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) Machine Language Part 2

The document discusses input/output handling in Hack machine language at both high and low levels. It describes memory mapped output and input, including screen and keyboard memory maps. It provides examples of assembler instructions for basic operations, branching, and terminating programs.

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Jothika
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15 views23 pages

) Machine Language Part 2

The document discusses input/output handling in Hack machine language at both high and low levels. It describes memory mapped output and input, including screen and keyboard memory maps. It provides examples of assembler instructions for basic operations, branching, and terminating programs.

Uploaded by

Jothika
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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22AIE113

Elements of Computing Systems-2


Hack Machine Language

Ms. Sreelakshmi K, Assistant Professor


Center for Computational Engineering and Networking (CEN)
Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore
Acknowledgment: Prof. Noam Nisan, Prof. Shimon Schocken
A typical HACK program

Observations:

• Hack program: a sequence of Hack instructions

• White space is permitted

• Comments are welcome

5-Feb-24 22AIE113|EOC-2|B.TECH CSE (AI)|CEN|Ms.Sreelakshmi 2


Input / output

I/O handling (high-level):


Software libraries enabling text, graphics, audio, video, etc.

I/O handling (low-level):


Bits manipulation.
22AIE102|CEN 3
Memory mapped output

Memory mapped output

A designated memory area, dedicated to manage a display unit

The physical display is continuously refreshed from the memory map,


many times per second

Output is effected by writing code that manipulates the screen memory map

22AIE102|CEN 4
Screen memory map

To set pixel (row,col) on/off:

22AIE102|CEN 5
DEMO of Screen memory map in Hardware
Simulator

22AIE102|CEN 6
Memory mapped input

The physical keyboard is associated with a keyboard memory map.

22AIE102|CEN 7
When a key is pressed on the keyboard, the key’s scan code appears in
the keyboard memory map

 When no key is pressed, the resulting code is 0.

22AIE102|CEN 8
The Hack character set

22AIE102|CEN 9
Handling the keyboard
To check which key is currently pressed:
• Probe the contents of the Keyboard chip
• In the Hack computer: probe the contents of
RAM[24576].

22AIE102|CEN 10
DEMO of Keyboard memory map in Hardware
Simulator

22AIE102|CEN 11
Hack assembly language (overview)

22AIE102|CEN 12
Hack Programming
• Working with registers and memory
• Branching
• Variables
• Iteration
• Pointers
• input/output

22AIE102|CEN 13
Registers and memory

22AIE102|CEN 14
Typical operations

22AIE102|CEN 15
Program example: add two numbers

Implicit line
numbers

22AIE102|CEN 16
Program example: add two numbers

22AIE102|CEN 17
Terminating a program

22AIE102|CEN 18
Terminating a program

NOP slide
22AIE102|CEN 19
Terminating a program

22AIE102|CEN 20
Built-in symbols
• The Hack assembly language features built-in symbols:

These symbols can be used to denote “virtual registers”

• Example: suppose we wish to use RAM[5] to represent some variable,


say x, and we wish to let x=7

21
Built-in symbols
• The Hack assembly language features built-in symbols:

• SCREEN and KBD : base addresses of I/O memory maps


• Remaining symbols: used in the implementation of the Hack virtual machine

22
Thank You

22AIE102|CEN 23

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