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1 Lecture MAT110 Sec 1 21 March

The document defines and provides examples of partial derivatives, which are derivatives of multivariable functions with respect to one variable while holding the other variables constant. It also covers implicit derivatives, mixed partial derivatives, and the chain rule for partial derivatives.

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65 views13 pages

1 Lecture MAT110 Sec 1 21 March

The document defines and provides examples of partial derivatives, which are derivatives of multivariable functions with respect to one variable while holding the other variables constant. It also covers implicit derivatives, mixed partial derivatives, and the chain rule for partial derivatives.

Uploaded by

suha27.wanderwoman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Partial Derivative

Definition: If z = f (x, y) and (x0, y0) is a point in the


domain f (x, y), then the partial derivative of f (x, y)
with respect to x at (x0, y0) is the derivative at x0 of
the function that results when y = y0 is held fixed and
x allowed to vary. This partial derivative is denoted by
∂f (x, y)
fx(x0, y0) or and is given by,
∂x x=x0 ,y=y0

d
fx(x0, y0) = [f (x, y0)]
dx x=x0
f (x0 + ∆x, y0) − f (x0, y0)
= lim
∆x→0 ∆x
If z = f (x, y) and (x0, y0) is a point in the domain
f (x, y), then the partial derivative of f (x, y) with re-
spect to y at (x0, y0) is the derivative at y0 of the func-
tion that results when x = x0 is held fixed and y allowed
to vary. This partial derivative is denoted by fy (x0, y0)
∂f (x, y)
or and is given by,
∂y x=x0 ,y=y0

d
fy (x0, y0) = [f (x0, y)]
dy y=y0
f (x0, y0 + ∆y) − f (x0, y0)
= lim
∆y→0 ∆y
Example: Let f (x, y) = 2x3y 2 + 2y + 4x, find fx(1, 3)
and fy (1, 3).
Example: Let f (x, y) = x2y + 5y 3.
a) Find the slope of the surface z = f (x, y) in the x-
direction at (1, −2).
b) Find the slope of the surface z = f (x, y) in the
y-direction at (1, −2).

 xy(x2 − y 2
, (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
Example: Let f (x, y) = 2
x +y 2
0, (x, y) = (0, 0)

Prove that fx(0, 0) and fy (0, 0) both exist.
Implicit Derivative
Explicit —– z = f (x, y)
Implicit —– f (x, y, z) = c

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9
Mix Derivative:

∂ 2f ∂ 2f
fxx = 2 , fyy = 2
∂x ∂y
∂ 3f ∂ 3f
fxxx = 3 , fyyy = 3
∂x ∂y
2
∂ f ∂ 3f
fxy = , fxxy =
∂y∂x ∂y∂x2
If the function is continuous then the mix derivatives
will be the same, ∂x∂y∂x∂y =⇒ ∂x2∂y 2

Example: Let f (x, y) = 4x2 − 2y + 7x4y 5. Find fxx,


fxy , fyy , fyx.
Chain Rule:
Theorem: If z = f (x, y), where x and y are both func-
tion of t and are differentiable and f (x, y) is a differen-
tiable function of x and y then,
dz ∂f dx ∂f dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
Example: If z = f (x, y) = x2ey , x(t) = t2 − 1, y(t) =
dz
sin t. Find .
dt
Theorem: If z = f (x, y), where f is differentiable func-
tion of x y and where x = x(s, t), y = y(s, t) both
have first order partial derivatives. Then we have,
∂z ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= +
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s
∂z ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= +
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t
Example: Suppose that z = f (x, y) where f (x, y) =
exy , x(u, v) = 3u sin v and y(u, v) = 4uv 2. Then find
∂z ∂z
the partial derivatives and .
∂u ∂v
Example: For a differential function f (x, y) with con-
tinuous second parial derivatives x = r cos θ, and y =
r sin θ then show that
i) fr = fx cos θ + fy sin θ
ii) fθ = −rfx sin θ + rfy cos θ
iii) frr = fxx cos2 θ + 2fxy cos θ sin θ + fyy sin2 θ
iv) fθθ = r2fxx sin2 θ −2r2fxy cos θ sin θ +r2fyy cos2 θ −
rfx cos θ − rfy sin θ

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