karl iaspersi

nicSe da qristianoba

gamomcemloba „aqti“

Tbilisi _ 2019
 sarCevi

Sesavali..................................................................................9

nicSes Sexeduleba msoflio istoriaze

1. Tanamedrove epoqis krizisi..........................................18

2. qristianobis warmoSoba da misi cvlileba

a) vin aris ieso? ............................................................21
b) iesos qristianobis Seryvna..........................................28
g) qristianobis Seryvnis wyaroebi..................................31
d) qristianobis Semdgomi ganviTareba............................35

3. msoflio istoria.............................................................41
1. msoflio istoriis suraTi mTlianobaSi....................48
2. „aris kacobriobaSi fundamenturi xarvezi“...............58
3. mecniereba, rogorc codnis usazRvro neba...............61

germanulidan Targmna vaxtang gorgiSelma winaswari Sedegebi...............................................................73

© vaxtang gorgiSeli nicSes axali filosofia

1. poziciebi, romlebze SeCereba SeuZlebelia.............77
2. ieso da dionise.............................................................78
gamomcemloba „aqti“, 2019 weli 3. metoqesTan gaigiveba...................................................80
4. winaaRmdegobaTa likvidireba....................................81
5. ukiduresoba da sazRvari............................................82
formati: 13.5/19.5 6. mTliani........................................................................84
7. wina plani da namdvili nicSe......................................86
500 cali 8. rogor mivudgeT nicSes Seswavlas.............................87
9. nicSes Cveneuli gagebis sazRvrebi............................89
10. Cveni damokidebuleba nicSes filosofiisadmi.....90
ISBN 978-9941-8-1972-8 11. nicSes wyevla..............................................................92

nicSes adgili filosofiis istoriaSi......................94-112

3
 is, rom nicSes didi gavlena hqonda iaspersis azrovne-
baze, eWvSeuvali faqtia. mniSvneloba, romelic nicSes
hqonda iaspersisTvis, im faqtis wyalobiT xdeba cxadi,
rom iaspersis TiTqmis yvela filosofiur da fsiqolo-
giur naSromSi gvxvdeba miniSneba nicSeze an mis Sesax-
eb kritikuli mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli. xSirad para-
lelebia gavlebuli nicSesa da kirkegors Soris. aseve
xSiradaa naxsenebi nicSe iaspersis mier qristianobis
ganxilvisas, rasac man 1947 wels miuZRvna kidec wigni
saxelwoedbiT „nicSe da qristianoba“.
SesavalSi iaspersi qristianobis Sesaxeb nicSes urT-
ierTgamomricxavi Sexedulebebi moaqvs, Tumca aRniSnavs,
uaryofiTi Sefaseba imdenad bevria, rom pozitiuris
SemCneva verc moxerxdebao.
Semdeg iaspersis ganxilvis sagani xdeba nicSes Sexed-
uleba msoflio istoriaze, sadac sami sakiTxi gamoiyo-
fa, pirveli _ nicSes mier Tanamedrove epoqis, rogorc
krizisis gaazreba; meore _ moZRvreba qristianobis,
rogorc am krizisis wyaros Sesaxeb; da mesame _ nicSes
Sexeduleba msoflio istoriaze mTlianad da qristiano-
bis adgili am istoriaSi. aq mocemulia iesos portreti,
rogorc adamianis garkveuli tipisa, iesos qristiano-
bis Seryvna mimdevarTa mier, raSic udides braldebas
nicSe mociqulebs uyenebs („rTulad Tu moiZebneba sam-
yaroul-istoriuli gayalbebis metad gansacvifrebeli
magaliTi“).
qristianobis Semdgom ganviTarebas rac Seexeba, ias-
persi xazs usvams nicSes ideas „inteleqtualuri pati-
osnebis ukmarobisa“, ramac xeli Seuwyo da mimarTuleba
misca qristianobis gavrcelebas principiT: „ar aqvs mniS-
vneloba, WeSmaritia Tu ara. mniSvnelovania, muSaobs Tu
ara“.
5
 iaspersis azriT, zogadad istoria nicSesTvis mraval-
idan erT-erTi fenomenia da mas ganixilavs, rogorc
gardamaval periods, romlis „dasasruls adamianidan me-
ti-vidre-adamiani unda Seiqmnas“. amasTanave, qristiano-
ba aris dakvirvebis umniSvnelovanesi obieqti, romelzec
aucilebelia yofis zogadi kanonzomierebebisa da prin-
cipuli kavSirebis Seswavla.
iaspersi aseve gvTavazobs nicSeseul msoflio is-
toriis suraTs da Tavs uyris winaswar Sedegebs, sanam
daskvnis saxiT nicSes axali filosofiis monaxazs gaa-
keTebdes.
teqsts aseve erTvis 1950 wlis damateba _ „nicSes adg-
ili filosofiis istoriaSi“.

vaxtang gorgiSeli

6
 Sesavali

yvelasaTvis cnobilia, ra gaugonari simkveTriT uary-

ofs nicSe qristianobas. magaliTad: „vinc dRes odnav
meryeobas iCens qristianobasTan mimarTebiT, mas neksac
ar gavuwodeb. aq erTaderTi poziciaa SesaZlebeli: up-
irobo „ara“ (XVI, 4081).
nicSe dauRalavia qristianobis mxilebaSi, miemarTe-
ba ra aRSfoTebidan siZulvilisa, da mSvidi kvlevidan
_ RvarZliani pamfletisken. gasaocari gamomgoneblobiT
icvlis is Tvalsazriss, ganixilavs ra qristianul re-
aliebs yoveli mxridan da srulad aSiSvlebs maT. man am
brZolaSi yvela winamorbedis motivi SeiTvisa da saTave
daudo axal oms qristianobis winaaRmdeg _ oms arnaxu-
lad radikalursa da srulad gacnobierebuls.
gaTviTcnobierebulia ra am mgznebare mtrobis Ses-
axeb, nicSes yuradRebiani mkiTxveli araerTxel aRmoCn-
deba CixSi misi zogierTi gamonaTqvamis winaSe, romelic
erTi SexedviT sruliad SeuTavsebelia antiqristiano-
basTan. drodadro nicSe qristianobis Sesaxeb ase ambobs:
„es idealuri cxovrebis saukeTeso nawilia, romelic me
WeSmaritad Sevicani: me mas TiTqmis akvnis asakidan mivdev
da vfiqrob, gulSi arasodes miRalatia misTvis“ („weri-
li gasts“, 21.7.81). mas bibliis zemoqmedebis Sesaxebac
ZaluZs pozitiuri azris gamoTqma: „ucvleli mokrZale-
ba bibliis winaSe, romelic evropaSi, unda iTqvas, dRem-
dea SenarCunebuli, _ esaa albaT zneTa sinatifisa da ku-

-----------------------------
1. ganmartebebi gulisxmobs tomsa da gverds nicSes Txzule-
bebis sruli krebulisa, gamocemulis misi dis, elizabet fior-
ster-nicSes mier: Fr. Nietzsche Werke, Bd. 1-19, Liepzig, 1903-1912,
Bd. 20 Leipzig, 1926, hisg. von. E. Förster-Nietzsche.

9
lturis saukeTeso nimuSi, rasac evropa qristianobas Ta didebuli silamaze da sinatife xalxisaTvis yvela
unda umadlodes...“ (VII, 249). ufro metic, nicSe, samR- droSi eklesiis WeSmaritebis dasturs warmoadgenda...“
vdelo ojaxTa STamomavali, rogorc dedis, aseve mamis (IV, 59-60). rogorc cnobilia, nicSe gansakuTrebiT gmobs
mxriv, srulyofil qristianSi Wvrets „adamianTa tipebs iezuitebs, Tumca ara aRfrTovanebis gareSe wers imis
Soris ukeTilSobiless“, visTanac ki mas Sexeba hqonia: Sesaxeb, „Tu TviTgadalaxvis ra gmirul simZimes iRebs
„me pativad mimaCnia, rom im gvars vekuTvni, romelic sakuTar Tavze TiToeuli iezuiti: cxovrebis is gaiole-
qristianobas yvela gagebiT seriozulad ekideboda“ (XIV, buli praqtika, romelsac iezuitTa saxelmZRvaneloebi
358). qadageben, ara maTTvis, aramed saero pirTaTvisaa gan-
erTi sityviT, Tu Cven gadavwyvetT qristianobis Ses- kuTvnili“ (II, 77).
axeb nicSes yvela gamonaTqvami cal-calke gavixsenoT, nicSesTvis eklesia - dedamiwaze arsebuli yovelive
iqneba es sentencia „RvTismsaxurisa“ Tu „eklesiis“ Ses- keTilSobilis ulmobeli mteria. is icavs monur faseu-
axeb, msgavs rTulad SeTavsebad Sefasebebs wavawydebiT. lobebs, miiswrafis adamianSi arsebuli yovelive diadis
Tumca isic marTalia, rom uaryofiTi Sefaseba iseT um- gaTelvisken, is _ sneulTa kavSiri, is _ yalbi fulis
ravlesobaSi iqneba, rom pozitiurs verc SevamCnevT. cbieri mWrelia. Tumca arc aq SeuZlia mas uari Tqvas
ase magaliTad, mRvdlebs igi uwodebs „cbier jujebs“, misi Zalauflebis gansakuTrebuli saxeobisadmi pativis-
„adamianis parazitul tips“, „mironcxebul mkrexelebs“, cemis gamoxatvaze: „yoveli eklesia upirveles yovlisa
„Sxamian obobebs cxovrebis xeze“, „cnobier farisevelT- Zalauflebis institutia, romelic maRal mdgomareobas
agan yvelaze moxerxebulebs“, _ da uecrad moulod- uzrunvelyofs sulierad gamorCeuli adamianebisTvis.
neli panegiriki „keTilSobil samRvdelo naturaTa pa- mas imdenad swams sulierebis Zliereba, rom uars ambobs
tivsacemad“: „xalxi aTaswil marTalia sakuTar ucvlel Zaladobis yvela sxva uxeS formaze, da ukve mxolod am-
siyvarulSi am tipis adamianebisadmi: mokrZalebuli, itomaa eklesia metad keTilSobili inistituti, vidre
ubralo da seriozuli, ubiwo mRvdlebisadmi, romlebic saxelmwifo“ (V, 308). msjelobs ra kaTolikuri eklesi-
Sedian masSi da gamodian misgan, magram gamodian, rogorc is sawyisebis Sesaxeb, nicSe askvnis, rom sakuTar Zalebs
naziarebni, rCeulni, msxverplad ganwirulni misTvis; igi poulobs „im, jer kidev mravalricxovan, eklesiur
da maT winaSe xalxs dausjelad SeuZlia gulis gadaS- individebSi“, romlebic nebayoflobiT „aqceven saku-
la...“ (V, 287-288). samRvdeloebis zogi kategoriisadmi Tar cxovrebas rTulad, imavdroulad ki Rrma azriT
igi grZnobs raRacas, miaxlovebuls TiTqmis pativisce- savsed“ (II, 76). amitomacaa, rom igi eklesiis winaaRmdeg
masTan. mas miaCnia, rom swored qristianobam „gamoWeda brZolas yvela SemTxvevaSi ar amarTlebs: „eklesiis wi-
yvelaze natifi saxeebi adamianTa sazogadoebaSi: saxeebi, naaRmdeg brZola, sxva yvelaferTan erTad, niSnavs ufro
romlebsac maRali da uzenaesi kaTolikuri sulierebis mdabali, TviTkmayofili, gulubryvilo da zedapiruli
beWedi azis... adamianis saxe aq im yovlisgamWvalav ze- individebis winaaRmdegobas ufro Rrma, ufro mZime da
STagonebulobas aRwevs, romelic ori saxis bednierebis windaxeduli, Sesabamisad ki ufro boroti da eWviani
(sakuTari Zalauflebisa da TviTaRkveTis grZnobebis) adamianebisadmi, romlebic gamudmebiT itanjebian yof-
uwyveti moqcevisa da miqcevis Sedegad warmoiqmneba. ierebisa da sakuTari Tavis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb kiTxve-
aq Cveni sxeulisa da Cveni bednierebis simyifisadmi is biT...“ (V, 286).
keTilSobili ugulvebelyofa mefobs, romelic WeS- aseT winaaRmdegobriv SefasebaTa da ganmartebaTa mag-
marit jariskacebs axasiaTebT... eklesiis mTavrebis xat- aliTebis motana kidev mravlad SeiZleba. mTavari sxva
10 11
ramea: imisaTvis, rom srulad gavigoT nicSe, unda gav- qristianobis moraluri impulsi iyo is, ramac sicocx-
igoT es winaaRmdegobebic, radgan isini SemTxveviTi ar le STabera zRvaris armcodne nebas WeSmaritebisken.
aris. qristianobisadmi nicSes ormagi damokidebulebis „Cven, dRes vinc codnas daveZebT, Cven _ uRmerToebi da
gonieri da marTebuli ganmartebisTvis SevecadiT prob- metafizikosebi _ vanTebT Cvens CiraRdnebs warsulis
lemas Semdegi kuTxiT mivudgeT. xanZridan, romelic aTaswlovani rwmeniT iyo agizgi-
protestant mRvdelTa ojaxidan sakuTar warmoSoba- zebuli“ (VII, 275). amitomac gaismis misi mowodeba, „ara
sa da, Sesabamisad, „bunebriv“ siaxloves qristianebisad- mxolod uari iTqvas yovelive qristianulze, aramed
mi Tavad nicSe pirvelxarisxovani mniSvnelobis faqtad gadalaxul iqnas igi zeqristianuliT“ (XVI, 390). amg-
afasebda, rogorc raRac Seucvlels. Tumca es siax- varad, nicSes sakuTari Tavis ase esmis: misi azri qris-
love misTvis sruliad gansxvavebul Sinaarss iZens mas tianobidan gamoizarda aseve qristianuli impulsebis
Semdeg, rac is aRmoaCens, rom qristianTa umetesoba _ zemoqmedebis qveS. amgvarad, misi brZola qristianobis
arasrulyofilia. uflebis gancxadebas, moTxovnasa da winaaRmdeg srulebiT ar gulisxmobs mis swrafvas, naga-
sinamdviles Soris Seusabamoba odiTganve qristianobis vsayrelze moisrolos igi, gaauqmos an qristianobamdel
mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgenda. marTalia isic, rom epoqas daubrundes: piriqiT, nicSes surs gauswros mas,
arcTu iSviaTad moTxovna, romelic SeuZlebels moiTx- gadalaxos igi, daeyrdnoba ra am dros imave Zalebs, rom-
ovs, da sinamdvile, romelic uars ambobs, dayves am lebmac qristianoba moitanes amqveynad.
moTxovnas, SesaZloa mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobdnen, ise, nicSem myarad icis: „Cven aRar varT qristianebi“, ma-
rom erTmaneTTan Sexeba arc hqondeT. magram iq, sadac gram myisierad dasZens: „qristianebad yofnis uflebas
isini Sexvedrisas erTmaneTs mosvenebas ar aZleven, Ses- Cven Cvenive RvTismosaoba aRar gvaZlevs _ is metad mk-
aZloa raRac gansakuTrebuli moxdes. nicSe SeniSnavs, acri da kaprizuli gaxda“ (XIII, 318). rodesac is yvela
rom „gabeduli Sinagani skepticizmi“ aRmocenda „german- morals Tavis „sikeTisa da borotebis miRmas“ upirisp-
iaSi swored protestan pastorTa Svilebs Soris“. ra- irebs, mas surs moralidan raRac ufro maRali Seqmnas,
tom? „mravladaa germaniaSi filosofosi da swavluli, vidre Tavad moralia: „Cven gvsurs moralis memkvidreebi
romelsac bavSvobaSi, qadagebis mosmenisas, mzera Tavad gavxdeT misi ganadgurebiT“ (XII, 85). Cvens xelTaa „maRali
mqadagebelze gadautania (!) _ da Sedegad maT aRar swamT Sedegi, miRweuli winamorbedi kacobriobis mier _ mora-
RmerTi... germanuli filosofia arsebiTad sxva arafe- lis gancda“ (XI, 35). „yvelaferi, rasac vakeTebT, mxolod
ria, Tu ara urwmunoba homines religiosi-Si („religiis moralurobaa, oRond sakuTari winamorbedi formis wi-
adamiani“), meore rangis wmindanebSi, qalaqisa da soflis naaRmdeg miqceuli“ (XIII, 125).
yvela pastorSi, universitetTa RvTismetyvelebis CaT- swored qristianuli impulsebi, anu umaRles safex-
vliT...“ (XIII, 314). urs miRweuli moraluri patiosneba uwyobda xels yvela
aq isaxeba nicSes mgznebare siZulvilis yvelaze da- droSi qristianul brZolas namdvili, realuri qristia-
maxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba: misi mtroba qristiano- nobis winaaRmdeg, rogorc aq avlens igi sakuTar Tavs
bis, rogorc sinamdvilisadmi, ganuyofelia misi damok- _ eklesiis Zalauflebis qveS da im adamianTa faqtiur
idebulebisgan qristianobis, rogorc moTxovnisadmi. am yofasa da qcevaSi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs qristianebs
faqtiur kavSirs is ganixilavs ara rogorc mtvers, ro- uwodeben. qristianuli samyaros SigniT mimaval am brZo-
melic fexTagan unda CamoiSoro, aramed rogorc raRac las uSedegod ar Cauvlia _ nicSe sakuTar Tavs ukanask-
friad pozitiurs. mas mSvenivrad esmis, rom swored nel aseT Sedegad miiCnevs. qristianuli kulturis sauku-
12 13
neebma adamianTa axali, qristianuli jiSi gamoiyvanes moralisa da WeSmaritebis upirobobas is Tavdapirvelad
da, misi azriT, manamde warmoudgeneli SesaZlebloba ganicdida, rogorc raRac sakuTars, axlobels, rogorc
Seqmnes, romlis realizebis amocanas miuZRvnis igi saku- udao sinamdviles, magram am moralisa da am WeSmaritebis
Tar Tavs: „aTaswlovani qristianul-eklesiuri Cagvris qristianuli Semadgeneli, qristianuli mocemuloba da
winaaRmdeg brZolam evropaSi SesaniSnavi sulieri daZab- qristiani avtoritetebi misTvis, rogorc raRac realu-
uloba warmoqmna, romlis msgavsi dedamiwaze ar axsovT: ri, ukve bavSobaSi aRar arsebobda. ase rom, mogvianebiT
amieridan, xelT gvipyria ra esoden magrad daWimuli mS- is ukve aRarafrisgan unda ganTavisuflebuliyo: ar ar-
vildi, yvelaze daSorebul samiznes SegviZlia mivwvdeT. sebobda siymawvilis asakis iluziebi, romlebic unda da-
Cven, keTili evropelebi, Tavisufali, metismetad Tavi- gemsxvria, mtveri, romelic fexebidan unda Camogeber-
sufali sulis matareblebi, _ vinarCunebT sulis mTels tya. yrma nicSes azrTa msvleloba SegviZlia ramdenime
Wmunvas, sulieri lambis mTels daZabulobas! gamoricx- magaliTis safuZvelze aRvadginoT.
uli ar aris, rom isaric aRmogvaCndes _ amocana, Sesa- qristianoba, rogorc Sinaarsobrivi moZRvreba da
Zloa, mizanic ki _ vin icis?“ (VII, 5). dogma misTvis dasawyisidanve ucxoa. is masSi mxolod
SevajamoT: nicSes cxovrebis ZiriTadi sakuTari ga- adamianur WeSmaritebas aRiarebs simboluri formiT:
mocdileba _ qristianobasTan dapirispireba qristianu- „qristianobis mTavari moZRvreba mxolod adamianis gu-
live winapirobebidan gamomdinare _ misTvis msoflio-is- lis ZiriTad WeSmaritebebs gamoxatavs“ (1862). es ZiriT-
toriuli procesis meTodad iqceva. saukune, romelSic adi WeSmaritebebi ki biWisTvis igivea, rogoradac isini
is cxovrobda, misTvis _ aTaswleulTa istoriul fonze darCeba zrdasrul filosofos nicSesTvis. magaliTad:
_ erTgvari gardamtexi wertilia, romelic erTdrou- „rwmenis gziT netarebis miRweva _ es niSnavs, rom ara
lad diad safrTxesa da diad SesaZleblobasac Seica- codnas, aramed mxolod guls ZaluZs Cveni gabedniereba.
vda adamianis sulis, misi Sefasebisa da faseulobebis RmerTi iqca adamianad _ es niSnavs, rom adamianma bed-
WeSmaritebis, adamianis yofierebis Tavad arsisTvis. da niereba usasruloSi unda eZios, magram sakuTar zecas
nicSe Segnebulad dgeba msoflio istoriis am qartexi- miwaze qmnides“. ukve adreul siymawvileSi iwers da iniS-
lis centrSi. navs igi azrebs, romlebic qristianobis momaval kritikas
imis sulieri siRrmis gasazomad, raSic es revolu- udeben dasabams. ai _ samyarouli mwuxarebis sawinaaRm-
cia moxda, kiTxva ase unda dagvesva: rogor moxda igi degod, rasac qristianuli msoflWvreta warmoSobs: es
Tavad nicSes sulSi? sasurveli iqneboda, misi sawyisi sxva araferia, Tu ara sakuTar uZlurebasTan Serigeba,
gulubryvilo qristianoba gvexila, Semdeg ki nabij-nab- keTilsaxieri mizezi, romelic sakuTar sisustesa da
ji gagvedevnebina Tvali gardasaxvis mimdinareobisTvis. gaubedaobas amarTlebs, es _ sakuTari bedisweris Seqm-
CvenTvis saintereso iqneboda detalebi nicSes ganmaTavi- naze laCruli uaria. biWi ukve iwers sakuTar eWvebs: „xom
suflebeli brZolisa misi ganviTarebis gzaze - qristian- ar midis kacobrioba oriaTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi mcdari
idan qristianobis mowinaRmdegemde. magram sinamdvileSi gziT, miraJs dadevnebuli?“ an kidev: „Cven diadi Zvrebi
msgavsic arasodes momxdara: nicSem dasawyisidanve - da gvelis, rodesac masa Seudgeba imis gacnobierebas, rom
es ukiduresad mniSvnelovania mTlianad misi azrovnebis qristianoba mxolod da mxolod daSvebebze dgas; rom
dasaxasiaTeblad _ qristianuli impulsebi aRiqva zus- RmerTis arseboba, ukvdaveba, bibliis avtoriteti, in-
tad im saxiT, rogoradac darCnen isini misTvis sicocx- spiracia yovelTvis eWvis qveS idgeba. me am yovelives
lis dasasrulamde. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, uzenaesi uaryofas vcdilobdi: o, raoden iolia dangreva, magram
14 15
Seneba!“ Tavdapirvelad biWi mxolod hipoTezebs gamoTq- ecdebiT pasuxi gavceT Cvens ukanasknel kiTxvebs: Seinar-
vams _ gaubedavad, eWviTa da yoymaniT; wlebTan erTad Cuna Tu ara am filosofiam raime saerTo Tavis amosaval
gamonaTqvamebis xasiaTi radikalurad Seicvleba: yoveli qristianul punqtTan? arsebobs ki es sinamdvileSi? Tu
gancda gaocebiT iwyeba da mxolod Semdeg iqceva brZo- arsebobs, rogoria es sinamdvile? magram sanam am kri-
lis nebad. magram principuli pozicia ukve bavSvSia sax- tikul kiTxvebs davsvamdeT, nicSes Sexeduleba unda
eze da is aseTad darCeba dasasrulamde. gavarkvioT qristianobis istoriisa da arsis Sesaxeb.
Tuki am gagebiT SevadarebT nicSesa da kirkegors, misi gadmocemisas Cven yuradRebis gareSe davtovebT wi-
gansxvaveba kolosaluri iqneba. kirkegorTan qrisitanu- naaRmdegobriv gamonaTqvamebs da mTlian, mkafio suraTs
li rwmena misi sulis siRrmeSi sufevs, sadRac fskerze; SevqmniT, radgan is gamodis wina planze nicSes gviandel
sicocxlis dasasrulamde ar kargavs is kavSirs masTan, TxzulebebSi. mxolod mTeli misi simZafriT ganxilvi-
mis istoriul SinaarsTan: „imitom, rom ase miTxra mamam“. sas SegviZlia siRrmisken daviZraT da SevecadoT meore
nicSesTvis ki piriqiT, qristianobis istoriuli Sinaarsi plani ganvixiloT _ azrTa siRrmiseuli kavSiri; aqedan
dasawyisidanve ucxoa. Sedegad kirkegorma kurTxevas mi- pirveladi suraTi zedapiruli da uxeSi iqneba _ aseTs
aRwia _ qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis siRrmeebs Cawvda. Tavad nicSe rTulad Tu CaTvlida absolutur da sas-
nicSes ki azradac ar mosvlia, rom am RvTismetyvelebas rul codnad.
SesaZloa siRrme hqonoda, mis amaRlebul da natif kon-
struqciebTan ki saqme ar hqonda.
yovelive zemoTqmuli saSualebas gvaZlevs Cvens mier
warmoebuli kritikuli analizis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
davsaxoT. pirvel rigSi, Cven ganvixilavT, rogor xde-
ba qristianobis winaaRmdeg nicSes brZolis motivireba
qristianuli impulsebiT da ra xarisxiT acnobierebs
amas igi Tavad. meore, Cven unda davrwmundeT, rom nicSes
qristianuli impulsebi dasawyisidanve moklebulia
yovelgvar qristianul Sinaarss da SiSvel mamoZravebel
energiadaa qceuli. aqedan ki SegviZlia Tvali vkidoT
im gzas, romelzec nicSe erTimeoris miyolebiT spobda
yvela pozicias, romelzec ki mdgara da romelmac igi
nihilizmTan miiyvana. amasTan, sakmarisi iyo, Tavad gaec-
nobierebina, saiT moZraobda, rom nihilizmisken svla
imav wams monaTla garduvalobad mTeli epoqisTvis. mar-
Talia, brbos misi gavla momavalSi mouwevs, magram is,
nicSe, amas cnobierad gaakeTebs da gzas bolomde gaiv-
lis. magram sulac ara imisaTvis, rom nihilistad darCes,
ara, piriqiT, imisaTvis, rom nihilizmTan dapirispirebis,
antinihilisturi moZraobis absoluturad axali wyaro
aRmoaCinos. am axali filosofiis gaTvaliswinebiT Sev-
16 17
 imis Sesaxeb, rasac jer kidev veravin amCnevs: mTavari
movlena, es isaa, rom „RmerTi mokvda“. „ai, sazareli si-
axle, romelic evropelTa cnobierebas mxolod ramden-
nicSes Sexeduleba msoflio istoriaze ime aswleulis Semdeg miaRwevs. da maSin _ maSin maT didi
xniT moeCvenebaT, rom sagnebma realoba dakarges“ (XIII,
316).
axla Cvens winaSe kiTxvaTa sami rigia: pirveli _ nicSes nicSe ara azris formulirebas axdens, aramed faqts
mier Tanamedrove epoqis, rogorc krizisis gaazreba; gvamcnobs, diagnozs usvams Tanamedrove sinamdviles. is
meore _ moZRvreba qristianobis, rogorc am krizisis ar ambobs: „RmerTi ar arsebobs“ an „me ar mwams RmerTi“.
wyaros Sesaxeb; da mesame _ nicSes Sexeduleba msoflio is arc mzardi urwmunobis fsiqologiuri konstatire-
istoriaze mTlianad da qristianobis adgilze am isto- biT ifargleba. ara, is akvirdeba yofierebas da aRmo-
riaSi. aCens gansacvifrebel faqts, da myisierad efineba Suqi
epoqis yvela calkeul Tvisebas, _ rogorc am ZiriTa-
di faqtis Sedegs: yovelive uniadago da arajanmrTeli,
orazrovani da mcdari, mTeli pirferoba da amao faci-
fuci, daviwyebisa da bangis aucilebloba _ damaxasiaTe-
1. Tanamedrove epoqis krizisi belia epoqisTvis.
magram nicSe faqtis konstataciaze ar Cerdeba. is
Tanamedrove samyaros SiSismomgvreli suraTi, ro- svams kiTxvas: „ram mokla RmerTi?“ am kiTxvaze mas ram-
melsac mas Semdeg yvela imeorebs, pirvelad nicSem Se- denime pasuxi aqvs, magram mxolod erTia bolomde gaaz-
mogvTavaza: kulturis ngreva _ ganaTleba uSinaarso rebuli da ganviTarebuli: RmerTis sikvdilis mizezi
codniT icvleba; sulieri substanciuroba _ samyarouli qristianobaa. swored qristianobam gaanadgura yovelg-
pirferoba „yasidad“ cxovrebiT; mowyenilobis gaqarve- vari WeSmariteba, romliTac adamiani manamde cxovrobda,
ba yvela saxis narkotikiTa da mZafri gancdebiT xdeba; pirvel rigSi ki gaanadgura sokratemdel berZenTa cx-
yoveli cocxali sulieri wamonazardi iluzoruli su- ovrebis tragikuli WeSmariteba. mis adgilas qristiano-
lis xmauriTa da grgvinviT iTrguneba; yvela laparakobs, bam wminda wylis fiqciebi moaTavsa: RmerTi, msoflios
magram aravis esmis; yvelaferi ixrwneba sityvaTa nakad- moraluri wesrigi, ukvdaveba, codva, mowyaleba, monanie-
Si; yvelaferi gaTqmuli da gayidulia. ara sxvam, aramed ba. ase rom, dRes, roca qristianuli samyaros fiqtiuro-
nicSem gviCvena udabno, romelSic mogebisaTvis giJuri ba cxadi xdeba, sabolood „simarTlis gancdam, romelic
rbola mimdinareobs; gviCvena manqanisa da Sromis meqa- esoden aris ganviTarebuli Tavad qristianobis mier, ar
nizmebis azri; axladSeqmnili movlenis _ brbos _ arsi. SeiZleba zizRi ar dabados qristianobis yalbi da sru-
magram es yvelaferi nicSesTvis ukanaskneli Sre, zeda- lad sicruiT gamsWvaluli msoflaRqmisadmi“ (XV, 141) _
piris Wavlia. dRes, „rodesac mTeli dedamiwa krTis da axla fiqciis adgilas ukve aRaraferi gvrCeba: nihilizmi
yvela nakeri ixsneba“, mTavari movlenebi siRrmeSi mimdin- kanonzomieri Sedegia yvela Cveni maRali faseulobisa
areobs _ wiaRSi, is ki, rasac Cven vakvirdebiT, mxolod da idealis, logikur dasasrulamde gaiazreT isini da
Sedegia; mSvidi da TviTkmayofili burJuaziis myudro Tqven araras miagnebT (XV, 138). vinaidan absoluturad
saukunis binadari nicSe sazareli SiSis ZrwoliT wers yvela faseuloba, romelsac qristianoba eyrdnoboda,
18 19
fiqtiuri iyo, vinaidan fiqciis mxilebis Semdeg adamiani
myisierad sicarieleSi _ araraSi _ Casavardnad aris gan- 2. qristianobis warmoSoba da misi cvlileba
wiruli, imdenad Rrmad, rogorc is jer istoriis ganmav-
lobaSi arasodes Cavardnila. nicSes teqstebidan SegviZlia SevadginoT qristiano-
dRes es odnav Tu SeimCneva. „nihilizmis zrda, _ winas- bis warmoqmnis, gadagvarebisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis
warmetyvelebs nicSe. _ iqneba ori uaxloesi aswleulis Tanmimdevruli istoriuli suraTi2. qristianobis am is-
istoriis Semadgeneli“. mTeli Cveni evropuli kultura toriidan srulad aris amoRebuli Tavad ieso. is nicSes-
karga xania ukve mtanjveli daZabulobiT, krTomiTa da Tan gancalkevebiT dgas. iesos realobas aranairi kavSi-
RrWialiT, aTwleulidan aTwleulamde rom matulobs, ri ar aqvs qristianobis istoriasTan.
miemarTeba katastrofisken; moZraobs ara mSvidad, ar-
amed gaSmagebiT, gamalebuli naxtomebiT, TiTqos Zal-
datanebiT: „swrafad mainc dasruldebodes, oRond gons
mosvla ver movaxerxoT, gamoRviZeba da gons mosvla xom
a) vin aris ieso?
esoden saSiSia“ (XV, 137).
pasuxs, romelic nicSem gasca kiTxvas: „ram mok-
nicSe pasuxobs: adamianis garkveuli tipi, romelic
la RmerTi?“ _ miuTiTa ra amis mizezad qristianoba, _
fsiqologiurad unda davaxasiaToT.
sruliad axali azri unda SeeZina qristianobis mTeli
samyaroSi iesos axali cxovrebiseuli praqtika, da
istoriisTvisac. qrisitanobis ori aTaswleuli, romel-
ara axali codna moaqvs, cxovrebis cvlileba, da ara ax-
ic Cvens ukan devs, _ Cveni boroti bedisweraa. rogor
ali rwmena (VIII, 259). is „siRrmiseuli instinqtiT“ xe-
vlindeba igi istoriaSi?
lmZRvanelobs, romelic uCvenebs, „rogor unda icxov-
ro, rom Tavi „zecaze myofad“ ganicado, raTa sakuTari
„maradiuloba“ igrZno“ (VIII, 259). is netareba, romliTac
iesom icxovra, romelsac man sakuTari cxovrebiseuli
praqtikiT miaRwia, aris „xsnis fsiqologiuri realoba“
(VIII, 259).
es netareba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom „Sin igrZno Tavi
im samyaroSi, romlis Seryevis Zala aranair realobas ar
gaaCnia _ anu Sinagan samyaroSi“ (VIII, 253). ieso mxolod
amis Sesaxeb saubrobs: „cxovreba“ anu „WeSmariteba“ anu
„Suqi“ _ am sityvebiT gamoxatavs igi Sinagani samyaros si-

-----------------------------
2. qristianobis istoriis Sesaxeb nicSes moZRvrebis mimoxilva
mocemuli aqvs ernst bencs naSromSi „nicSes ideebi qristianobis
Sesaxeb“ (Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, Bd. 56, 1937). aq citirebu-
lia nicSes ufro gviandeli Txzulebebi; gansakuTrebiT faseulia
paralelebi da analogiebi sxva avtorebTan.

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