concept of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

B.Sc. Biotechnology
3. apply the knowledge of pharmaceutical manufacturing in the production of

biopharmaceuticals like antibiotics, vaccines, proteins and hormones
4. carry out the quality control procedures in the production of various biopharmaceuticals
5. explain the regulatory aspects in the development of pharmaceuticals.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Preparation of different methods of medicinal plant extracts.

2. Antibacterial activity.
3. Antifungal activity.
4. Total antioxidant activity.
5. Phytochemical screening of Primary metabolites.
6. Phytochemical screening of Secondary metabolites.
7. Separation of medicinal plant extracts by chromatography.
8. Estimation of ascorbic acid in multivitamin formulations.
TEXT BOOKS
• Satoskar R.S, Nirmala N. Rege, and Bhandarkar S. D, Pharmacology and
Pharmacotherapeutics (Revised 23rd Edition), Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.
• Tripathy K. D, Essentials of Medical Pharmacology (6th edition), Jaypee publishers
• Shoba rani R Hiremath, Text book of industrial pharmacy, orient longman Pvt ltd
2008.
• Crommelin Daan J. A., Sindelar D. Robert (3rd edition) Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications, CRC Press, 2007.
FURTHER READINGS
• Trease, G.E.and Evans, W.C., 2011, Pharmacognosy (12th edition), Bailliere Tindall
Eastbourne, U.K
• Mukherje P.K.,Quality Control Herbal Drugs–An approach to evaluation of
botanicals. Business Horizons Pharmaceutical Publishers, 2005
• Sambamurthy K., Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (1st edition) New Age International

B.Sc. Biotechnology

BIOINFORMATICS
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objectives:
To understand the basics of computational analysis and its applications.
To make them aware of the applications of various computational tools and databases in
biological research.
UNIT-I (10 hours)
Bioinformatics: an overview - Introduction to Computational Biology and
Bioinformatics; some of the biological problems that require computational methods for
their solutions; Role of internet and www in bioinformatics. Biological Databases
Acquisition –Primary and Secondary databases, Nucleotide sequence databases.
Types of DNA sequences – genomic DNA, cDNA, recombinant DNA, Expressed
sequence tags (ESTs).
UNIT-II (15 hours)

Sequence Analysis – Methods of sequence alignment: Dot plots; Scoring matrices –
identify matrix, genetic code matrices (GCM); Substitution matrices, Percentage
accepted Mutation (PAM). Block Substitution Matrices (BLOSUM), dynamic
programming algorithms; Needlman-Wunch and Smith Waterman; alignment scores and
gap penalties; Database searching (BLAST and FASTA). Multiple Sequence alignment
(MSA) – signifiance. Softwares : ClustalW and Meme.
UNIT-III (15 hours)

Phylogenetic analysis – Phylogenetics, cladistics and ontology; Phylogenetic
representations – graphs, trees and cladograms; Classification and ontologies; Steps in
phylogenetic analysis; Methods of phylogenetic analysis – similarity and distance tables,
distance matrix method; Method of calculation of distance matrix (UPGMA, WPGMA);
The Neighbor Joining Method; The Fitch/Margoliash method; Steps in constructing
alignments and phylogenies; Phylogenetic softwares –PHYLIP
UNIT-IV (10 hours)

Structure prediction: protein- Methods for prediction of secondary and tertiary
structures of proteins – knowledge-based structure prediction; fold recognition; ab initio
methods for structure prediction, Comparative protein modeling. Identification of motifs
and domains, protein family database. RNA structure prediction.
UNIT-V (10 hours)

Applications of bioinformatics in Drug discovery: Finding new drug targets to treat
diseases – Pharmacophore identification - Structure based drug design. Mining of
sequence data: Mining data from Yeasts. Microarray and genome wide expression
analysis: transcriptomes, proteome: Genomics in medicine, disease monitoring, profile
for therapeutic molecular targeting.
The students will understand the theoretical approaches used in modelling and analyzing the
complex biological system.
They gain knowledge on structure prediction and drug designing using Bioinformatics tools.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
BIOINFORMATICS PRACTICALS
(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Open access bibliographic resources and literature databases: PubMed, BioMed

Central
2. Nucleic acid sequence databases: GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ;
3. Protein sequence databases: Uniprot-KB: SWISS-PROT, TrEMBL
4. Genome Databases at NCBI, EBI, TIGR, SANGER
5. Sequence file formats: GenBank, FASTA, GCG, MSF.
6. Pairwise sequence alignment: BLAST
7. Multiple sequence alignment: ClustalW, MEGA
8. Protein structure database: PDB, Rasmol.
9. Sequence editing and manipulation: Bioedit and Sequence manipulation suite.
Text books:
• Mount, D. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis; Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, New York. 2004
• Baxevanis, A.D. and Ouellellette. B.F. Bioinformatics – a practical guide to the
analysis of Genes and Proteins; John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, USA. 1998
• Lesk, A.M. Introduction to Bioinformatics, First edition, Oxford University Press, UK.
2002
• Rastogi, S.C, Mendiratta. N and Rastogi. R. Bioinformatics: Concepts, Skills and
Applications, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2006
Further reading:
• Pevzner, P.A. Computational Molecular Biology; Prentice Hall of India Ltd,
New Delhi. 2004
• Sensen, C.W. Essentials of Genomics and Bioinformatics. Wiley-VCH Publishers,
USA. 2002
• Andrew R. Leach Molecular Modeling – Principles and Applications Second Edition,
Prentice Hall, USA. 2001
• Creighton, T.E. Proteins: structure and molecular properties Second edition, W.H.
Freeman and Company, New York, USA. 1993

B.Sc. Biotechnology

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objective:
The course curriculum helps in the understanding of the plant tissue culture and applications
in the culture techniques.
The Students will learn the fundamentals of culturing plant cells and tissues, culture
environment, cell proliferation, differentiation, and media formulation.
The Students will acquire knowledge on various recombinant DNA techniques to produce
genetically modified organisms with novel traits.
Conventional breeding for crop improvement- Introduction, Domestication, Methods of
Plant Breeding- Hybridization, Clonally Propagated Species, Breeding Enhancements-
Marker-Assisted Selection, Mutation Breeding. Plant genome organization,
organization of chloroplast genome, cytoplasmic male sterility, genetic male sterility.
UNIT –II (15hours)
Basics of Plant tissue culture, Sterilization – Surface and Dry, Components(inorganic,
organic and plant hormones) and types of nutrient media, Callus and Suspension
cultures, Micropropagation, Somatic embryogenesis and Germplasm conservation.
Embryo culture, Rapid clonal propagation, somaclonal variations and synthetic or
artificial seeds, embryo rescue, production of haploid plants (microspores and ovules).
Applications and limitations of haploid plants. Secondary metabolites from plants.
UNIT- III (10hours)

Introduction and Principles of Somatic Hybridization – Protoplast Isolation, Protoplast
fusion, Selection of hybrid cell, Regeneration of hybrid plants, Somatic hybrids and
cybrids – cytoplasm transfer, Genetic transformation, Advantages and Limitations,
Molecular makers – RFLP, RAPD, DNA fingerprinting.
UNIT – IV (15hours)
Genetic engineering of plants - Gene constructs, Vectors- Plasmid vectors and plant
viral vectors (CaMV, Gemini virus, Tobacco Mosaic virus), cloning vectors for higher
plants - Genetic manipulation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Gene transfer in plants
- Electroporation, Particle Gun Method, Microinjection, Polyethylene glycol mediated
transformation, Chloroplast transformation, terminator seed technology.
UNIT –V (10hours)
Applications of transgenic plants- Pest resistance, Herbicide resistance, virus resistance,
Fungal and bacterial resistance, Delay of fruit ripening, Salt & drought tolerance,
improvement of crop yield and Quality, Improved nutrition. Biocontrol and
biofertilizers.
Students will be able to:

B.Sc. Biotechnology
1. A good understanding of r-DNA technology, methods of gene transfer, molecular markers

and marker assisted selection
2. Develop transgenics resistant to biotic & abiotic stresses & quality characteristics and their
role in crop improvement.
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practicals:
1. Isolation of total genomic DNA from leaves by CTAB method

2. Extraction of total protein from leaves and PAGE analysis.
3. Amplification of a plant gene by polymerase chain reaction
4. Plant Tissue culture technique - Preparation of Media
5. Callus Induction and shoot regeneration.
6. Shoot multiplication
7. Anther culture.
8. Isolation of endophytic bacteria/fungi from plants
9. Microbial population in rhizospheric soil of various crops.
10. Characterization of PGPR in rhizosperic bacreria.
Text Books:
• Trivedi P.C. Plant Biotechnology: Perspectives and Prospects, Pointer
Publishers (2007).
• Slater. A, Scott. N, Fowler. M., Plant Biotechnology: The genetic manipulation of
plants, Oxford University Press (2008).
• Hans-Walter Heldt, Plant Biochemistry (4th ed.), Academic Press. (2010).
Further reading:
• Old R.W, Primrose S.B, Twyman R. M, Principles of Gene manipulation (6thed.),
Wiley-Blackwell, 2002.
• Bailey. L.H, Plant-Breeding , Read Books, (2009).
• Buchanan. B, Gruissem. W, Jones.W, Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2nd
edition) ,Wiley-Blackwell, (2002).

B.Sc. Biotechnology

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objective:
To understand the use of living cells such as bacteria, yeast, algae or component of cells
like enzymes, plants and animals to generate industrial products and processes. To study
techniques for genetic improvement of micro-organisms to improve yield of bioproducts.

General concepts of microbial biotechnology. Genetic engineering of microbes for the
production of antibiotics, enzymes, insulin, growth hormone and monoclonal
antibodies. Synthetic bacteria. Microorganisms as factories for the production of novel
compounds.

Biofertilisers and their importance in crop productivity. Bacterial, algal and fungal
biofertilisers - their significance and practice. Biopesticides - Bacterial, fungal and viral
pesticides. Production of biofertilisers and biopesticides for large scale applications.

Industrial production of alcohol, acetic acid, antibiotics (Penicillin and streptomycin),
enzymes (Amylases and Proteases), amino acids (lysine and glutamic acid), vitamin
B12. Microbial biomass production - algal (SCP), fungal (mushroom), yeast (baker’s
yeast).

Role of microorganisms in fermented products - organisms used for fermented food
products. Microbial production of yoghurt, cheese, beer and wine. Microbial
fermentation of tea, coffee and cacao. Health aspects of fermented foods.

Microbial leaching of ores, Bioweapons and Bioshields, Microial biocatalyst and
microbial fuel cells. Microbial fuels (biohydrogen, bioethanol and biomethane),
Nutraceuticals from algae, Algal Pigments and Genetics of secondary metabolite
production.
Course Learning Outcome (CLO)

At the end of the course students will be able to
1. Comprehend role of industrial biotechnology in improving microbial cells as factories
2. Know the production aspects of commodity chemicals, pharmaceuticals and fine
chemicals.
3. Apply knowledge of microorganisms in commercial production of flavours, fragrance, and
microbial pigment in textile and industry.
4. Apply the process for commercial production of enzyme.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY PRACTICALS

(1 Credit)
Practical:
1. Measurement of Microbial growth kinetics

2. Effect of pH and Temperature on microbial growth.
3. Microbial spoilage of Milk/fruits/foods.
4. Screening for auxotrophic mutants in bacteria
5. Microbial production of Wine.
6. Mushroom cultivation
7. Screening for secondary metabolite production by microbes
8. Bacteriological testing of water.
Reference Books:
1. Microbial biotechnology (1995) Alexander N.Glazer Hiroshi Nikaido W.H.Freeman
& Company
2. Fungal ecology and biotechnology (1993) Rastogi Publications, Meerut

B.Sc. Biotechnology
SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES (SEC)

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Skill Enhancement Course (SEC)

PARASITOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY
(Credits: Theory- 2)
THEORY
Course code: UBIOT 234 Lectures: 40
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objective
The students will understand the basic information on parasites and its various laboratory
diagnostic techniques.
They will know the life cycle and the disease transmission of various endo and ecto-
parasites.
UNIT I (10 hours)
General Consideration: Taxonomy, Transmission of parasites, Pathogenesis and
pathology, Host immunity in parasitic infections, Clinical manifestations of parasitic
infections, Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections, Prevention and control of
parasitic infections.
UNIT II (8 hours)
Protozoa: Plasmodium falciparum- Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis and pathology,
Host immunity in parasitic infections, Clinical manifestation and laboratory diagnosis
of P. falciparum, its prevention and control.
UNIT III (7 hours)
Platyhelminthes: Fasciola hepatica- Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis and
pathology, Host immunity in parasitic infections, Clinical manifestation and laboratory
diagnosis of F. hepatica, its prevention and control.
UNIT IV (8 hours)
Nematodes: Wuchereria bancrofti- Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis and pathology,
Host immunity in parasitic infections, Clinical manifestation and laboratory diagnosis
of W. bancrofti, its prevention and control.
UNIT V (7 hours)
Entomology and disease transmission: Life cycles of arthropod vectors - ticks, mites,
fleas, mosquitoes and flies. Vector transmitted diseases in India and control measures.
The course has given knowledge about the diagnostic techniques and their association with
the human beings in their day today life.
They acquire idea on control and preventive measures that should be taken in routine life.
Text Books:
Parija SC, Text Book of Medical Parasitology, Protozoology & Helminthology (3rd
edition), All India Publishers & Distributors (2008).
• Arora. D.R. and Arora, B, Medical Parasitology, (1st edition), CBS Publishers &
Distributors, New Delhi (2002).
• Easwari Nayar, Hand Book on Medical Entomology, Kalpana Printing House, Delhi
(1994).
Further Readings:
• Garcia LS, Bruckner DA. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. American Society for
Parasitology, Washington DC, (2004).
• Colle Jc, Duguid JP, Fraser AC and Marimon BP, Mackie and McCartney's Practical
Medical Microbiology, 14th edition, Churchill Livingstone (2004).

B.Sc. Biotechnology

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objectives:
This course aims to provide a thorough grounding in animal and plant developmental biology
with particular emphasis on the role of cell-cell interactions.
The genetic regulation of cell behaviour as the main determinant of development.
The significant role of post-embryonic regulation in the plant development.
UNIT I - (5 hours)
Basic concepts of development biology - Cell fate and commitment; Mechanisms of
development commitment, mosaic and regulative development, maintenance of
differentiation, pattern formation and compartments, morphogenesis
UNIT II - (10 hours)

Vegetative and Reproductive anatomy of Plants: Root apical meristem – Root cap,
Root hairs, Root architecture; Shoot apical meristem- vascular tissue, Shoot
architecture; Leaf-structure and types ; Flower- structure, sepal and petal, stamans,
carpels, nector; Pollen and ovules- structure of pollen, embryo sac, pollination and
fertilization; seed- definition, seed coat, endosperm, embryo; fruit- fruit structure,
indehiscent fruits, seed dispersal.
UNIT III - (10 hours)

Plant Embryology: Anther structure and development, anther wall, tapetum- types
and function, Microsporogenesis - Successive division, dehiscense of anther;
microsporangium-structure of pollen grain, development, nemec phenomenon.
Megasoprangium - structure of ovule, types and development of ovule.
Megasoprogenesis - female gamete structure and development; Double fertilization-
process, porogamy, chalozogamy, mesogamy.
UNIT IV - (10 hours)

Animal development - Gametogenesis – Spermatogenesis: formation of spermatids -
multiplication phase, growth phase, maturation phase, spermiogenesis, formation of
head of spermatozoan, changes in nucleus, acrosome formation, tail formation and other
events, structure of sperm cell. Oogenesis – multiplication phase, growth phase
– perivitellogenesis, Growth of nuclear substance, gene amplification, vitellogenesis,
cortical differentiation, maturation of egg, menstrual cycle, structure of ovum.
UNIT V - (5 hours)
Fertilization: Acrosome reaction, fertilization, fertilization membrane formation,
post fertilization changes, zygote. Cleavage and gastrulation: Cleavage, blastula,
morula, gastrulation, formation of three germ layers – ectoderm, endoderm and
mesoderm.

The Students will be able to:

B.Sc. Biotechnology
• Describe how fundamental process in cell Differentiation and developmental processes in

animal model systems and recognise the importance of cell-cell interactions.
• Describe the life cycle and particular advantages of using plant.
• Recognize embryonic polarity systems and the importance of cell lineage and position in
embryonic pattern formation.
• Recognize the ways in which analysis of plant morphogenesis is being used to manipulate
the growth and development of crop plants.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

SCIENTIFIC WRITING AND COMMUNICATION/PRESENTATION SKILLS
(Credits: 2)

Max. Marks =100
(ICA = 25 + Presentation = 40+Report=35)
Course objective:
The objective of the course is to enhance the communication skill of student and to
introduce students to the latest upcoming updates of the field.
Syllabus:
Identifying suitable topic in Biotechnology and Literature survey. Preparation of report

for the seminar presentation and Presentation of the seminar in PPT format. Discussion on the
topic and evaluation.
Course outcome:
The students will be able to acquire knowledge on latest outcome of the biotechnology field.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objective:
The objective of the course is to make Students aware of the various medical
diagnostic techniques and their use in diagnosing various disorders in humans.
UNIT-I (8 hours)
Genetics and diagnostics: General features of Chromosomes, chromosome banding
patters, banding techniques and their correlates, karyotyping, DNA profiling
hybridization arrays. Early detection of diseases.
UNIT-II (10 hours)

Molecular methods: Nucleic acid extraction: principles and methods. Assessing purity
and concentration of nucleic acids, PCR- basic and applied - Alu-PCR, Hot start PCR,
PCR-ELISA, Arbitrarily primed PCR, in situ PCR.
UNIT-III (10 hours)

Nuclear hybridization methods, Single nucleotide polymorphisms and plasmid finger
printing in infections, PFGE, DGGE. Detection of mutation using ARMS-PCR and
microsatellite markers.
UNIT-IV (8 hours)
Allele susceptibility test for multifactorial disorders (Neural tube defect, cleft-lip and
palate, cardiovascular disorder, male infertility). Diagnosis of inborn errors.
UNIT-V (4 hours)
Cell sorting- Flow cytometry and FACS. Neonatal and prenatal diagnosis. Sex
identification in forensics.

1. receive insights about genetic diseases and its detection
2. gain new insights into medical genetics and pre-natal diagnosis
3. gain knowledge about different diagnostic procedures.
Text Books:
• Wilson, K. and Walker, J. Practical Biochemistry – Principles and techniques 7th edition,
2010, Cambridge University Press,
• Primrose Sandy B. and Richard Twyman, Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics
(7th Edition), Wiley-Blackwell 2006.
• Brown T. A, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction, (6th Edition) Wiley-
Blackwell, 2010.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Further Reading:
• Terence A. Brown, Genomes 2, (2nd edition) – Garland Science publishing, 2002.
• Old R.W, Primrose S.B, Twyman R. M, Principles of Gene manipulation (6thed.),
Wiley-Blackwell, 2002.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

SKILLS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objectives
Students will have information on
the general introduction about different skills in biotechnology.
The methods involved food processing, fish preservation, production of fertilizers,
vermicomposting and mushroom cultivation.
UNIT- I: (8 hours)
Food technology: Scope of food processing; historical developments; principles of food
processing and preservation. Types of micro-organism normally associated with food - mold,
yeast and bacteria. Micro-organisms in natural food products and their control, food poisoning
and microbial toxins. Principles and methods of food preservation. Packaging principles and
operation - package functions and design, shelf life of packaged foodstuffs - methods to extend
shelf life.
UNIT- II : (8 Hours)
Fish processing: Principles of fish preservation - precautions taken in handling fish in
the fishing vessel - landing center and processing plant – Importance of hygiene and
sanitation in fish handling – quality of water and ice – common equipment and tools
used in the processing plant: rafter, ovens, dryers. Principles, process and applications
in fish processing technologies: Drying, salt curing, marinating, freeze drying, canning
and irradiating methods.
UNIT- III (8 hours)
Biofertilizer technology: An introduction to fertilizers-inorganic fertilizers, organic
fertilizers, bio-fertilizers - importance, advantages and constraints. Identification of microbial
species - Rhizobium, Azospirillum Azotobacters, blue green algae and phosphate solubilisers.
Preparation of microbial inoculants - large-scale production of microbes - their application as
biofertilizers - crop responses to biofertilizers. Organic matter and composting - method of
processes, applications and limitations.
UNIT- IV: (8 Hours)
Vermiculture: Vermicomposting - Definition, introduction and scope: Ecological
classification: Humus feeders, Humus formers, leaf mold, top soil and sub soil types. Optimal
conditions for Vermiculture - temperature, moisture, pH, soil type, organic matter, Basic
components for vermiculture - Culture practices - Vermi wash. Composting - Vermicomposting
- Required conditions - Methods - Advantages - Cost-Benefit analysis of Vermicomposting.
UNIT- V: (8 hours)
Mushroom culture: Introduction to mushroom fungi, nutritional value, edible and
poisonous type, edible mushrooms -- Pleurotus, Volvariella and Agaricus, medicinal
value of mushrooms, preparation of culture, mother spawn production, multiplication of
spawn, cultivation techniques, harvesting, packing and storage; Equipment and
sterilization techniques for culture media, isolation of mother culture, spawn preparation
and maintenance of mushroom beds of oyster mushroom, Volvariella
and Agaricus. Processing and preservation of mushrooms, economics of spawn and
mushroom production and mushroom recipes.

Students will acquire knowledge on the different skills in biotechnology.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Students will know the basics of different skills like food processing, fish processing,
fertilizers, vermicomposting and mushroom cultivation.
Text Books
• Food Processing and Preservation- Subbulaksmi G., and Udipi S.
• Balachandran KK. 2001. Post-harvest Technology of Fish and Fish Products. Daya
Publ. House.
• Motsara, I.M.R., Bhattacharyya, P. and Srivastava, B. 1995. Biofertilizer Technology,
Marketing and Usage- A Source Book-cum-glossary. FDCO, New Delhi.
• Borkar,S,G, and Patil N.M. 2016.Mushroom,A nutritive food and its cultivation. Astral
International Pvt.Ltd,New Delhi
• Edwards, C.A. and J.R. Lofty (1977) “Biology of Earthworms” Chapman and Hall
Ltd., London.
• Lee, K.E. (1985) “Earthworms: Their ecology and Relationship with Soils and Land
Use” Academic Press, Sydney.
Reference Books
• Principles of Food Science, Vol. II- G. Borgstron, Mc. Millan Co. Ltd. London.
• Rahman MS. 2007. Handbook of Food Preservation. 2nd Ed. CRC Press. Sen DP.
2005.
• Advances in Fish Processing Technology. Allied Publ. Wheaton FW & Lawson TB.
1985. Processing Aquatic Food Products. John Wiley & Sons.
• Steven L. Stephenson (2010), The Kingdom Fungi: The Biology of Mushrooms, molds
and lichens.
• Bergerson FJ. 1980. Methods for Evaluating Biological Nitrogen Fixation. John Wiley
and Sons.
• Satchel, J.E. (1983) “Earthworm Ecology” Chapman Hall, London.

B.Sc. Biotechnology

Industrial Visit
(Credits: 2)

Max. Marks =100
(ICA = 25 + Visit = 35+Report=30)
Course Objectives
The student will gain indept insight on the various research activities carried out in various
institutions/industries through industrial visit.
Syllabus:
The concept of industrial visit is to encourage students to interact with nearby industries or
research institution to develop the knowledge of recent advancement and industrial
application of Biotechnology.
Industrial visit to Small, medium or large scale industries accompanied by faculty members
can also be encouraged. In such case faculty members can be assigned as advisor for the visit.
The advisor can identify appropriate industry or research institution and co-ordinate the visit
according to the hours and the time allotted by the collaborating institution.
A detailed report based on the industrial visit will be prepared and submitted for valuation to
the department and will be valuated by the concern faculty member.

The students will get exposure of various research institute and industries.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
GENERIC ELECTIVES (GE)

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Generic Elective GE - 1
GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objectives:
To understand the concept of genomics and its relevance to biotechnology. The course
aims to make Students know about various components of genome and to compare genomes
of organisms of different phylogenetic lineages.
The objectives also include knowledge of transcriptomics and proteomics and their
applications. In addition, they will learn about methods of studying genetic materials obtained
from various environmental samples.
UNIT - I (8 hours)
Definition: Genome organizations, Principles of gene expression, C-value paradox,
Genome mapping – Physical mapping and Genetic mapping, Chromosome walking,
Linkage analysis
UNIT- II (8 hours)
Comparative genomics - genome annotation and analysis, Genome-based search for
mutations.

Functional genomics: protein-nucleic acid interactions, RNA interference, Microarrays,
Sequencing – Maxam Gilbert and Sanger’s methods, Next Generation Sequencing
technologies, whole genome sequencing.
UNIT - IV (8 hours)
Proteomics – Introduction, Protein detection & Methods of Analysis of Proteins, Protein
purification and Separation techniques, Two dimensional PAGE for proteome analysis;
Image analysis of 2D gels
UNIT-V (8 hours)
Protein characterization – MALDI-TOF and Peptide mass finger printing, Protein
sequencing, Protein-protein interactions (Two hybrid interaction screening), Protein arrays,
Applications of proteome analysis to drug development.
Course learning Outcomes:

At the end of the course students will be able to
1. Explain the properties of genetic materials and storage and processing of genetic
information.
2. Analyze genomic data.
3. Explain biological phenomena based on comparative genomics
4. Design transcriptomics and proteomics experiments for studying differential gene
expression and related analysis

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Text Books:
• Terence A. Brown, Genomes 2, (2nd edition) – Garland Science publishing, 2002.

• Old R.W & Primrose S. B, Principles of gene manipulation – An introduction to
genetic Engineering, Black well publishers, (5th Edition), 2000.
• Helen Kreuzer and Adrianne Massey, Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology (2nd
edition), ASM Press, 2001
Further Readings:
• Primrose S.B. & Twyman R.M. Principles of Genome Analysis and Genomics (3rd
edition) Blackwell publishing. 2003.
• Mike Bailey and Keith Hirst, Advanced Molecular Biology, Haeper Collins Publisher
Limited,(2nd edition) 2000.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
Generic Elective GE -2
BIOSAFETY, BIO-ETHICS, IPRS AND ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
Max. Marks =100 (ICA = 25 + ESE = 75)
Course Objectives:
The aim of this course is to teach factors influencing to start business and legal, and
administrational aid for the entrepreneurial venture,
To clarify the requisite of Biosafety measures in biotechnological applications in the
laboratory and its waste management, registration, national and international regulations, bio-
ethical issues in medicine, environment and genetics, related regulations and laws.
UNIT- I (8 hours)
Concept of GLP and GMP. Bioethics – social and legal issues. Biosafety and its types,
environmental fallout. Principles and practices – containment facilities, Disposal of
biowaste.
UNIT- II (8 hours)
Indian Patenting Act 2003, Patent Registration procedure. Information and services.
Patent Application US /EU patent procedures, WIPO, copy rights, conflict of interest
and trademarks.
UNIT- III (7 hours)

IPRs convention on Biological Diversity (DBD), Geographical Indicators, procedures.
Biodiversity Protection Act 2003 (GOI).
UNIT- IV (8 hours)
Introduction– Demand survey of a product – Identifying a product line – Design and
Developing the process – Economics of scale – Essentials of a project report in
business.
UNIT- V (9 hours)
Resources – Choice of location – Energy requirement – skilled manpower government
interface / laws, excise duty, sales tax – Labour, Factories / industries; Department
compliance – Licenses – Permissions – rules and regulations of export – import.

Start a business venture for the economical empowerment and can provide self employment
opportunities
• Explain the international and national controls with regards to biosafety, biosecurity and
bioethics applicable to facilities and associated scientists handling pathogens.
• Apply a framework for risk assessment to biosafety, biosecurity and dual use risks and
hazards associated with pathogens.
• Analyse the ethical and social responsibilities of life scientists with reference to the
responsible conduct of research and other work
• Integrate dual-use biosecurity, biosafety and bioethical issues and concerns
into their program.

B.Sc. Biotechnology
• Contribute to the development and implementation of relevant country-specific

and institutional mechanisms, guidelines, regulations and legislation.
Text Books:
• Hisrich R D and Peters M P, “Entrepreneurship”, (5th ed), Tata Mc Graw-Hill, 2002.
• Narayanaswamy S., Youth development in the new millennium, (1sted), Discovery
publishing house, 2003.
• Satheesh. M. K. Biosafety and Bioethics, (1st edition), I.K. International publishing
house pvt. ltd., 2008
Further Reading:
• Anand Saena, Sharma R. A, Entrepreneurship motivation performance rewards, (2nd
ed) Deep and Deep publications, 2005.
• Verma S.B, Entrepreneurship and employment - Strategies for human recourse development, (2nd
ed) Deep and deep publications, 2005.
• Ignacimuthu. S, Bioethics, (1st edition), Alpha Science International, 2009

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PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

(Choice Based Credit System)

Syllabus & Regulations

1. AIM OF THE COURSE

2. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION

3. DURATION OF THE COURSE

4. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION TO EXAMINATION

Seventy-five (75) percentage of attendance for theory.

The medium of instruction shall be English.

6. CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)

7.1 Programme: An educational program leading to award of a degree/ diploma/ certificate.

7.3.1 Course: Usually a course referred to as ‘subject’ is a component of the Programme of

▪ Supportive to the discipline of study

Course Name Credit Hours of Weightage

7.10 Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA): It is a measure of overall cumulative

8. SCOPE AND COVERAGE

8.2 Teaching, learning and evaluation shall follow Semester pattern.

10 .1 One teaching period shall be for 60 minutes duration.

12. INTRODUCTION OF COURSES

13. WORKLOAD OF TEACHERS

13.2 In addition to regular handling of classes, teachers are required to participate in

14. PATTERN OF EXAMINATION

95% - 100% (5 marks)

14.7 A schedule of end-semester examinations will be prepared and displayed by the

15. SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION

16. PROGRAMME COMMITTEE

17. GRADING AND GRADE CARD

Range of Marks Letter Grade Grade Point

a. Title of the course taken by the student

18. FAIRNESS IN ASSESSMENT

To ensure fairness of examination and evaluation following shall be followed.

19. COMPUTATION OF SGPA AND CGPA

SGPA (Si) = Σ (Ci x Gi) / ΣCi

CGPA = Σ (Ci x Si) / Σ Ci

20.1 Computation of SGPA and CGPA

20.1.1 Illustration 1 for calculation of SGPA

Grade Grade Credit Point

SGPA = 139/20 = 6.95

20.1.2 Illustration 2 for calculation of SGPA

SGPA = (8x4+8x2+7x3+7x3+6x3+0x3)/(4+2+3+3+3+3) = (32+16+21+21

SGPA of the student is 6.00.

20.2 Illustration for calculation of CGPA (Example)

Semester Credits SGPA

(20 x 6.95 + 22 x 7.80 + 18 x 5.65 + 21 x = 139.00 + 171.60 + 101.70 + 126.84 + 136.99 +

UNDER CBCS AND CFSD FRAMEWORK

LARA/ LBEN/ LHIN/ Arabic/ Bengali/ Hindi/ Malayalam/ Sanskrit/ 03 05

LARA/ LBEN/ LHIN/ Arabic/ Bengali/ Hindi/ Malayalam/ Sanskrit/ 03 05

Scientific writing and 02 02

GE - 1 UBIOT 357 Genomics and Proteomics 03 04

SEC - 4* UBIOT 361 Skills in Biotechnology 02 02

Biosafety, Bio-ethics, IPRs and Entrepreneurial 03 04

DSE* - Any 3 in semester V & VI

Total Number of Credits 132

B.Sc. Biotechnology Course with Credit

DETAILS OF COURSES FOR B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY

I. DSC 1 - DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE – (for Biotechnology main) (COMPULSORY)

DSC 2- DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE- (for Biotechnology main) (COMPULSORY)

DSC 3- DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE- (for Biotechnology main) (COMPULSORY)

II. SEC- SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES (also for Non-Biotechnology main)