1. During an economic recession, many families face hard times financially.

Some studies observed

that more people stopped buying name brand products and started buying less expensive store
brand products instead. Data produced by a recent sample of 700 adults on whether they
usually buy store brand or name brand products are recorded in the following table.

More Often Buy

Name Brand Store Brand
Men 150 165
Women 160 225

Using the 1% significance level, can you reject the null hypothesis that the two attributes, gender
and buying name or store brand products, are independent? [8]

2. A university employment office wants to compare the time taken by graduates with three
different majors to find their first full-time job after graduation. The following table lists the time
(in days) taken to find their first full-time job after graduation for a random sample of eight
business majors, seven computer science majors, and six engineering majors who graduated.

Business Computer Engineering

136 156 126
162 113 151
135 124 163
180 128 146
148 144 178
127 147 134
176 120
144

At the 5% significance level, can you conclude that the mean time taken to find their first full-
time job for all graduates in these fields is the same? [12]
3. The owner of a small factory that produces working gloves is concerned about the high cost of
air conditioning in the summer but is afraid that keeping the temperature in the factory too high
will lower productivity. During the summer, he experiments with temperature settings from 68°F
to 81°F and measures each day’s productivity. The following table gives the temperature and the
number of pairs of gloves (in hundreds) produced on each of the 8 randomly selected days

Temperature (°F) 72 71 78 75 81 77 68 76
Pairs of gloves 37 37 32 36 33 35 39 34

a) Do the pairs of gloves produced depend on temperature, or does temperature depend on

pairs of gloves produced? Do you expect a positive or a negative relationship between these
two variables? [2]
b) Taking temperature as an independent variable and pairs of gloves produced as a dependent
variable, compute SS(xx), SS(yy), and SS(xy). [5]
c) Find the least squares regression line. [3]
d) Interpret the meaning of the values of a and b calculated in part c. [2]
2
e) Calculate r and r , and explain what they mean. [4]
f) Compute the standard deviation of errors. [1]
g) Predict the number of pairs of gloves produced when x = 74. [1]
h) Construct a 99% confidence interval for B. [4]
i) Test at the 5% significance level whether B is negative. [4]
j) Using α = 0.01 can you conclude that ρ is negative? [4]
Formula Sheet

Test of Independence

∑(𝑂−𝐸)2
𝜒2 = 𝑑𝑓 = (𝑅 − 1)(𝐶 − 1)
𝐸
One-Way ANOVA Test

𝑇12 𝑇22 𝑇32 (∑ 𝑥)2

𝑆𝑆𝐵 = ( + + + ⋯) −
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛
𝑇12 𝑇22 𝑇32
2
𝑆𝑆𝑊 = ∑ 𝑥 − ( + + + ⋯)
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3
𝑆𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑆𝑊
𝑀𝑆𝐵 = 𝑀𝑆𝑊 =
𝑘−1 𝑛−𝑘
𝑀𝑆𝐵
𝐹= 𝑑𝑓 = (𝑘 − 1, 𝑛 − 𝑘)
𝑀𝑆𝑊
Simple Linear Regression

(∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦)
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦 = ∑ 𝑥𝑦 −
𝑛
(∑ 𝑥)2
2
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = ∑𝑥 −
𝑛
(∑ 𝑦)22
𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = ∑𝑦 −
𝑛
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦
𝑏= 𝑎 = 𝑦̅ − 𝑏𝑥̅
𝑆𝑥𝑥

𝑆𝑦𝑦 −𝑏𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑒
𝑠𝑒 = √ 𝑠𝑏 =
𝑛−2 √𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
𝑏𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦
𝑟2 = 𝑟=
𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 √𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦

𝑏 ± 𝑡𝑠𝑏 The (1 – α)100% confidence interval for B

𝑏−𝐵
𝑡= Hypothesis test about B
𝑠𝑏

𝑛−2
𝑡 = 𝑟√ Hypothesis test about ρ
1−𝑟 2

𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 2
JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd 12/9/09 1:20 PM Page C21

Table V The t Distribution Table C21

Table V The t Distribution Table

The entries in this table give the critical values

of t for the specified number of degrees
of freedom and areas in the right tail.
0 t

Area in the Right Tail Under the t Distribution Curve

df .10 .05 .025 .01 .005 .001

1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 318.309

2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.327
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.215
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385
31 1.309 1.696 2.040 2.453 2.744 3.375
32 1.309 1.694 2.037 2.449 2.738 3.365
33 1.308 1.692 2.035 2.445 2.733 3.356
34 1.307 1.691 2.032 2.441 2.728 3.348
35 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.438 2.724 3.340
JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd 12/9/09 1:20 PM Page C22

C22 Appendix C Statistical Tables

Table V The t Distribution Table (continued)

Area in the Right Tail Under the t Distribution Curve

df .10 .05 .025 .01 .005 .001

36 1.306 1.688 2.028 2.434 2.719 3.333

37 1.305 1.687 2.026 2.431 2.715 3.326
38 1.304 1.686 2.024 2.429 2.712 3.319
39 1.304 1.685 2.023 2.426 2.708 3.313
40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307
41 1.303 1.683 2.020 2.421 2.701 3.301
42 1.302 1.682 2.018 2.418 2.698 3.296
43 1.302 1.681 2.017 2.416 2.695 3.291
44 1.301 1.680 2.015 2.414 2.692 3.286
45 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.412 2.690 3.281
46 1.300 1.679 2.013 2.410 2.687 3.277
47 1.300 1.678 2.012 2.408 2.685 3.273
48 1.299 1.677 2.011 2.407 2.682 3.269
49 1.299 1.677 2.010 2.405 2.680 3.265
50 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678 3.261
51 1.298 1.675 2.008 2.402 2.676 3.258
52 1.298 1.675 2.007 2.400 2.674 3.255
53 1.298 1.674 2.006 2.399 2.672 3.251
54 1.297 1.674 2.005 2.397 2.670 3.248
55 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.396 2.668 3.245
56 1.297 1.673 2.003 2.395 2.667 3.242
57 1.297 1.672 2.002 2.394 2.665 3.239
58 1.296 1.672 2.002 2.392 2.663 3.237
59 1.296 1.671 2.001 2.391 2.662 3.234
60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232
61 1.296 1.670 2.000 2.389 2.659 3.229
62 1.295 1.670 1.999 2.388 2.657 3.227
63 1.295 1.669 1.998 2.387 2.656 3.225
64 1.295 1.669 1.998 2.386 2.655 3.223
65 1.295 1.669 1.997 2.385 2.654 3.220
66 1.295 1.668 1.997 2.384 2.652 3.218
67 1.294 1.668 1.996 2.383 2.651 3.216
68 1.294 1.668 1.995 2.382 2.650 3.214
69 1.294 1.667 1.995 2.382 2.649 3.213
70 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648 3.211
71 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.380 2.647 3.209
72 1.293 1.666 1.993 2.379 2.646 3.207
73 1.293 1.666 1.993 2.379 2.645 3.206
74 1.293 1.666 1.993 2.378 2.644 3.204
75 1.293 1.665 1.992 2.377 2.643 3.202

⬁ 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090

JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd 12/9/09 1:20 PM Page C23

Table VI Chi-Square Distribution Table C23

Table VI Chi-Square Distribution Table

The entries in this table give the critical values of ␹ 2 for the specified
number of degrees of freedom and areas in the right tail.
0 χ2

Area in the Right Tail Under the Chi-square Distribution Curve

df .995 .990 .975 .950 .900 .100 .050 .025 .010 .005

1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879
2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.041 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490
60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952
70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215
80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169
 Table VII The F Distribution Table

C24
The entries in this table give the critical values of F for .01 area .01
in the right tail under the F distribution curve and specified
degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator.
JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd

0 F

Degrees of Freedom for the Numerator

12/9/09

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 100

1 4052 5000 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022 6056 6083 6106 6157 6209 6240 6261 6287 6303 6334
2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.41 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.13 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.58 26.50 26.41 26.35 26.24
1:20 PM

4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.45 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.91 13.84 13.75 13.69 13.58
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.96 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.45 9.38 9.29 9.24 9.13
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.79 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.30 7.23 7.14 7.09 6.99
Page C24

7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.54 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.06 5.99 5.91 5.86 5.75
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.73 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.26 5.20 5.12 5.07 4.96
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.18 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.71 4.65 4.57 4.52 4.41
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.77 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.31 4.25 4.17 4.12 4.01
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.46 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.01 3.94 3.86 3.81 3.71
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.22 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.76 3.70 3.62 3.57 3.47
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 4.02 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.57 3.51 3.43 3.38 3.27
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.86 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.41 3.35 3.27 3.22 3.11
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.28 3.21 3.13 3.08 2.98
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.62 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.16 3.10 3.02 2.97 2.86
17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.52 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.07 3.00 2.92 2.87 2.76
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.23 3.08 2.98 2.92 2.84 2.78 2.68
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.36 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.91 2.84 2.76 2.71 2.60

Degrees of Freedom for the Denominator

20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.84 2.78 2.69 2.64 2.54
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.24 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.79 2.72 2.64 2.58 2.48
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.18 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.73 2.67 2.58 2.53 2.42
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.14 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.48 2.37
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.09 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.64 2.58 2.49 2.44 2.33
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 3.06 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.60 2.54 2.45 2.40 2.29
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.91 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.45 2.39 2.30 2.25 2.13
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.73 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.27 2.20 2.11 2.06 1.94
50 7.17 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.19 3.02 2.89 2.78 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.42 2.27 2.17 2.10 2.01 1.95 1.82
100 6.90 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.21 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59 2.50 2.43 2.37 2.22 2.07 1.97 1.89 1.80 1.74 1.60
 Table VII The F Distribution Table (continued)

The entries in this table give the critical values of F for .025 area .025
in the right tail under the F distribution curve and specified
JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd

degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator.

0 F

Degrees of Freedom for the Numerator

12/9/09

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 100

1 647.8 799.5 864.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3 968.6 973.0 976.7 984.9 993.1 998.1 1001 1006 1008 1013
1:20 PM

2 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46 39.47 39.48 39.49
3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.37 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08 14.04 14.01 13.96
4 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.61 6.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.79 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.50 8.46 8.41 8.38 8.32
5 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.57 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.27 6.23 6.18 6.14 6.08
Page C25

6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.41 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.11 5.07 5.01 4.98 4.92
7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.71 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.40 4.36 4.31 4.28 4.21
8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.24 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.94 3.89 3.84 3.81 3.74
9 7.21 5.72 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.91 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.60 3.56 3.51 3.47 3.40
10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.66 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.35 3.31 3.26 3.22 3.15
11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.47 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.16 3.12 3.06 3.03 2.96
12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.32 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.01 2.96 2.91 2.87 2.80
13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.20 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.88 2.84 2.78 2.74 2.67
14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.09 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.78 2.73 2.67 2.64 2.56
15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.69 2.64 2.59 2.55 2.47
16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.93 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.61 2.57 2.51 2.47 2.40
17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.87 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.55 2.50 2.44 2.41 2.33
18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.81 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.49 2.44 2.38 2.35 2.27
19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.76 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.44 2.39 2.33 2.30 2.22

Degrees of Freedom for the Denominator

20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.72 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.29 2.25 2.17
21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.68 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.25 2.21 2.13
22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.21 2.17 2.09
23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.18 2.14 2.06
24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.26 2.21 2.15 2.11 2.02
25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.56 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.23 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.00
30 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.12 2.07 2.01 1.97 1.88
40 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.29 2.18 2.07 1.99 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.74
50 5.34 3.97 3.39 3.05 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.46 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.22 2.11 1.99 1.92 1.87 1.80 1.75 1.66
100 5.18 3.83 3.25 2.92 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.32 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.08 1.97 1.85 1.77 1.71 1.64 1.59 1.48

C25
 Table VII The F Distribution Table (continued)

C26
The entries in this table give the critical values of F for .05 area .05
in the right tail under the F distribution curve and specified
degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator.
JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd

0 F

Degrees of Freedom for the Numerator

12/9/09

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 100

1 161.5 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 243.0 243.9 246.0 248.0 249.3 250.1 251.1 251.8 253.0
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.46 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.76 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.63 8.62 8.59 8.58 8.55
1:20 PM

4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.94 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.70 5.66
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.70 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.52 4.50 4.46 4.44 4.41
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.03 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.83 3.81 3.77 3.75 3.71
Page C26

7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.40 3.38 3.34 3.32 3.27
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.11 3.08 3.04 3.02 2.97
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.89 2.86 2.83 2.80 2.76
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.66 2.64 2.59
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53 2.51 2.46
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.72 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.43 2.40 2.35
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.26
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.34 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.19
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.51 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.28 2.25 2.20 2.18 2.12
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.07
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.18 2.15 2.10 2.08 2.02
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.14 2.11 2.06 2.04 1.98
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 2.00 1.94

Degrees of Freedom for the Denominator

20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.07 2.04 1.99 1.97 1.91
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.28 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.88
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.26 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.02 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.85
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.24 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.88 1.82
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.16 2.03 1.97 1.94 1.89 1.86 1.80
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.84 1.78
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.76 1.70
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.78 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.59
50 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.07 2.03 1.99 1.95 1.87 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.63 1.60 1.52
100 3.94 3.09 2.70 2.46 2.31 2.19 2.10 2.03 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.77 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.48 1.39
 Table VII The F Distribution Table (continued)

The entries in this table give the critical values of F for .10 area .10
in the right tail under the F distribution curve and specified
JWCL216_appC_C1-C28.qxd

degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator.

0 F

Degrees of Freedom for the Numerator

12/9/09

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 100

1 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19 60.47 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.05 62.26 62.53 62.69 63.01
2 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.48
1:20 PM

3 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.22 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.17 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.14
4 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.91 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.80 3.80 3.78
5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.28 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.15 3.13
Page C27

6 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.92 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.81 2.80 2.78 2.77 2.75
7 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.50
8 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.32
9 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.19
10 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.17 2.16 2.13 2.12 2.09
11 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.04 2.01
12 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.94
13 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.12 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.92 1.88
14 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.07 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.83
15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.83 1.79
16 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.76
17 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.83 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73
18 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.78 1.75 1.74 1.70
19 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.67

Degrees of Freedom for the Denominator

20 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.71 1.69 1.65
21 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.63
22 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.65 1.61
23 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.71 1.69 1.66 1.64 1.59
24 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.58
25 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.56
30 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.61 1.57 1.55 1.51
40 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.43
50 2.81 2.41 2.20 2.06 1.97 1.90 1.84 1.80 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.68 1.63 1.57 1.53 1.50 1.46 1.44 1.39
100 2.76 2.36 2.14 2.00 1.91 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.66 1.64 1.61 1.56 1.49 1.45 1.42 1.38 1.35 1.29

C27