Name:

Ahmed Mehmood Ch
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Roll Number:
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19011519-152
Batch:
BSCS-19 (C) i

Course Code:
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CS-463
Course Title:
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Numerical Computing i

Instructor’s Name:
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Mr. Yasam Ali

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Topic:
Assignment # 1 i i

Date:
15th May, 2023
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Department:
Computer Science i
Applications of Numerical Computing
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Numerical icomputing irefers ito ithe iuse iof imathematical ialgorithms iand imethods ito isolve
iproblems iin ivarious ifields. iThe iapplications iof inumerical icomputing iare ivast iand idiverse,

iranging ifrom iscientific iresearch iand iengineering ito ifinance, iimage iprocessing, imachine

ilearning, ioptimization, iand icryptography. iThis ipaper iexamines isome iof ithe imost icommon

iapplications iof inumerical icomputing iand itheir iimportance iin isolving ireal-world iproblems.

1) Scientific Research and Engineering

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Numerical icomputing iplays ia icrucial irole iin ivarious iscientific iand iengineering ifields, isuch ias
iphysics, ichemistry, ibiology, iand iaerospace iengineering. iScientists iand iengineers iuse

inumerical imethods ito isimulate iand ianalyse icomplex isystems, idesign iand ioptimize

iexperiments, iand isolve idifferential iequations. iFor iexample, iin ifluid idynamics, inumerical

icomputing iis iused ito isimulate iand ianalyse ifluid iflow iin icomplex isystems isuch ias iturbines iand

ijet iengines. iThe isimulations iare iused ito ioptimize ithe idesign iof ithese isystems, ireducing ifuel

iconsumption iand iincreasing iefficiency.

In ithe ifield iof istructural iengineering, inumerical icomputing iis iused ito ianalyse ithe ibehaviour iof
istructures iunder idifferent iloads iand iconditions. iEngineers iuse inumerical imethods ito imodel

iand isimulate ithe ibehaviour iof ibridges, ibuildings, iand iother istructures, ipredicting ithe ieffects iof

inatural idisasters isuch ias iearthquakes iand ihurricanes. iThe isimulations ihelp iengineers ito idesign

istructures ithat iare istrong, idurable, iand isafe.

2) Finance
Numerical icomputing iis iessential iin ifinance, iwhere iit iis iused ito icalculate icomplex ifinancial
imodels, isuch ias ioptions ipricing iand irisk imanagement, iand ito ianalyse iand ivisualize ilarge

idatasets ito imake ibetter iinvestment idecisions. iFor iexample, iin ioptions ipricing, inumerical

icomputing iis iused ito icalculate ithe ivalue iof ian ioption icontract ibased ion ithe iunderlying iasset's

iprice, ivolatility, iinterest irates, iand itime ito iexpiration. iThe imodels ihelp itraders iand iinvestors ito

imake iinformed idecisions iabout ibuying ior iselling ioptions.

In irisk imanagement, inumerical icomputing iis iused ito icalculate ithe irisk iassociated iwith
idifferent iinvestment iportfolios. iInvestors iuse inumerical imethods ito ianalyse iand ivisualize

ilarge idatasets iof ifinancial idata, isuch ias istock iprices iand iinterest irates, ito iidentify itrends iand

ipatterns ithat ican ihelp ithem imake ibetter iinvestment idecisions.

3) Image and Signal Processing

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Numerical icomputing iplays ia icrucial irole iin iimage iand isignal iprocessing, iwhere iit iis iused ito
iprocess iand ianalyse idigital iimages iand isignals, isuch ias iaudio iand ivideo idata. iIn iimage

iprocessing, inumerical imethods iare iused ito imanipulate idigital iimages, iremoving inoise,

ienhancing icontrast, iand iidentifying ifeatures iof iinterest. iThe imethods iare iused iin iapplications

isuch ias imedical iimaging, isurveillance, iand icomputer ivision.

In isignal iprocessing, inumerical imethods iare iused ito ianalyse iand imanipulate idigital isignals,
isuch ias iaudio iand ivideo idata. iThe imethods iare iused ito iremove inoise, iextract ifeatures, iand

icompress idata. iFor iexample, iin ispeech irecognition, inumerical icomputing iis iused ito ianalyse

iand iclassify ispeech isignals, iidentifying ithe ispoken iwords iand itranslating ithem iinto itext.

4) Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

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Numerical icomputing iis iessential iin imachine ilearning iand iartificial iintelligence, iwhere iit iis
iused ito idevelop iand itrain icomplex imodels, isuch ias ineural inetworks, iand ito ianalyse iand

ivisualize ilarge idatasets. iIn imachine ilearning, inumerical imethods iare iused ito idevelop

ialgorithms ithat ican ilearn ifrom idata iand imake ipredictions ior idecisions ibased ion ithat idata. iThe

imethods iare iused iin iapplications isuch ias iimage irecognition, inatural ilanguage iprocessing, iand

iautonomous ivehicles.

In iartificial iintelligence, inumerical imethods iare iused ito idevelop ialgorithms ithat ican ireason,
ilearn, iand isolve iproblems. iThe imethods iare iused iin iapplications isuch ias irobotics, iintelligent

iagents, iand iexpert isystems. iNumerical icomputing iis icrucial iin ideveloping ithese ialgorithms, ias

ithey ioften irequire ilarge iamounts iof idata iand icomplex imathematical imodels.

5) Cryptography
Cryptography iis ianother iimportant iapplication iof inumerical icomputing. iCryptography
iinvolves ithe iuse iof imathematical ialgorithms iand itechniques ito iensure ithe iconfidentiality,

iintegrity, iand iauthenticity iof iinformation. iCryptography iis iused iin imany iapplications,

iincluding isecure icommunication, iauthentication, iand idigital isignatures, iamong iothers.

Numerical icomputing iplays ia icrucial irole iin icryptography ibecause imany icryptographic
ialgorithms iare ibased ion icomplex imathematical iconcepts iand irequire ithe iuse iof inumerical

imethods ito iimplement ithem iefficiently iand iaccurately. iFor iexample, ipublic ikey icryptography,

iwhich iis iwidely iused ito isecure iinternet icommunications, iinvolves ithe iuse iof ilarge iprime

inumbers iand imodular iarithmetic, iwhich iare iimplemented iusing inumerical ialgorithms.

Numerical icomputing iis ialso iused iin icryptanalysis, iwhich iis ithe iscience iof ibreaking
icryptographic isystems. iCryptanalysis iinvolves ithe iuse iof imathematical ialgorithms iand

itechniques ito ianalyse ithe iweaknesses iof icryptographic isystems iand ito idevise iattacks ithat ican

ibreak ithem. iNumerical icomputing iis iused ito iimplement ithese ialgorithms iand ito iperform ithe

icomputations irequired ito ibreak ithe icryptographic isystems.

Examples iof icryptographic isystems ithat ican ibe iimplemented iusing inumerical icomputing
iinclude iRSA, iDiffie-Hellman ikey iexchange, ielliptic icurve icryptography, iand idigital

isignatures, iamong iothers. iCryptography iis ian iessential itool iin imodern icommunications iand iis

iused ito iprotect isensitive iinformation ifrom iunauthorized iaccess ior imodification.
 6) Optimization
Optimization iis ione iof ithe ikey iapplications iof inumerical icomputing. iOptimization iinvolves
ifinding ithe ibest isolution ito ia iproblem ithat isatisfies icertain iconstraints iand iobjectives. iIt iis iused

iin imany ifields, iincluding iengineering, ifinance, ilogistics, iand ioperations iresearch, iamong

iothers.

Numerical ioptimization iinvolves ithe iuse iof imathematical ialgorithms iand itechniques ito ifind
ithe ioptimal isolution ito ia iproblem. iThese ialgorithms ican irange ifrom isimple igradient-based

imethods ito imore icomplex ioptimization imethods, isuch ias inonlinear iprogramming, iinteger

iprogramming, iand istochastic ioptimization.

Numerical icomputing iplays ia icrucial irole iin ioptimization ibecause imany ioptimization
iproblems icannot ibe isolved ianalytically iand irequire ithe iuse iof inumerical imethods ito ifind ithe

ioptimal isolution. iNumerical icomputing iis iused ito iimplement ithese inumerical imethods iand ito

isolve ithe iresulting ioptimization iproblems iefficiently iand iaccurately.

Examples iof ioptimization iproblems ithat ican ibe isolved iusing inumerical icomputing iinclude
iportfolio ioptimization, isupply ichain ioptimization, ischeduling ioptimization, iand iresource

iallocation, iamong iothers. iOptimization iis ian iessential itool iin imany ifields iand iis iused ito

iimprove iefficiency, ireduce icosts, iand ienhance iperformance.

7) Simulation
Simulation iis ianother iimportant iapplication iof inumerical icomputing. iSimulation iinvolves ithe
iuse iof imathematical imodels iand inumerical imethods ito isimulate ithe ibehaviour iof ia isystem

iover itime. iSimulations iare iused iin imany ifields, iincluding iengineering, iphysics, ibiology,

ieconomics, iand isocial isciences, iamong iothers.

Numerical icomputing iplays ia icrucial irole iin isimulation ibecause imany isimulations iinvolve ithe
isolution iof icomplex imathematical iequations ithat icannot ibe isolved ianalytically iand irequire ithe

iuse iof inumerical imethods ito isimulate ithe ibehaviour iof ithe isystem iaccurately iand iefficiently.

iNumerical icomputing iis iused ito iimplement ithese inumerical imethods iand ito iperform ithe

icomputations irequired ito isimulate ithe ibehaviour iof ithe isystem.

Examples iof isimulations ithat ican ibe iperformed iusing inumerical icomputing iinclude iweather
imodelling, ifluid idynamics, istructural ianalysis, itraffic iflow, iand ieconomic imodelling, iamong

iothers. iSimulations iare iused ito istudy ithe ibehaviour iof isystems iunder idifferent iconditions iand

ito ipredict itheir ifuture ibehaviour. iSimulations iare ialso iused ito idesign iand ioptimize isystems iand

ito itest ithe ieffectiveness iof idifferent istrategies ior iinterventions.

In isummary, isimulation iis ian iimportant iapplication iof inumerical icomputing ithat iinvolves ithe
iuse iof imathematical imodels iand inumerical imethods ito isimulate ithe ibehaviour iof ia isystem

iover itime. iNumerical icomputing iplays ia icrucial irole iin isimulation ibecause iit iis iused ito

iimplement ithese inumerical imethods iand ito iperform ithe icomputations irequired ito isimulate ithe

ibehaviour iof ithe isystem iaccurately iand iefficiently.

 8) Statistical computing
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Statistical icomputing iis ianother iimportant iapplication iof inumerical icomputing. iStatistical
icomputing iinvolves ithe iuse iof inumerical imethods ito ianalyse iand iinterpret idata iand ito iperform

istatistical iinference. iStatistical icomputing iis iused iin imany ifields, iincluding isocial isciences,

ifinance, iengineering, iand imedical iresearch, iamong iothers.

Numerical icomputing iplays ia icrucial irole iin istatistical icomputing ibecause imany istatistical
imethods iinvolve ithe isolution iof icomplex imathematical iequations ithat icannot ibe isolved

ianalytically iand irequire ithe iuse iof inumerical imethods ito icompute istatistical imeasures

iaccurately iand iefficiently. iNumerical icomputing iis iused ito iimplement ithese inumerical

imethods iand ito iperform ithe icomputations irequired ito ianalyse iand iinterpret ithe idata.

Examples iof istatistical imethods ithat ican ibe iimplemented iusing inumerical icomputing iinclude
iregression ianalysis, ihypothesis itesting, iMonte iCarlo isimulation, iclustering, iand iprincipal

icomponent ianalysis, iamong iothers. iStatistical icomputing iis iused ito ianalyse iand iinterpret idata,

ito imake ipredictions, iand ito itest ihypotheses. iStatistical icomputing iis ialso iused ito idevelop

istatistical imodels iand ito ioptimize istatistical iprocedures.

In isummary, istatistical icomputing iis ian iimportant iapplication iof inumerical icomputing ithat
iinvolves ithe iuse iof inumerical imethods ito ianalyse iand iinterpret idata iand ito iperform istatistical

iinference. iNumerical icomputing iplays ia icrucial irole iin istatistical icomputing ibecause iit iis iused

ito iimplement ithese inumerical imethods iand ito iperform ithe icomputations irequired ito ianalyse

iand iinterpret ithe idata iaccurately iand iefficiently.