Recent Development in Multidisciplinary Science and Technological fields - Volume I

Chapter 3
Electric Vehicle Modeling and Simulation Using MATLAB
SIMULINK
Selvamuthukumar M a*, D.Vinay Kumar b, Lokesh Madineni a
aAssistant Professor, Department of Applied Engineering, Vignan's Foundation for Science,
Technology and Research, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
bAssociateProfessor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vignan's Foundation for Science,
Technology and Research, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract:

In this design, we design the electric vehicle model by using MATLAB SIMULINK
tool blocks. Conventional vehicles give good performance and long range. But due to
low energy frugality and exhaust gas emigrations causing environmental pollution,
interest in electric vehicles is adding. The range of electric vehicles is short and they
cannot reach high speed. Longer-distance vehicles are being produced as electric
motor and battery technology advances. Thus, the performance of these vehicles can
be optimized by opting for the motors and batteries depending on the region and the
drive cycle. The dynamic model of an electric car was constructed utilizing MATLAB
SIMULINK in this study. The energy consumption values of the electric vehicle and
their range were determined for drive cycles similar to WLTP, NEDC, and HWFET.
The factors of the Battery electric vehicle (BEV) frame were bandied then, and that
model was dissembled on MATLAB SIMULINK and also the affiliated factors
associated with the electrical systems.

Keywords: Electric vehicle, MATLAB SIMULINK, Simulation, Drive Cycles.

1. Introduction

Energy conservation is one of the most pressing issues confronting the world's climate.
The global energy climate is also under threat. No one correctly predicts the future of
energy; we believe that transportation will play a significant role in saving future
energy. EVs are currently products of technological innovation that have contributed
to making our lives easier and safer. EVs not only consume energy, but they also
generate, store, and transport it. As a result, they are an excellent fuel vehicle option.
The recent growth of hybrid and electric vehicles is strongly related to the need for
highly efficient machines able to meet the most recent pollutant emissions regulations.
In the automotive industry, electric propulsion is now a mature technology that is

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 M. Selvamuthukumar et al., 2023,
Electric Vehicle Modeling and Simulation Using MATLAB SIMULINK

already available on the market and capable of meeting pollutant emission regulations
based on the most recent testing process. In recent days, Electric vehicles represent the
most viable alternative to the IC engines. Batteries can perform differently depending
on the operating temperature, actual capacity, and aging state [1].

The MATLAB/Simulink software, which is capable of modeling complete EV

powertrains at various levels of fidelity and detail, has proven to be an invaluable
modeling platform. This software features a variety of shipped sample models for
simulation of pure battery electric as well as hybrid electric vehicles of different
configurations and types. The MATLAB/Simulink platform supports many add-ons
which have been used in vehicle modeling, such as Super systems and SimDriveline,
Advisor Sims cape, Powertrain Block set, etc. For vehicle modeling, Simulink supports
an equation-based, data-driven, and physical modeling approach. Simulink also
supports hardware testing and deployment code generation, testing and analysis
frameworks for test case management, and report generation. The literature contains
numerous studies of MATLAB/Simulink models. However, methodologies for
validating these models in a research set within a real-world environment have not
been adequately addressed in the existing literature [2-5].

1.1. Block Diagram of Proposed Model:

It consists the following main blocks, 1.)Vehicle body, 2.)DC Motor, 3.)Power
converter, 4.)Battery, 5.)Drive controller, 6.)Drive cycle

Figure 1: Block diagram of the proposed model

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Recent Development in Multidisciplinary Science and Technological fields - Volume I

2. Tool Blocks Used

Vehicle Body: The Vehicle Body block represents a straight-line moving two-axle vehicle
body. For example, two front axle wheels and one rear axle wheel. For example, two front
axle wheels and one rear axle wheel. The block considers body mass, aerodynamic drag,
road incline, and weight distribution between axles due to acceleration and road profile.
Optionally include pitch and suspension dynamics. The vehicle's axles are parallel and
form a plane. The longitudinal direction, x, is perpendicular to the axles and lies in this
plane. If the vehicle is traveling on an inclined slope, the normal, z, direction is never
parallel to gravity but always perpendicular to the axle-longitudinal plane [6-8].

 The vehicle motion is a result of the net effect of all the forces and torques acting
on it.
 The weight mg of the vehicle acts through its center of gravity (CG).

mVx ̇ = Fx - Fd -mg ∗ sin β

Fx = n(Fxf + Fxr)

Fd = ½*CdρA(Vx + Vw) 2 ∙ sgn(Vx + Vw)

 The normal force on each front and rear wheel.

Fzf ̇
= −h(Fd+mg sin β+mV x)+b∙mg cos β
n(a+b)
Fzr ̇
= +h(Fd+mg sin β+mV x)+a∙mg cos β
n(a+b)

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 M. Selvamuthukumar et al., 2023,
Electric Vehicle Modeling and Simulation Using MATLAB SIMULINK

 Pitch acceleration depends on three torque components and the inertia of the
vehicle
a = (f∙h)+(Fz𝐹a)−(Fzrb)
J
Where:
ɑ is the pitch acceleration.
f is the longitudinal force.
h is the height of the center of gravity when measured parallel to the z-axis.
J is inertia.

Tire: The tire's longitudinal direction is the same as its motion as it rolls on the
pavement. Based on the Tire-Road Interaction (Magic Formula) block, this is a
structural component. You can specify tire compliance, inertia, and rolling resistance
to improve the fidelity of the tire model. These properties, however, add to the
complexity of the tire model and can slow down the simulation. If you are simulating
the model in real-time or preparing it for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation,
consider ignoring tire compliance and inertia.

DC Motor: The DC Motor block uses the following equivalent circuit model to
represent the electrical and torque characteristics of a DC motor. The resistor R is
equivalent to the resistance specified in the Armature resistance parameter. The
inductor L is equivalent to the inductance specified in the Armature inductance
parameter.
 The permanent magnets in the motor cause the armature to experience the
following back emf vb.
vb=kvω
where kv denotes the Back-emf constant and angular velocity motor produces the
following torque, which is proportional to the motor current I
TE=kt
Where, kt is the Torque constant

2.1 Power Controller:

The tool blocks in a DC motor power controller are (a) H-Bridge and (b) Controlled PWM
Voltage.

H-Bridge: The H-Bridge block represents an H-bridge motor driver. The block's
simulation mode options are as follows: 1) PWM, 2) Mean The H-Bridge block's output
is a controlled voltage determined by the input signal at the PWM port. When the
input signal exceeds the Enable threshold voltage parameter value, the H-Bridge block

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Recent Development in Multidisciplinary Science and Technological fields - Volume I

output is activated and has a value equal to the Output voltage amplitude parameter
value. The averaged model is the other mode. Smoothed and unsmoothed load
current characteristics are available in this mode. The Smoothed option assumes that
the current is nearly continuous due to load inductance.

Controlled PWM Voltage: A pulse-width modulated (PWM) voltage source is

represented by the Controlled PWM Voltage block. Select either electrical or physical
signal input ports in the Modeling option parameter. The block calculates the duty
cycle by using the reference voltage across its ref+ and ref- ports. You can directly
specify the duty cycle value by using an input physical signal port [9-10].

Drive Cycle: A standard or user-specified longitudinal drive cycle is generated by the

Drive Cycle Source block. The output of the block is the specified vehicle longitudinal
speed, which can be used to
 Estimate the engine torque and fuel consumption required by a vehicle to achieve
the desired speed and acceleration for a given gear shift reference.
 Create realistic velocity and shift references for vehicle control and plant models'
closed loop acceleration and braking commands.
 Study, tune, and optimize vehicle control, system performance, and system
robustness over multiple drive cycles.
 Identify the faults within tolerances specified by standardized tests, including EPA
dynamometer driving schedules

Battery: A high-fidelity battery model is represented by the Battery block. The block
computes no-load voltage as a function of charge level and includes several modelling
options. 1). Self-discharge, 2) Battery Fade, 3) Charge Dynamics, and 4) Charge
Dynamics Ageing by the calendar. The Battery (Table-Based) block has four modelling
variants, which can be accessed by right-clicking the block in your block diagram and
then selecting the appropriate option from the context menu, which can be found
under Simscape > Block choices. Uninstrumented Instrumented No thermal port,
Unistrumented show thermal port, Instrumented show thermal port. The
instrumented models have an additional physical signal port that outputs the internal
state of charge. Use this functionality to change load behaviour as a function of charge
state without having to build a charge state estimator. The fundamental battery model,
the self-discharge resistance RSD, the charge dynamics model, and the series
resistance R0 comprise the battery equivalent circuit [11].

Simple Gear: The Simple Gear block represents a gearbox that constrains the
connected driveline axes of the base gear, B, and follower gear, F, to corotate with a

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 M. Selvamuthukumar et al., 2023,
Electric Vehicle Modeling and Simulation Using MATLAB SIMULINK

specified fixed ratio. You can specify whether the follower axis rotates in the same
direction as the base axis or in the opposite direction. The angular velocity of the
follower, ꞷF, and the angular velocity of the base, ꞷB, have the same sign if they rotate
in the same direction. ꞷF and ꞷB have opposite signs if they rotate in opposite
directions. Backlash, faults, and thermal effects can be easily added and removed [12-
13].

 The kinematic constraint that the Simple Gear block imposes on the two connected
axes is
𝑟𝐹 𝜔𝐹 = 𝑟𝐵 𝜔𝐵
where:
rF is the radius of the follower gear.
ωF is the angular velocity of the follower gear.
rB is the radius of the base gear.
ωB is the angular velocity of the base gear.

3. Proposed Model

Figure 2: MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL of an Electric Vehicle

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Recent Development in Multidisciplinary Science and Technological fields - Volume I

3.1. Simulation Results

After designing and modeling the MATLAB SIMULINK was used to create an electric
vehicle. Some simulation has to be performed in order to assess the electric vehicle
battery capacity, range, speed, and time for acceleration and deceleration, idle time,
and cruise time. Also, according to the model, the main parameter is to plot the
difference in the rated speed of the vehicle and the actual speed of the vehicle by taking
feedback from the vehicle body [14].

 Simulation results of given input drive cycles are shown in figures A1 and A2.
 Simulation results of the PWM voltage signal are shown in Figures B1 and B2.
 Simulation results of the velocity of rated and actual velocity for a given input
drive cycle are shown in Figures C1, and C2

Figure 3: Extra Urban Drive Cycle

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 M. Selvamuthukumar et al., 2023,
Electric Vehicle Modeling and Simulation Using MATLAB SIMULINK

Figure 4: Japanese 10-15 Mode Driving Cycle

4. Conclusion

Modeling an electric vehicle system makes it simple to figure out how much battery
capacity an electric car with specified specifications needs to travel a certain distance.

 This model can be used to measure the performance of a vehicle throughout

the starting process or when running at a constant speed, as well as to estimate
how long the battery can be utilized.
 In this project, we model an Electric Vehicle while taking in to consideration its
all the basic system of vehicle body parameters, DC motor, H Bridge, PID
Controller, Driver Cycle input.
 We get the feedback input from vehicle body and we sorted it by using descret
PID controller.

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