Tutorial Exergy 8-15 The electric power needs of a community are to be met by windmills with 10-m-diameter rotors.

The windmills are to be located where the wind is blowing steadily at an average velocity of 8 m/s. Determine the minimum number of windmills that need to be installed if the required power output is 600 kW. (26 windmills) 8-16 One method of meeting the extra electric power demand at peak periods is to pump some water from a large body of water (such as a lake) to a water reservoir at a higher elevation at times of low demand and to generate electricity at times of high demand by letting this water run down and rotate a turbine (i.e., convert the electric energy to potential energy and then back to electric energy). For energy storage capacity of 5x106 kWh, determine the minimum amount of water that needs to be stored at an average elevation (relative to the ground level) of 75 m. (2.45x1010 kg) 8-17 Consider a thermal energy reservoir at 1500 K that can supply heat at a rate of 150,000 kJ/h. Determine the exergy of this supplied energy, assuming an environmental temperature of 25C. (33.4 kW) 8-18 A heat engine receives heat from a source at 1500 K at a rate of 700 kJ/s, and it rejects the waste heat to a medium at 320 K. The measured power output of the heat engine is 320 kW, and the environment temperature is 25C. Determine (a) the reversible power, (b) the rate of irreversibility, and (c) the second-law efficiency of this heat engine. ((a) 550.7 kW, (b) 230.7 kW, (c) 58.1%) 8-20 How much of the 100 kJ of thermal energy at 800 K can be converted to useful work? Assume the environment to be at 25C. (62.75 kJ) 8-21 A heat engine that receives heat from a furnace at 1200C and rejects waste heat to a river at 20C has a thermal efficiency of 40%. Determine the second-law efficiency of this power plant. (49.9%) 8-22 A house that is losing heat at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to 15C is to be heated by electric resistance heaters. If the house is to be maintained at 22C at all times, determine the reversible work input for this process and the irreversibility. (0.53 kW, 21.69 kW) 8-23 A freezer is maintained at -7C by removing heat from it at a rate of 80 kJ/min. The power input to the freezer is 0.50 kW, and the surrounding air is at 25C. Determine (a) the reversible power, (b) the irreversibility, and (c) the second-law efficiency of this freezer. ((a) 0.16 kW; (b) 0.34 kW; (c) 32.0%) 8-25 A geothermal power plant use geothermal liquid water at 160oC at rate of 440 kg/s as the heat source, and produces 14 MW of net power in an environment at 25oC. If 18.5 MW of exergy entering the plant with the geothermal water is destructed within the plant, determine (a) the exergy of the geothermal water entering the plant, (b) the second-law efficiency, and (c) the exergy of the heat rejected from the plant. ((a) 44.53; (b) 0.314; (c) 12.03 MW) 8-28 Air is expanded in an adiabatic closed system from 1000 kPa and 37oC to 100 kPa with an isentropic expansion efficiency of 95%. What is the second-law efficiency of the expansion? Take To = 25oC and Po = 100 kPa. (0.823)

8-29 Which is more valuable resource for work production in a closed system: 0.3 m3 of air at 700 kPa and 150oC or 0.6 m3 of helium at 550 kPa and 95oC? Take To = 25oC and Po = 100 kPa. (144 kJ; 202 kJ) 8-31 A piston-cylinder device initially contains 2 L of air at 100 kPa and 25C. Air is now compressed to a final state of 600 kPa and 150C. The useful work input is 1.2 kJ. Assuming the surroundings are at 100 kPa and 25C, determine (a) the exergy of the air at the initial and the final states, (b) the minimum work that must be supplied to accomplish this compression process, and (c) the second-law efficiency of this process. ((a) 0, 0.171 kJ; (b) 0.171 kJ; (c) 14.3%) 8-32 A piston-cylinder device contains 5 kg of refrigerant-134a at 0.7 MPa and 60C. The refrigerant is now cooled at constant pressure until it exists as a liquid at 24C. If the surroundings are at 100 kPa and 24C, determine (a) the exergy of the refrigerant at the initial and the final states and (b) the exergy destroyed during this process. ((a) 125.1 kJ; 208.6 kJ; (b) 18.6 kJ) 8-52 Air is compressed steadily by an 8-kW compressor from 100 kPa and 17C to 600 kPa and 167C at a rate of 2.1 kg/min. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, determine (a) the increase in the exergy of the air and (b) the rate of exergy destroyed during this process. Assume the surroundings to be at 17C. (178.6 kJ/kg; 6.25 kW;1.75 kW) 8-54 An adiabatic turbine operates with air entering at 550 kPa, 425 K and 150 m/s and leaving at 110 kPa, 325 K and 50 m/s. Determine the actual and maximum work production for this turbine, in kJ/kg. Why the maximum and actual works are not the same? Take To = 25oC. (111.1 kJ/kg; 167.9 kJ/kg) 8-55 The adiabatic compressor of a refrigeration system compresses R-134a from saturated vapor at 160 kPa to 800 kPa and 50oC. What is the minimum power required by this compressor when its mass flow rate is 0.1 kg/s? Take To = 25oC. (3.42 kW) 8-56 An adiabatic steam diffuser has steam entering at 500 kPa, 200oC and 30 m/s and leaving as a saturated vapor at 200 m/s. Calculate the second-law efficiency of the diffuser. Take To = 25oC. (88.4%) 8-74 Steam is usually accelerated in the nozzle of a turbine before it strikes the turbine blades. Steam enters an adiabatic nozzle at 7 MPa and 500C with a velocity of 70 m/s and exits at 5 MPa and 450C. Assuming the surroundings to be at 25C, determine (a) the exit velocity of the steam, (b) the isentropic efficiency, and (c) the exergy destroyed within the nozzle. (439.6 m/s; 86.4%; 6.28 kJ/kg) 8-76 Liquid water at 200 kPa and 20C is heated in a chamber by mixing it with superheated steam at 200 kPa and 300C. Liquid water enters the mixing chamber at a rate of 2.5 kg/s, and the chamber is estimated to lose heat to the surrounding air at 25C at a rate of 600 kJ/min. If the mixture leaves the mixing chamber at 200 kPa and 60C, determine (a) the mass flow. rate of the superheated steam and (b) the wasted work potential during this mixing process. (0.148 kg/s; 96.4 kW) 8-87 Steam enters a turbine at 12 MPa, 550oC and 60 m/s and leaves at 20 kPa and 130 m/s with a moisture content of 5%. The turbine is not adequately insulated and it estimated the heat is lost from the turbine at a rate of 150 kW. The power output of the turbine is 2.5 MW. Assuming the surroundings to be at 25oC, determine (a) the reversible power output of the turbine, (b) the exergy destroyed within the

turbine, and (c) the second-law efficiency of the turbine. (d) Also, estimate the possible increase in the power output of the turbine if the turbine were perfectly insulated. (3371 kW; 871 kW; 0.742; 41.2 kW)