Salahaddin University-Erbil

College of Engineering
Software & Informatics Engineering Department

Mathematics lll

Hyperbolic & Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Report

Instructor
Dr.Gullnar M Hadi
Prepared by
Yahya Mewan Hassan
Submitted date
1 May 2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract……………………………………………………..…………………...1
1. Introduction……………………………………………………….……….2
1.1 Hyperbolic Functions…………………………………………….……..2
1.2 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions…………………………………….….3-4
2. Body…………………………………………………………………….4-12
2.1 Hyperbolic Functions Definition, Identities and Derivatives ……..……...…4-6
2.2 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives………………….…..7-12

3. Proving Integration Formulas……….………..……...………..…….13-18

3.16………………………………………………………………………..13
3.17………………………………………………………………………..13
3.18………………………………………………………………………..14
3.19………………………………………………………………………..15
3.20………………………………………………………………………..16
3.21………………………………………………………………………..17
3.22………………………………………………………………………..18
4. Conclusion……………………...………………………………………...19

5. List of References…….…………………………………………………..20
 List of Figures
Figure 1…………………………………………………………………..………1
Figure 2…………………………………………………………………..………2
Figure 3…………………………………………………………………..………3
Figure 4…………………………………………………………………..………3
Figure 5…………………………………………………………………..………5
Figure 6…………………………………………………………………..………5
Figure 7………………………………………………………..…………..……..5
Figure 8………………………………………………………..…………..……14
Figure 9………………………………………………………..…………..……15
Figure 10………………………………………………………..………..…..…16
Figure 11………………………………………………………..………………17
Figure 11………………………………………………………..………………18
Abstract

This report will introduce you to hyperbolic functions, which are denoted by the
abbreviation hyp on your calculator. There are some relations with trigonometric
functions that you can note.
And would be able to find a variety of integrals that would otherwise be
impossible to find without the use of hyperbolic functions. Johann Heinrich
Lambert, a Swiss mathematician, was the first to investigate hyperbolic functions
in depth (1728-1777).

1
 1. Introduction
1.1 Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic functions are a class of functions with many applications in math, physics, and
engineering. They are used to explain the creation of satellite rings around planets, to
describe the shape of a rope hanging from two points, and to apply the principle of special
relativity, among many other things. This report introduces hyperbolic functions and
discusses many of their properties, including their application to calculus.
Since there are so many relations between these functions and regular trigonometric
functions, they are often referred to as "hyperbolic trigonometric functions.".
Figure 1 demonstrates one such connection. Just as cosine and sine are used to define points
on the circle defined by x 2+ y 2=1, the functions hyperbolic cosine Figure 1.(a) and hyperbolic
sine Figure 1.(b) are used to define points on the hyperbola x 2− y 2=1.

Figure 1. Using trigonometric functions to define points on a circle and hyperbolic functions to define points
on a hyperbola. The area of the shaded regions are included in them.

2
1.2 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Just as the inverse trigonometric functions are useful in certain integrations, the inverse
hyperbolic functions are useful with others. Figure 2.(a) shows restriction on the domain
of cosh (x ) to make the function one-to-one and the resulting domain and range of its inverse
function. Since sinh( x) is already one-to-one, no domain restriction is needed as shown
in Figure 2.(b). Since sech(x ) is not one to one, it also needs a restricted domain in order to be
invertible. Figure 3 shows the graph of sech−1 ( x ) .You should carefully compare the graph of
this function to the graph given in Figure 4 to see how this inverse was constructed. The rest
of the hyperbolic functions area already one-to-one and need no domain restrictions. Their
graphs are also shown in Figure 3.
Because the hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of exponential functions, their inverses
can be expressed in terms of logarithms. It is often more convenient to refer to sinh−1 ( x ) than
to ln (x+ √ x 2 +1) , especially when one is working on theory and does not need to compute
actual values. On the other hand, when computations are needed, technology is often helpful
but many hand-held calculators lack a convenient sinh−1 ( x ) button. (Often it can be accessed
under a menu system, but not conveniently.) In such a situation, the logarithmic
representation is useful. The reader is not encouraged to memorize these, but rather know
they exist and know how to use them when needed.[I]

Figure 2. Graphs of the hyperbolic sine and cosine (with restricted domain) and their inverses.

3
Figure 3. Graph of the4.inverse
Figure Graphshyperbolic
of sech ⁡x ,secant.
csch ⁡x

2.1 Hyperbolic Functions Definition, Identities and Derivatives

1. The hyperbolic cosine is the function
ⅇ x + ⅇ(−x )
cosh x=
2

2. and the hyperbolic sine is the function

ⅇ x −ⅇ (− x )
sinh x=
2

Notice that cosh is even (that is, cosh (−x )=cosh x)

while sinh is odd (sinh ¿), and cosh ⁡x +sinh ⁡x=e x .
Also, for all x , cosh x> 0, while sinh x=0 if and only if e x −e(−x) =0, which is true precisely
when x=0 .

4
The range of cosh x is [ 1 , ∞ ) .
Proof.
Let y=cosh x . We solve for x :
ⅇ x + ⅇ(− x )
y=
2

( 2 y= ⅇx + ⅇ (− x ) ) × ⅇ x
x 2x
2 y e =e +1
2x x
0=e −2 y e +1

2 y ± √ 4 y 2−4
ⅇx=
2

ⅇ x = y ± √ y 2 −1
From the last equation, we see y 2 ≥1, and since y ≥ 0, it follows that y ≥1.
Now suppose y ≥1, so y ± √ y 2−1> 0. Then x=ln ⁡( y ± √ y 2−1) is a real number, and y=cosh x , so y
is in the range of cosh (x ).
3. The hyperbolic tangent is the function
x ( −x )
sinh x ⅇ − ⅇ
tanh x= =
cosh x ⅇ x + ⅇ (−x )

4. The hyperbolic cotangent is the function

x ( −x )
cosh x ⅇ + ⅇ
coth x= =
sinh x ⅇ x −ⅇ (− x )

5. The hyperbolic secant is the function

1 2
sech x= =
cosh x ⅇ x + ⅇ(−x )

6. The hyperbolic cosecant is the function

1 2
csch x = = x (−x )
sinh x ⅇ −ⅇ

The domain of coth and csch is x ≠ 0 while the domain of the other hyperbolic functions is all
real numbers. Graphs are shown in Figure 5.

5
Figure 3. Graphs of the hyperbolic sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant

Certainly the hyperbolic functions do not closely resemble the trigonometric functions
graphically. But they do have analogous properties, beginning with the following table of
identities in Figure 6. [II]

Figure 6. Useful identities for

hyperbolic functions

Figure 7. the derivatives of hyperbolic functions. [III]

6
2.2 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives

1. The Inverse Hyperbolic Sine Function

a) Definition:
The inverse hyperbolic sine function is defined as follows:
y=sinh x iff sinh y=x with y in (−∞ ,+∞ ) and x in (−∞ ,+∞ )
−1

−1
f ( x )=sinh x : (−∞ , ∞ ) → (−∞ , ∞ )

Domain: (−∞, ∞)=R

Range: (−∞, ∞)=R
b) Expression: show that sinh−1 x=¿ ln ⁡(x ± √ x 2+ 1) ¿

Proof
ⅇ x − ⅇ(−x )
Start with y=sinh x =
2

To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y .

ⅇ x −ⅇ (−x ) => 2 y=ⅇ x − 1 ; Let x 1
e =z > 0 => 2 y=z− => z −2 zy−1=0
2
y= x
2 ⅇ z

The quadratic equation in z gives: z= y ± √ y 2 +1

Because z=e x > 0 => choose z= y ± √ y 2 +1 ∴e x = y ± √ y 2+1 => x=ln ⁡( y ± √ y 2 +1)

Now, interchange x and y to obtain:

y=sinh−1 x =¿ ln ⁡( x ± √ x 2 +1)¿

sinh−1 x=¿ ln ⁡(x ± √ x 2+ 1) ¿

c) Derivative
ⅆ −1 1
sinh x =
ⅆx √ 1+ x 2

2. The Inverse Hyperbolic Cosine Function

7
 a) Definition:
The inverse hyperbolic cosine function is defined as follows:
y=cosh x iff cosh y=x with y in (1 ,+∞) and x in (0 ,+ ∞)
−1

−1
f ( x )=cosh x : ( 1 ,∞ ) → ( 0 , ∞ )

Domain: ( 1 , ∞ )
Range: ( 0 , ∞ )
b) Expression: show that cosh −1 x=¿ ln ⁡(x ± √ x2 −1)¿

Proof
ⅇ x + ⅇ(−x )
Start with y=cosh x=
2

To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y .

ⅇ x + ⅇ(− x ) => 2 y=ⅇ x + 1 ; Let x 1
e =z ≥ 1, x ≥ 0 => 2 y=z + => z −2 zy +1=0
2
y= x
2 ⅇ z

The quadratic equation in z gives: z= y ± √ y 2 −1

Because z=e x ≥ 1 => choose z= y + √ y 2−1 ∴e x = y+ √ y 2−1 => x=ln ⁡( y + √ y 2−1)

Now, interchange x and y to obtain:

y=cosh−1 x=¿ ln ⁡(x + √ x 2−1)¿

cosh −1 x=¿ ln ⁡(x+ √ x 2−1)¿

c) Derivative:
ⅆ −1 1
cosh x= 2 , X >1
ⅆx √ x −1

3. The Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent Function

8
 a) Definition:
The inverse hyperbolic tangent function is defined as follows:
y=tanh x iff tanh y=x with y in (−1 ,+1) and x in (−∞,+∞)
−1

−1
f ( x )=tanh x : (−1 , 1 ) → (−∞, ∞ )

Domain: (−1 , 1 )
Range: (−∞ , ∞ )

b) Expression: show that

−1 1
tanh x = ln
2 1−x( )
1+ x

Proof
ⅇ x −ⅇ (− x )
start with y=tanh x=
ⅇ x + ⅇ (− x )
To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y .
1
x ( −x )
ⅇx−
ⅇ −ⅇ ⅇx
y= = ;
ⅇ x + ⅇ (− x ) ⅇ x + 1
ⅇx
1
2 z−
z z −1
Let ⅇ =z >0 => y=
x
1
=> y= 2 => (z ¿¿ 2+1) y=z 2−1 ¿ => z 2− y z 2− y−1=0
z+ z +1
z

The quadratic equation in z gives: z=± 1+ y

√ 1− y

Because z=e x > 0 => choose z=+ 1+ y

√ 1− y
x
∴ⅇ =
√ 1+ y
1− y √
=> x=ln ⁡( 1+ y )
1− y

Now, interchange x and y to obtain:

y=tanh−1 x=ln (√ 1−x )= 2 ln ( 1−x

1+ x 1 1+ x
)
1
tanh x = ln
−1
2
1+ x
1−x ( )
c) Derivative:
ⅆ −1 1
tanh x= ,|x|<1
ⅆx 1−x
2

4. The Inverse Hyperbolic Cotangent Function

9
 a) Definition:
The inverse hyperbolic cotangent function is defined as follows:
−1
y=coth x iff coth y=x with y in (−∞, 0)∪(0 , ∞) and x in (−∞, 0)∪(0 , ∞)
−1
f ( x )=coth x : (−∞ ,−1 ) ∪ ( 1 , ∞ ) →(−∞ , 0)∪ (0 , ∞ )

Domain: (−∞ ,−1 ) ∪ ( 1 , ∞ )

Range: (−∞ , 0)∪ (0 , ∞)

b) Expression: show that

1
coth−1 x= ln
2
x +1
x−1 ( )
Proof
ⅇx + ⅇ (− x )
Start with y=coth x= x
ⅇ − ⅇ(−x )
To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y .
1
x (− x )
ⅇx+
ⅇ +ⅇ ⅇx
y= = ;
ⅇ x −ⅇ (−x ) ⅇ x − 1
ⅇx
1
z+ 2
z z +1
Let ⅇ =z >0 z ≠ 1 , x ≠ 0 => y=
x
1
=> y= 2 => ( z ¿¿ 2−1) y=z 2+1 ¿ =>
z− z −1
z
2 2
z − y z + y +1=0

The quadratic equation in z gives: z=± y+1

√ y −1

Because z=e x > 0 => choose z=+ y +1

√ y−1
x
∴ⅇ =
√ y +1
y−1 √
=> x=ln ⁡( y+ 1 )
y−1

Now, interchange x and y to obtain:

y=coth−1 x =ln ( √ x−1 )= 2 ln ( x−1

x+ 1 1 x+ 1
)
1
coth x = ln
−1
2
x +1
x−1 ( )
c) Derivative:
ⅆ −1 1
coth x = ,|x|>1
ⅆx 1−x
2

5. The Inverse Hyperbolic Secant Function

10
 a) Definition:
the inverse hyperbolic secant function is defined as follows:
y=sech x iff with y in (0 , ∞) and x in ¿
−1
sech y=x
−1
f ( x )=sech x :¿ →(0 , ∞)

Domain: ¿
Range: (0 , ∞ )

b) Expression: show that sech−1 x=ln ( √ ) (

1
x
1
+ 2 −1 =ln
x
1+ √ 1−x 2
x )
Proof
2
start with y=sech x=
ⅇ + ⅇ (− x )
x

To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y .

2 2
y= = ;
x
ⅇ +ⅇ (− x )
x 1
ⅇ +
ⅇx
2
y= 2z
Let ⅇ =z >1 , x > 0 =>
x
1 => y= 2 => y z 2−2 z + y =0
z+ z +1
z

The quadratic equation in z gives: z= √

2
1± 1− y
y

1± √ 1− y 2
Because ⅇ =z >1 => choose z=
x
>1
y

1± √ 1− y 2
=> x=ln( 1 ± √1− y ¿ ) ¿
2
∴ⅇ x =
y y

Now, interchange x and y to obtain:

y=sech−1 x=ln ( 1+ √ 1−x 2

x ) sech−1 x=ln ( 1+ √1−x 2
x )
c) Derivative:
ⅆ −1 −1
sech x= ,0< x<1
ⅆx x √ 1−x
2

6. The Inverse Hyperbolic Cosecant Function

11
 a) Definition:
The inverse hyperbolic cosecant function is defined as follows:
y=csch x iff csch y=x with y in (−∞ , 0 ) ∪ ( 0 , ∞ ) x ∈(−∞ , 0)∪ (0 , ∞ )
−1

−1
f ( x )=csch x : (−∞ ,0 ) ∪ ( 0 , ∞ ) →(−∞ , 0)∪(0 , ∞)

Domain: (−∞ , 0 ) ∪ ( 0 , ∞ )
Range: (−∞, 0)∪(0 , ∞)
b) Expression: show that −1
csch x=¿ ln ¿ ¿ ¿

Proof
2
start with y=csch x=
ⅇ −ⅇ (−x )
x

To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y .

2 2
y= = ;
x
ⅇ −ⅇ ( −x )
1
ⅇx−
ⅇx
2
y= 2z
Let ⅇ =z >1 , x > 0 =>
x
1 => y= 2 => y z 2−2 z− y=0
z− z −1
z

The quadratic equation in z gives: z= √

2
1± 1+ y
y

1+ √ 1+ y 2 1 √ 1+ y 2
z= = + > 0if y> 0
y y y

1−√ 1+ y 2 1 √ 1+ y 2 1 √ 1+ y 2
> 0 if y <0=¿ z = + √
1 1+ y 2
z= = − = +
y y y y −y y ¿ y∨¿ ¿

∴ⅇ x = + √
1 1+ y 2
=> x=ln ⁡¿
y ¿ y∨¿ ¿

Now, interchange x and y to obtain: y=csch−1 x=ln¿ ¿

c) Derivative:
ⅆ −1 −1 −1
csch x=ln ¿ ¿
csch x= , x≠0
ⅆx |x| √1+ x 2

Resource: [IV]

3. Proving Integration Formulas

3.16_ prove: ∫ sinh u ⅆu =cosh u+C
12
 ⅇ u−ⅇ (−u )
Using the definition of sinh u : sinh u=
2

ⅇu− ⅇ(−u)
∫ sinh u du=∫ 2
du

1 1
¿
2
∫ ⅇu ⅆu− ∫ ⅇ (−u ) ⅆu
2
1 u 1
¿ ⅇ + ⅇ (−u )+ C
2 2

ⅇu + ⅇ (−u )
¿ +C
2

Which by definition
¿ cosh u+C

3.17_ prove: ∫ cosh u ⅆu =sinh u+C

ⅇu + ⅇ(−u)
Using the definition of cosh u : cosh u=
2

ⅇu + ⅇ(−u )
∫ cosh u ⅆu =∫ 2
ⅆu

1 1
¿
2
∫ ⅇu ⅆu + ∫ ⅇ(−u) ⅆu
2
1 u 1
¿ ⅇ − ⅇ(−u) +C
2 2

ⅇu− ⅇ(−u)
¿ +C
2

Which by definition
¿ sinh u+C

3.18_ prove: ∫ ⅆu
√ a −u
2 2
=sin−1 ( ua )+C
In the integral
ⅆu
∫
√ a2−u 2
13

Figure 4. Useful trigonometric

substitution triangle angle
We will substitute

u=a sin θ ,
−1 u
du=a cos θ dθ , θ=sin a ()
After that,
ⅆu a cos θ dθ
∫ =¿∫ ¿
√ a −u
2 2
√ a2−a2 sin2 θ
a cos θ dθ
¿∫
√ a ( 1−sin θ )
2 2

Now use the identity 2

cos θ=1−sin θ
2

a cos θ dθ
¿∫
√ a ( cos θ )
2 2

¿ ∫ dθ

¿ θ+C

¿ sin−1 ( ua )+C

3.19_ prove: ∫ du
a +u a
2 2
1
= tan−1
u
a
+C ()
In the integral

14

Figure 5. Useful trigonometric

 du
∫ a 2+u 2
We will substitute

u=a tan θ , du=a sec θ dθ ,

2
θ=tan−1 ( ua ) ,
After that,
2
∫ a 2du
+u
a sec θ dθ
2 ∫ 2
= 2 2
a + a tan θ
2
a sec θ dθ
¿∫ 2
¿
a ¿¿

Now use the identity 2 2

sec θ=1+tan θ
2
a sec θ dθ
¿∫ 2 2
a sec θ
dθ
¿∫
a
θ
¿ +C
a

1
¿ tan−1
a
u
a ()
+C

3.20_ prove: ∫ du
1 u
= sec −1 +C
u √ u −a a
2 a
2 ||
15
In the integral
du
∫
u √ u 2−a 2

We will substitute

||
u Figure 6. Useful trigonometric
u=a sec θ , du=a sec θ tanθ dθ , θ=sec −1 , substitution triangle angle
a
formula for sec θ .
After that,
du a sec θ tan θ dθ
∫ =¿ ∫ ¿
u √ u −a
2 2
asec θ √ a2 sec 2 θ−a2
tan θ dθ
¿∫ ¿
√¿ ¿ ¿

Then we will use the identity 2

tan θ=sec θ−1
2

tan θ dθ
¿∫
√ a2 tan2 θ
tan θ dθ
¿∫
a tan θ

dθ
¿∫
a

θ
¿ +C
a

θ
¿ +C
a

1 u
¿ sec−1 +C
a a ||

3.21_ prove: ∫ du
√ a +u
2 2
=sinh−1
u
a()
+C

In the integral

16

Figure 7. Useful trigonometric

 du
∫
√ a2 +u2
We will substitute

u=a sinh θ , du=a cosh θ dθ , θ=sinh

−1
( ua )
After that,
du a cosh θ dθ
∫ =∫
√ a +u
2 2
√ a2 + a2 sinh2 θ
a cosh θ dθ
¿∫ ¿
√ a2 ¿ ¿¿
Then we will use the identity 2
cosh θ=¿ 1+sinh θ ¿
2

a cosh θ dθ
¿∫
√ a2 cosh 2 θ
a cosh θ dθ
¿∫
a cosh θ

¿ ∫ dθ

¿ θ+C

¿ sinh−1 ( ua )+C

3.22_ prove: ∫ du
√ u −a
2 2
=cosh−1 ( ua )+C
In the integral
du
∫
√ u2−a 2
17
We will substitute
Figure 8. Useful trigonometric
u=a cosh θ , du=a sinh θ dθ , θ=cosh
−1
()
u
a
substitution triangle angle
formula for cosh θ .
After that,
du a sinhθ dθ
∫ =∫
√ u −a
2 2
√ a2 cosh 2 θ−a 2
a sinh θ dθ
¿∫ ¿
√¿¿¿

Then we will use the identity 2

sinh θ=¿ cosh θ−1¿
2

a sinh θ dθ
¿∫
√ a2 sinh 2 θ
a sinh θ dθ
¿∫
a sinh θ

¿ ∫ dθ

¿ θ+C

¿ cosh −1 ( ua )+C

4. Conclusion
The hyperbolic functions are formed by taking combinations of the two exponential
functions e x and e (−x) .The hyperbolic functions simplify many mathematical expressions and
they are important in applications. For instance, they are used in problems such as computing
the tension in a cable suspended by its two ends, as in an electric transmission line. They also
play an important role in finding solutions to differential equations. In this report, we gave a
brief introduction to hyperbolic functions, their graphs, how their derivatives are calculated.

18
Just as the inverse trigonometric functions are useful in certain integrations, the inverse
hyperbolic functions are useful with others.
Because the hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of exponential functions, their inverses
can be expressed in terms of logarithms, in the report we have shown the definition,
expression and the derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions.

5. List of References

I. Introduction to Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions. [online] Available at:

spot.pcc.edu
II. Definition and identities of the Hyperbolic Functions. [online] Available at:
www.whiteman.edu
III. Derivatives of the Hyperbolic Functions. [online] Available at:
www.math24.net
19
 IV. Definition, expression and the derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions.
rfrith.uaa.alaska.edu
V. Short review of Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions. [online] Available at:
sites.und.edu
VI. A short article about Hyperbolic Functions. [online] Available at:
ceng.tu.edu.iq
VII. Identities for Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions. [online] Available at:
hepweb.ucsd.edu
VIII. Trigonometric substitution rules and examples with Trigonometric substitution
triangles. [online] Available at: www.math.ucdavis.edu

20