Scribd
Upload
36 views9 pages

Module 015 Mathematical Systems

The document discusses modular arithmetic and how it works. It defines congruence modulo n and explains arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication in modular arithmetic. It also covers solving congruence equations and finding additive and multiplicative inverses in modular systems.

Uploaded by

mari christene drew Orbe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views9 pages

Module 015 Mathematical Systems

The document discusses modular arithmetic and how it works. It defines congruence modulo n and explains arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication in modular arithmetic. It also covers solving congruence equations and finding additive and multiplicative inverses in modular systems.

Uploaded by

mari christene drew Orbe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Imelda B. Antonio
Mary Hope H. Gravoso
MATHEMATICAL SYSTEMS
At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify different mathematical systems


2. Understand modular arithmetic and how it works
3. Perform operations in modular arithmetic and solve congruence equations.
Modular Arithmetic
• It is associated with clock arithmetic by determining time by using a 12 hour
basis.
• It can also be done with a 7 day a week period .Associating each day of the week
by numbers from 1 to 7.
• Time in the past and present can be determined by using modular arithmetic.
• Situations which form a pattern or cycle can be represented mathematically using
modular arithmetic or arithmetic modulo n
Congruent modulo n
𝑎−𝑏
Given two integers a and b ,we say that a≡b modulo n if is an integer where n is
𝑛
the modulus .

Ex. 29≡8 mod 3 is a true congruence since 29-8=21 and 21/3=7 and 7 is an integer
15≡4 mod 6 is not a true congruence since 15-4=11 and 11/6 is not an integer
Arithmetic Operations Modulo n
• To evaluate modular expressions using modulo n where n is a natural number, perform
arithmetic operations and then divide by the modulus n.
• The remainder upon dividing by the modulus is the answer.
Ex. Evaluate (23+18)mod 12 =1 since 23+18=61 and 61/12=5 remainder 1
• Adding the modulus n in modular arithmetic does not alter the equivalent value of the number.
Ex. 13≡6mod 7 adding 7 to 13 equals 20≡6 mod 7
• It is also possible to use negative numbers modulo n .
Ex -2≡ 5 mod 7
• Multiplication in modulo n is possible by multiplying the 2 numbers and the product be divided
by the modulus n, the remainder is the answer.
• Ex. (15 ⦁ 23) mod 11 = 4 since 15 x23= 345 and 345/11= 31 remainder 4
Solving Congruence Equations

• To solve congruence equations ,it is necessary to try out natural numbers less
than modulus. Once a solution is found other solutions can be obtained by
adding the modulus to it.
Ex. To solve 3x+5≡3 mod 4, x=2 is a solution since 3(2)+5≡3 mod 4 is
11≡3 mod 4, by adding 4 to 2 gives other solutions to this equation such as
6,10,14,….

• However not all congruence equations have a solution. There is no solution if no


whole number x less than the modulus would be a solution.
Additive and Multiplicative inverses
• To determine the additive inverse of a given modulo, Find a whole number
which when added to the number gives a sum equal to the modulus. Consider
only numbers less than the modulus.
Ex. 3 is the additive inverse of 5 in mod 8 since 3 +5=8 and (3+5)=0 mod 8

• To determine the multiplicative inverse ,try out numbers less than the modulus
giving a result equal to 1.
Ex. The multiplicative inverse of 5 is 3 in mod 7 since 5⦁3≡ 1mod 7
References and Supplementary Materials
1. Richard Aufmann ,Joanne Lockwood ,Richard Nation ,Daniel Clegg ,Susanna S.
Epp;2018;Mathematics in the Modern World;Manila ,Philippines;Rex
Bookstore,Inc
2. Susana S. Epp;2011;Discrete Mathematics:An Introduction to Mathematical
Reasoning;Brooks/Cole ;Cengage Learning

You might also like