VidyaJyothi Institute of Technology

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Acredited by NAAC, Permanently Afiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
An Autonomous Institution
Aziznagar Gate, ChilkurBalaji Road,
Hyderabad 500075, Telangana, India
www.vjit.ac.in
Department of Information Technology
Course file

Regulations
Batch
019-&013
Academic year
900-0a)
Programn
Course name
:JAVA PRoGRMMIG
Year/ Sem

Course Code
: A3Gs
Pre-Requisites
Ppe-4D
Course Coordinator
:D. Tavauthi
Index
 INDEX

S.NO.
ITEM DESCRIPTION
Course Information Sheet
2
Syllabus
3 Text Books, Reference Books, Web/Internet Resources

4 Time table

Program Educational Objectives(PEOS) and Program Outcomes(POs)

6 Program Specific Outcomes(PSOs)
Course Outcomes(COs)

8 Mapping of Course Outcomes, POs and PSOs

9 Course Schedule

10 Lecture Plan/Teaching Plan

11 Unit wise Date of Completion and Remarks

12 Assignment Questions
13 Unit wise Question Bank

14 Mid Question Papers

15 End Exam papers

16 Content Beyond Syllabus

17 Unit wise PPTs and lecture notes

18 CO Attainment - Direct and Indirect

19 Course end survey form

Syllabus
 JAVA PROGRAMMING
I Year B.Tech. IT II Sem
L T PC
3 0 0 0
Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course
student would be able to
I. Understand OOP
2.
concepts
to apply basic Java constructs.
Analyze different forms of inheritance and usage of
Exception Handling
3. Understand the different kinds of file
programs, and usage of Container classes
1/0,Multithreading incomplex Java
4. Contrast different GUI layouts and
5.
design GUI applications
Construct a full-fledged Java GUI
application, and Applet with database
connectivity
UNIT - I
Java Basies:
History of Java, Java buzzwords, data types, variables, scope and life time of variables,
arrays, operators, expressions, control statements, type conversion and casting, simple
java program
Fundamentals of Object Oriented Programming:
Object-Oriented Paradigm, Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming,
Applications of OOP. Concepts of classes, objects, constructors, methods, access
control, this keyword, garbage collection, overloading methods and constructors,
parameter passing, recursion, static keyword, nested and inner classes, Strings, Object
class.

UNIT - II

Inheritance & Polymorphism:

Introduction, Forms of Inheritance specialization, specification, construction,
extension, limitation, combination, Member access rules, super keyword, polymorphism-
method overriding, abstract classes, final keyword.
Interfaces and Packages:
Introduction to Interfaces, differences between abstract classes and interfaces, multiple
inheritance through interfaces, Creating and accessing a package, Understanding
CLASSPATH, importing packages.
Exception handling:
Concepts of exception handling, exception hierarchy, built in exceptions, usage of try,
catch, finally, throw, and throws, creating own exception sub classes.

UNIT III
Files:
Introduction to I/O Streams: Byte Streams, Character Streams. File 1/O.
Multi threading: Differences belween multi threading and multitasking, thread life cycle,
creating threads, thread
priorities, synchronizing inter thread
Java.uul package- Collection Interfaces: List,threads,
Map,
communicanon.
Set. The Collection classes
LinkedList, HashMap, TrecSet,
StringTokenizer, Date, Random,Scanne
UNIT - IV
AWT:
Classhierarchy, Component, Container, Panel, Window, Frame, GraphicS.
AWT controls:
Labels, Button, Serollbar, Text
Panes ScrollPane,
Components, Checkbox, CheckboxGroup, Choice, LIst,
Dialog and Menu Bar.
Event Handling:
Events, Event sources, Even classes, Event Listeners, Delegation event model, handling
mouse and keyboard cvents, Adapterclasses.
UNIT VV
Layout Manager:
Border, Grid, Flow, Card and Gridbag.
Applets:
Concepts of Applets, life cycle of an applet, creating applets, passing parameters
toapplets.
JDBC Connectivity:
JDBC Type 1 to 4 Drivers, connection establishment, Query Execution.
Text Books:
1. Java- the complete reference, Seventh edition, Herbert Schildt, Tata McGraw

Hill Reese,
2. Database Programming with JDBC & JAVA, Second Edition, George
O'Reilly Media.
Reference Books:
OXFORID Higher Education.
Programming in JAVA, Second Edition,
1.
Bruce Eckel
2. Thinking in Java Fourth Edition,
Y, Daniel Liang, Pearson Education.
3 Introduction to Java programming, Education.
with Java, updated edition, T. Budd, Pearson
4. Understanding OOP
Program Educational1
Objectives &
Program Outcomes
 Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology
(Afiliated to JNTUH)
AzimagarGate,C. B.Post. Hyderabad-500 075

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Program Educational Objectives

(PEOs)
PEOL: Core Capabilities / Competence: Impart profound knowledge in humanities
and basic sciences along with core engineering concepts for practical understanding
and project development.

PEO2: Career Advancement: Enrich analytical and industry based technical skills
through ICT for accomplishing research, higher education and entrepreneurship

PE03: Life-Long Learning: Infuse life-long learning, professional ethics, adaptation

to innovation and effective communication skills with a sense of social awareness.
 Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology
DPARTMENT OF INIORMATION TECIUNOLOGY

Progran Outeomes
PO
Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledgc of
engineering specialization to the solution of complexmathematics, science, cngincering fundamentals and an
engincering problems.
PO2 P'roblem Analysis: ldentify, Fomulatc, review rescarch literaturc, and
feaching substantiated conclusions using first analyze complcx engineering probiems
SCIences. principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering
PO3
Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex
cngincering problems and design system
components or
processes that meet the specitlied necds with
safcty and the cultural, sociclal and appropriate consideration for the public health and
environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct Investigations of Complex
problems: Usc rescarch-based knowledge and rescarch methods
including design of experiments,
analysis and interpretation of data and synthesis of the information to
valid conclusions. provide
PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, Select and
apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern engineering and
IT tools
including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.

PO6 The Engineer and

Society: Apply Reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues, and the consequent
practice.
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
PO7 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the
impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal
and environmental contexts and demonstrate
the knowledge of and need for sustainable development.

PO8 Ethies: Apply Ethical Principles and commit to

professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and Teamwork: Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams
and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex
engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large such as, being able to comprehend and with write
effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate

knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one's own work, as a
member and leader in a team to
projects and in multi disciplinary environments. manage

PO12 Life-Long Learning: Recognize the need lor and have the
preparation and ability to
engage in
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change. independent
Program Specific Outcomes
(PSOs)
 Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to JNTUH)
AziznagarGate,C.B.Post,Hyderabad-500 075
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Program Specific Outcomes

(PSOs)

PSO1: Enhanced ability in applying mathematical abstractions and

algorithmic design
along with programming tools to solve complexities involved in efficient
programming.
PSO2: Developed effective software skills and documentation ability for graduates to
become employable/ higher studies/ Entrepreneur/ Researcher.
Course Outcomes (Cos)
Course Outcomes:
Understand OOP concepts to apply basic Java constructs.
2. Analyze different forms of inheritance and usage of Exception Handling
3.Understand the different kinds of file 1/0, Multithreadingin complex Java programs,
and usage of Container classes
4 Contrast different GUI layouts and
design GUI applications
S. Construct a full-fledged Java GUl application, and Applet with database
connectivity
Mapping of Course Outcomes,
POs and PSOs
 Articulation matrix of Course outcomes with
Pos

PO1 PO2 PO3 P04 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 | PO11 PO12
CO1

CO2
3 3 3 2
CO3
3 2
3
C04
3 3 2
CO5
3 3 3
21 3

Articulation matrix of Course outeomes with PSOs

PSO1 PSO2

CO1

CO2

CO3
C04

CO5

Java Programming (R15)

-

Course File
 outcomes
with Pos
Articulation matrix of Course

PO12
PO11
PO8 PO9 PO10
PO3 P04 PO5 PO6 PO7 2
PO1 PO2
1 3
2 2
cOI 3 3 3 3 I3 1
2
CO2 3 3 33 2 2
2 13
C03 3 3 33
C04 333 33 2 2 1 2
CO5 333 33 2 T3

outcomes with PSOs

Articulation matrix of Course
PSO1
PSO2

3
CO1

CO2
3 3
CO3

3 3
CO4

3 3
CO5
Lecture Plan /Teaching Plan
 VIDYA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution)

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLoGY

Name
D.io0on Class: IB.Tech, IISEM

Subject: Java Programming

Lecture Actual Date

Topics to be Covered Suggested Books
Expected
Date
UNIT-I
Java Basics
LI History of Java, Java buzzwords TI(Chapter 1) 30/03/202130l0320
L2 Data types, variables, scope and life time 31/03/2021 06 042
of variables TI(Chapter 3)
L3 Arrays, operators, expressions, control
TI(Chapter 3, 5)06/04/2021 4
statements
Type conversion and casting, simple java 07/04/2021 qlul
L4 TI(Chapter 2, 3)
program
09/04/2021 nlu2
L5 Object-Oriented Paradigm TI(Chapter 2)
Basic Concepts of Object Oriented 12/04/2021 ul2
L6 TI(Chapter 1)
Programming- Objects and Classes
L7 Applications of OOPs TI(Chapter 1) 16/04/2021 194l/

L8
Concepts of classes, objects, constructors,
TI(Chapter 6) 19/04/2021 0/u
methods
L9
Access control, this keyword, garbage TI(Chapter 6) 20/04/2021 a3u
collection
L10
Overloading methods and constructors,
TI(Chapter 6) 23/04/202124 /u/
parameter passing, 26/04/2021
Recursion, nested and inner classes,
L11 TI Chapter 6)
Strings TI(Chapter8) 27/04/2021 9 /u ly
L12 Object Class

L13 Tutorial Class 28/04/2021304

UNIT-- II
Inheritance& Polymorphism
Introduction, Forms of inheritance-
L14 specialization, specification, construction, TI(Chapter8) 3o(ul o
extension
L15
Limitation, combination,
Member access
Ti(Chapter8) | s l
rules,super keyword
polymorphism- method overriding, TI(Chapter 8) 3lsy
L16
abstract classes, Final keyword
Interfaces and Packages ylsly
Introduction to Interfaces TI(Chapter 9) 7sl 7Shj
L17
abstract classes and

L18
Differences between TI(Chapter9) elsl l s l
interfaces
L19 Multiple inheritance through
interfaces TI(Chapter 9) 1lsu s Is
L20 Creating and Accessing a Package
TI(Chapter 9) 14 sly t
L21 Understanding CLASSPATH, import1ng TIChapter 9) 6 t15
packages
Exception handling

L22 Concepts of exception handling, exception TIChapter 10)

hierarchy lsy
TIChapter10) 18rl
L23 Built in exceptions, usage of try, catch,
finally, throw and throws
L24 Creating own exception sub classes TI(Chapter 10) 205hu 215 P
L25 Tutorial Class
UNIT-- III
Files
L25 Introduction to I/O Streams: Byte Streams TI(Chapter 19) 4/L 2 31
L26 Character Streams, File /O TIChapter 19) 46lL 162
Multi threading
Differences between multi threading and
L27
multitasking
TI(Chapter 11) 1t 24 2
L28 Thread life cycle TIChapter11) |164 / /
L29 Creating threads, thread priorities TI(Chapter11) 16y 76
L30 Synchronizing threads TI(Chapter11) |22y 191b/y
L31 Inter thread communication TI(Chapter 11) |218ly 2416ly
java.util Package
L32 The Collection Interface: List, Map, Set TI(Chapter 17) y 226/
The Collection class: LinkedList Class,
L33
HashMap Class, TreeSet Class Ti(Chapter 17) ly
L34 StringTokenizer, Date, Random, Scanner. TI(Chapter 18) all B|L
UNIT-- IV
AWT

L35 Class hierarchy TI(Chapter 23) lnlu |9/2

L36 Component, Container, Panel TI(Chapter 23) 2. 6
TI(Chapter 23) y
L37 Window
17
L38 Frame TI(Chapter23) 29(7 7y
L39 Graphics TI(Chapter 23) 36 (ly 2o7/
AWT controls

Labels, Button, Scrollbar, Text

L40 components
TI(Chapter 24) 3 y 9 7
LA1 CheckBox, CheckBoxGroup, Choice, List TIChapter 24) y 7yhla
L42 Pane- ScrollPane, Dialog, MenuBar T(Chapter 24) slgla ohl2/
L43 Programs on
AWT controls
TI(Chapter24) 6laly 8 h
 Programs on AWT controls
TIChapter24) y4y
Event Handling
L45 Events, Event sources, Event classes
L46 Event Listeners, Delegation event model
TIChapter22)lt sleu
TI(Chapter 22) Eu
L47 Handling mouse and keyboard events,
Adapter classes. TI(Chapter 22) lrly otleu
L48 Tutorial Class
TIChapter22)1 y u
UNIT-- V
Layout manager types -
Layout Managers
Border, Grid,
L49
Flow, Card and GridBag Layouts TI(Chapter 23)
Applets
L50 Concepts of Applets
Differences between applets and
TIChupter21)12thoal8ly
L51 TI(Chapter 21) 1ale_t(&/v
applications
L52 Life cycle of an applet, Create Applets TI(Chapter 21) 1 lel/ u&//
L53 Passing parameters to applets TI(Chapter 21) 1 128
JDBC Connectivity
L54 JDBC Type 1 to 4 Drivers 72(Chapter 3) lelyl /
L55
Connection establishment, Query
Execution, JDBC Programs
T2(Chapter 4) vlel
Unit wise Date of Completion
and Remarks
 o
Remarks:

Unit II
Date:

Remarks:

Unit-III

Date

Remarks
Co-pllaA
Unit-IV

Date:
3y
Remarks:

Unit V
Date
Remarks:
Copuls

Page 16
Course File
Programming (R19)
-

Java
Unit wise Assignment

Questions
 Blooms Taxonomy and Course
Levels of thinking
-

t Wise Assignments (With different

Outcomes)

concepts.
1
DIscuss the various characteristics of object oriented programming
(Level-2, CO-1)
conditional statements with an
2 EXplain about different loop control statements and
examples (Level-2, CO-1)
and with an
3 DIscuss about the features of constructors and constructor overloading

example (Level-2, CO-1)

Differentiate Character Streams and Byte Streams (Level-4, CO-2)

each of them in detail with an
2 List different types of inheritances in java? Explain
example program. (Level-1, CO-2)

class methods can be used to control the behavior|

1 Explain with an example how thread
ofa thread? (Level-2, CO-3)
communication in detail. (Level-2, CO-3)
Explain inter thread

events and mouse motion events. (Level-1, CO4)

Write a program to handle
mouse
1
with example (Level-1, CO-4)
What are different Layouts? Explain

C0-5)
Write a program to develop calculator (Level-1,

connection in JDBC. Explain. (Level-2, CO-5)

2 How to establish a

Page 17
Course File
Java Programming (R19)
-
Unit-V

What is JDBC? Explain different

types of JDBC drivers. (Level-2) (CO-5)
2 Write a Java program to
display message on the applet wherever mOuse click
the
occurs. (Level-4) (CO-5)

Write short note on following components.

(a) Label
b) TextField
(C) TextArea
(d) List
() Choice
(Button
() Checkbox
h) MenuBar

(Level-1) (C0-5)

Java Programming (R19) - Course File

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 Assignment
Ia java programm used to analyse student details using Abstract window
toolkit(AWT) (GUI)
import java.awt.*
class Assignment

Assignment()
Frame f
Label 11
=
Frame( "MY ASSIGNMENT");
new

Label 12
Label( "studentID: ")
=
new
new Label("password: ");
TextField t1 new TextField(26);
=

TextField t2 new TextField(26);

=

//t2.setEchoChar
Button b new
("*");
f.add(11)
Buttton("Login");
f.add(t1)
f.add(12)
f.add(t2)
f.add(b);

Label 13 =new Label("student_branch: ");

CheckboxGroup cg = new CheckboxGroup ();
Checkbox c1 new
Checkbox("IT",cg, true);
=

Checkbox c2 new Checkbox("CSE", Cg, false) ;

=

Checkbox c3 new Checkbox("ECE",

Checkbox c4
=
Cg, false);
new Checkbox( "EEE",
cg, false)5
Checkbox c5 new Checkbox( "MECH" ,cg, false);
Checkbox c6 =
new Checkbox( "AI", cg,false);
Checkbox c7 =new Checkbox("CIVIL", cg, false)
c1.setBounds (400,100, 50, 50);
c2.setBounds (500, 150, 100, 100);
c3.setBounds(600, 200, 150, 150);
c4.setBounds (700, 250, 200, 200);
c5.setBounds (800, 300, 250, 250);
c6.setBounds (900, 350, 300, 300);
c7.setBounds(1000,400, 350, 350);
f. add (13);
f.add(c1);
f.add(c2);
f.add(c3);
f.add(c4);
f.add(c5);
f.add(c6);
f. add(c7);

Label 17 new Label("Gender: ");

CheckboxGroup cg1 = new CheckboxGroup ();
Checkbox cbi = new Checkbox("male", cg1, true);
Checkbox cb2 = new Checkbox("female", cg1, false) ;
cb1.setBounds (900,450, 50, 50);
cb2.setBounds (1000, 500, 50, 50) ;
Page 1
 f.add(17): Assignment
f.add(cbi1);
f. add( cb2);

Label 14
List al=
new
Label("course enrol1l by student: ");
new List(7);
al.setBounds(600,550,50,5e);
a1.add("c");
al.add("C++");
a1.add("Python");
al.add("Java") ;
al.add("Machine learning");
al.add("Data Science");
a1.add("web devlopment");
f.add (14);
f.add(al);
Label 15 new
TextArea ta
Label("student Feedback: ");
new
=
TextArea(20, 10);
ta.setBounds (600, 600, 50, 50);
f. add (15):
f.add(ta);
f.setSize(400, 400) 5
f.setVisible (true)
f.setBackground(Color.gray);
f.setlayout (new FlowLayout ();

public static void main(String[] args)

ASsignment as new Assignment ()

Page 2
Unit wise Question Bank
 VIDYA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution)
Department of Information Technology
B.Tech, II Sem (R19)
Java Programming- Question Bank
Faculty: P. Lakshmi Sony Phone no: 9908545005

UNIT-I
Short Answer Questions

1. Explain briefly about history

of java.
2. Summarize standard Data types in JAVA.
3. What is a constant? Explain different types of constants.
4. What isa Variable? Describe scope and life time of variables.
5. Explain ragged arrays in JAVA
6. What is a byte code in JAVA?
7. Define type conversion.
8. What is type casting? Explain.
9. List OOP concepts
10. Distinguish between procedural language and OOP language
11. Define Encapsulation.
12. Define Inheritance.
13. Define Polymorphism.
14. List advantages and disadvantages of OOPs.
15. List the applications of OOPs.
16. Discuss Inner classes with necessary syntax
17. Define constructor. List the types of constructors
18. Discuss recursion with example.
19. List out the access control modifiers and explain in brief.
20. Define garbage collection with necessary syntax
21. Discuss static keyword for variables
22. Why we use finalize) method ?
23. Explain How to pass parameters with an example
24. What is Object class ? List the methods

Long Answer Questions

. Discuss the various characteristics of object oriented programming concepts.

of Java.
2. Explain the features (buzzwords)
with an example.
3. Explain the importance of "this* keyword
& Initialization of ID and 2D array with an
4. What is an Array? Explain Declaration
example
 26. Differentiate throw and throws with necessary syntax
27. Discuss the purpose of finally block.

Long Answer Questions

1. List different types of inheritances in java. Explain each ofthem in detail with an example
program.
2. Explain the Uses of "Super" keyword with example code.
3. Define dynamic binding. Explain with an example
4. Explain method overriding. Demonstrate with an example program.
5. Discuss in detail about creating and importing user defined packages with an example.
Also explain the advantages of packages.
6. What are various Member access rules? Explain with an example.
7. Define interface. Justify how interfaces support multiple inheritance.
8. Compare and contrastoveriding and overloading with an example program
9. Explain the following
a) finalkeywordb)finalize0 method e)finally block
10. What is "final" keyword? Explain final with inheritance
11. Explain exception hierarchy in detail.
12. Explain exception handling mechanism with all the key words. Give example program
13. Demonstrate creating user defined Exception with a program.

UNIT-III
Short Answer Questions
1. Define stream.List the standard 10 streams
2. Differentiate InputStrean and OutputStream
3. Differentiate ByteStream and Character Stream
4. Write a program to demonstrate console 10 operations.
5. Write the syntax and an example for different forms of read() operation
6. Write the syntax and an example for different forms of write() operation
7. List the mandatory methods to implement threads
8. Differentiate process and a thread.
9. List and explain thread states.
10. What are the different ways to create a thread?
11. List the methods for inter-thread communication
12. What are the pre defined thread priorities?
13. How threads are synchronized?
14. Explain about the alive() and join) methods.
15. List the Thread class methods.
16. Differentiate Thread class and Runnable interface for creating threads.
17. Define Collection Class and its framework.
 14. Differentiate MenuBar and Menultem write necessary syntax.
15. Define ScollPane. Write the syntax to create ScrollPane
16. Write the syntax to create Dialog box
17. Explain about Events, Event sources, Event classes
18. Differentiate Event Listeners and Event classes
19. List the methods of MouselListener interface
20. List the Methods of KeyListener interface
21. Explain ActionEvent Class
22. Define Adapter class with necessary syntax and an example
Long Answer Questions

1. Explain AWT class hierarchy

2. Write a program to create a Window using AWT
3. List the methods with necessary syntax to Draw and Fill Rectangle and an Arc using
Graphics object
4. Explain Delegation Event Model in java with an example
5. Write a program to demonstrate Mouse Events
6. Write a program to demonstrate Key Events
7. Explain ActionEvent class and ActionListener interface with an example program
8. Write a program to demonstrate MouseAdapter class.
9. Write a program to create TextArea with scrollbars
10. Write a program to display an Application Form using required AWT controls.

UNIT- V
Short Answer Questions

1. Define Layout manager with its uses.

2. List the various layouts in java
3. What is a Flow Layout? Write the necessary syntax
4. List the alignment constants of FlowLayout
5. Explain Grid Layout with its syntax.
6. Differentiate border layout and grid layout
7. List the constants of BorderLayout
8. Differentiate Grid and Gridbag Layout
9. List Gridbag Layout constraints
10. What is the purpose of card Layout? Write the necessary syntax for creating card layout.
11. Define Applet. List the life cycle methods of an Applet
12. What is the purpose of Appletviewer tool?
13. Explain the different approaches of running an applet
14. Why we use sparam >tag for an applet
15. Explain paint() method of an applet
Mid Question Papers
 of Technology (Autonomous)
Vidya Jyothi Institute
Approved By A.JC.T.E, New Delhi, Permanently
Afiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
(Acredited by NAAC & NBA, -500075)
(Aziz Nagar, C.B.Post, Hyderabacd

Il Year B.Tech II Semester Ist Mid Exam

Duration: 90Min
Branch: Marks: 20
Sub: Java Programming
Session:FN
Date: 18-02-2020
Course Outcomes:
1.Understand theObjectOrientedProgramming concepts.
2.Applythe concepts of package and interfaces.
3.Apply the concepts of Exceptions and mult ithreading.
4.Analyze GUl applications and AWT using Frames.
5.Design the programs using Applet and JDBC Concepts.
Bloom's Level:
Remember
Understand
Apply
Analyze
Evaluate
Create V
Course Bloom's
PART-A (3Qx2M =6Marks) Outcomes Marks
Level
CO PO
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
1.i) Define polymorphism . Listthe types
OR
ii) Declare and Intialize ID and 2DArrays
2.i) Differentiatethrow andthrows clause
OR]
) Define inheritance. Givesyntax and example_
3.1) List thethread states
[OR
ii) Differentiate process and thread 3 2
Course
PART-B (5+5+4=14 Marks) Bloom's
Outcomes Marks
Level
CO PO
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
4.i.a) Explain the Buzzwords of java

b) Differentiate break and continue statements with an example

OR]
costructor. Demonstarte constructor overloading 2.5
ii.a) Define
b) Explain Type casting and conversion with necessary syntax 2.5

.
Define interface. Multiple inheritance is supported through
1.a)
interfaces. justify.
b) Demonstrate multilevel inheritance with a program

OR
ii. Explain Exception Handling Mechanism 2
5
6.i)
Demonstrate creating a thread by Extending Thread class
3 4

[OR]
Explain Thread Priorities, write a program to set and get
ii) thread
priority of a
3 4
***VJIT(A)***

Controller of Exminations DIRECTOR

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 Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology
(A7iz
(Autonomous)
(Accrelted by NAAC & NIBA, Appraved By
A1CTE, Ne elb1, Permanenitly A
fillated ta &TUU, I1yderabad
Nagar,R Post, 11yderabnd, 504K175)
I,II,II & IV Ycar B.Tech Il Semester Ist
Mid xam
Branch:I1- IT
Sub: Java Programming Duration: 90Min
Date: Marks: 20
Course Outcomes: Session:
1
Understand O0P concepts to apply basic Java constructs.
.
Analyze different forms of inheritance and usage of
3.
Understand the different kinds of file Exception Handling
1/O,Multithreading in
Contrast different GUl layouts and design GUl applications complex programs, and usage of Container classes
4. Java

S. Construct afull-flcdged Java GUl application, and

Remember Applet with database connectivity
Understand
Apply
Analyze IV
Evaluate V
Create
PART-A (3Q*2M =6Marks) Course
Bloom's
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS Outcomes Level
Marks
CO PO
1.i)List the features of O0P concepts. 1,2, 3, 4,
TORJ I5J112 2
ii) What is method overloading? Explain with an example. 1,2, 3,4,
2
2.i) Describe the use of "Super" keyword. 1,2, 3, 4,|
2 |5, 11, 12 2
OR
ii) Define the various steps for creating and importing packages. 1.2, 3,4.
2
5, 11,12
3.i) Differentiate Character Streams and Byte Streams. | 1,2,3,4
3 5. 11, 12 2
OR
i) Define Buffered Streams and its classification. | 1.2, 3, 4,
3 5.1112
PART-B (5+5+4= 14 Marks) Course
Bloom's
Outcomes Marks
Level
ANSWERALL THE QUESTIONS CO PO
4.i.a) Explain the console input and output with an example. 1,2,3,4,
5, 11,12| 3
b) Explain about nested classes in detail. T,2,5, 12|
lsu 4 33
[OR|
Explain the importance of i)this i) static keywords in JAVA with example. 1.2,3,4.
List different types of inheritance in java? Explain each concept with
5 , 11,12|
5. 1.a)suitable program. 1.2,3,4,
25,11,12
b)Define package. Write a java program to use packages. 1.2,3, 4,
5.1L 12_3 2
ORI
List out the keywords used for exceplion handling. Write any java progranm
ii.a) 1,2,3,4,
to illustrate with user defined exception
2 5 , 11, 12
6.i) llustrate the use ofByte Streams with examples 1,2, 3. 4,
OR|
L511.121 3

Ilustrate the use of InputStreamReader and OutpulSteam Wriler with

ii)
suitable program, T5,11, 12|
kh*V JIT(A)***

Dean Exminations
DIRECTOR
 of Technology (Autonomous)
Vidya Jyothi Institute
Approved ByNAAC & NBA, A.l.CT.E, New Delhi, Permanently
Afiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
(Accredited by
(Aziz Nagar, C.B.Post, Hyderabad -500075)

IIYear B.Tech II Semester Ist Mid Examn

Duration: 90Min
Branch:
Sub: Java Programming Marks: 20
Session:FN
Date: 18-02-2020
Course Outcomes:
1.Understand theObjectOrientedProgramming concepts.
2.Applythe concepts of package and interfaces.
3.Apply the concepts of Exceptions and mult ithreading.
4.Analyze GUI applications and AWT using Frames
5.Design the programs using Applet and JDBC Concepts.
Bloom's Level:
Remember
Understand
Apply
Analyze
Evaluate
VI
Create Course
PART-A (30x2M=6Marks) Outcomes
Bloom'sMarks
Level
CO PO
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
1.i) Define constructor.list the types
2
[OR]
operator precedence and associativity with
an expression
ii) Discuss 2
2.i) Differentiate try and catch block
OR]
i)Explain the purpose of final keyword
3.i) List the Thread Prioritymethods with syntax ORJ

ii) Differentiate process and thread Course

PART-B (5+5+4= 14 Marks) Outcomes
Bloom's Marks
Level
CO PO
ANSWER ALL THEQUESTIONS
oriented programming concepts
4.i.a) Explain object
collection
b) Explain the concept ofgarbage
[OR
and conversion with necessary syntax
3
ii.a) Explain Type casting
b) Explain innerclasses with necessary syntax
importing and implementing
Define package.Explain creating,
5. l.a)packages with necessary code.
abstract class and an interface
b) Differentiate
OR
Demonstrate howto createuser defined
exceptions with a program | 2 3
ii.a) 4
method Overloading and Overriding
b) Differentiate diagram
Explain the life cycle ofa thread with a neat
6.i)
OR]
demonstrate multiple child threads 4
Write a program to
i)
**VJIT(A)***

DIRECTOR
Controller of Exminaticns
 UNIT-I

OOP Concepts

Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as

inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc.

Simula is considered as the first object-oriented programming language. The programming

paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known as truly object-oriented
programming language.

Smalltalk is considered as the first truly object-oriented programming language.

OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented Programming is
a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the
software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

o Object
o Class
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Abstraction
o Encapsulation

Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen, table,
keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.

Class

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e. known as
inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 1

 Polymorphism

When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For example: to
convince the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc.

In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something e.g. cat speaks meaw, dog barks woof etc.

Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example: phone
call, we don't know the internal processing.

In java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as encapsulation.
For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class because all
the data members are private here.

Benefits of Inheritance

• One of the key benefits of inheritance is to minimize the amount of duplicate code in an
application by sharing common code amongst several subclasses. Where equivalent code
exists in two related classes, the hierarchy can usually be refactored to move the common
code up to a mutual superclass. This also tends to result in a better organization of code and
smaller, simpler compilation units.
• Inheritance can also make application code more flexible to change because classes that
inherit from a common superclass can be used interchangeably. If the return type of a
method is superclass
• Reusability - facility to use public methods of base class without rewriting the same.
• Extensibility - extending the base class logic as per business logic of the derived class.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 2

 • Data hiding - base class can decide to keep some data private so that it cannot be
altered by the derived class
Procedural and object oriented programming paradigms

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 3

 Java Programming- History of Java

The history of java starts from Green Team. Java team members (also known as Green
Team), initiated a revolutionary task to develop a language for digital devices such as set-top
boxes, televisions etc.

For the green team members, it was an advance concept at that time. But, it was suited for internet
programming. Later, Java technology as incorporated by Netscape.

Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-business solutions etc.
There are given the major points that describes the history of java.

1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in
June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.

2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set- top boxes.

3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file extension was .gt.

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.
Java Version History

There are many java versions that has been released. Current stable release of Java is Java SE 8.

1. JDK Alpha and Beta (1995) 2.

JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996) 3. JDK
1.1 (19th Feb, 1997) 4. J2SE 1.2
(8th Dec, 1998) 5. J2SE 1.3 (8th
May, 2000) 6. J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb,
2002) 7. J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004)
8. Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006)
9. Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)
10.Java SE 8 (18th March, 2014)

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 4

Features of Java
There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords. The Java Features
given below are simple and easy to understand.
1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Portable
4. Platform independent
5. Secured
6. Robust
7. Architecture neutral
8. Dynamic
9. Interpreted
10. High Performance
11. Multithreaded
12. Distributed

Java Comments

The java comments are statements that are not executed by the compiler and interpreter. The
comments can be used to provide information or explanation about the variable, method, class or
any statement. It can also be used to hide program code for specific time.

Types of Java Comments

There are 3 types of comments in java.

1. Single Line Comment

2. Multi Line Comment
3. Documentation Comment

Java Single Line Comment

The single line comment is used to comment only one line.

Syntax:

1. //This is single line comment

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 5

 Example:

public class CommentExample1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=10;//Here, i is a variable
System.out.println(i);
}
}

Output:

10

Java Multi Line Comment

The multi line comment is used to comment multiple lines of code.

Syntax:

/*
This
is
multi line
comment
*/

Example:

public class CommentExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
/* Let's declare and
print variable in java. */
int i=10;
System.out.println(i);
}}

Output:

10

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 6

Java Documentation Comment

The documentation comment is used to create documentation API. To create documentation API,
you need to use javadoc tool.

Syntax:

/**
Thi
s is
documentatio
n comment
*/

Example:

/** The Calculator class provides methods to get addition and subtraction of given 2 numbers.*/
public class Calculator {
/** The add() method returns addition of given numbers.*/
public static int add(int a, int b){return a+b;}
/** The sub() method returns subtraction of given numbers.*/
public static int sub(int a, int b){return a-b;}
}

Compile it by javac tool:

javac Calculator.java

Create Documentation API by javadoc tool:

javadoc Calculator.java

Now, there will be HTML files created for your Calculator class in the current directory. Open
the HTML files and see the explanation of Calculator class provided through documentation
comment.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 7

Data Types

Data types represent the different values to be stored in the variable. In java, there are two types of data
types:

o Primitive data types

o Non-primitive data types

Data Type Default Value Default size

boolean False 1 bit

char '\u0000' 2 byte

byte 0 1 byte

short 0 2 byte

int 0 4 byte

long 0L 8 byte

float 0.0f 4 byte

double 0.0d 8 byte

Java Variable Example: Add Two Numbers

class Simple{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a=10;
int b=10;
JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 8
int c=a+b;
System.out.println(c);
}}

Output:20

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 9

Variables and Data Types in Java

Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of variables in java: local, instance
and static.

There are two types of data types in java: primitive and non-primitive.

Types of Variable

There are three types of variables in java:

o local variable
o instance variable
o static variable

1) Local Variable

A variable which is declared inside the method is called local variable.

2) Instance Variable

A variable which is declared inside the class but outside the method, is called instance variable . It
is not declared as static.

3) Static variable

A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be local.

We will have detailed learning of these variables in next chapters.

Example to understand the types of variables in java

class A{
int data=50;//instance variable
static int m=100;//static variable
void method(){
int n=90;//local variable
}
}//end of class

Constants in Java

A constant is a variable which cannot have its value changed after declaration. It uses the 'final'
keyword.

Syntax
modifier final dataType variableName = value; //global constant

modifier static final dataType variableName = value; //constant within a c

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 10

Scope and Life Time of Variables
The scope of a variable defines the section of the code in which the variable is visible. As a
general rule, variables that are defined within a block are not accessible outside that block. The
lifetime of a variable refers to how long the variable exists before it is destroyed. Destroying
variables refers to deallocating the memory that was allotted to the variables when declaring it.
We have written a few classes till now. You might have observed that not all variables are the
same. The ones declared in the body of a method were different from those that were declared in
the class itself. There are three types of variables: instance variables, formal parameters or local
variables and local variables.

Instance variables

Instance variables are those that are defined within a class itself and not in any method or
constructor of the class. They are known as instance variables because every instance of the class
(object) contains a copy of these variables. The scope of instance variables is determined by the
access specifier that is applied to these variables. We have already seen about it earlier. The
lifetime of these variables is the same as the lifetime of the object to which it belongs. Object
once created do not exist for ever. They are destroyed by the garbage collector of Java when there
are no more reference to that object. We shall see about Java's automatic garbage collector later
on.

Argument variables

These are the variables that are defined in the header oaf constructor or a method. The scope of
these variables is the method or constructor in which they are defined. The lifetime is limited to
the time for which the method keeps executing. Once the method finishes execution, these
variables are destroyed.

Local variables

A local variable is the one that is declared within a method or a constructor (not in the header).
The scope and lifetime are limited to the method itself.

One important distinction between these three types of variables is that access specifiers can be
applied to instance variables only and not to argument or local variables.

In addition to the local variables defined in a method, we also have variables that are defined in
bocks life an if block and an else block. The scope and is the same as that of the block itself.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 11

Operators in java

Operator in java is a symbol that is used to perform operations. For example: +, -, *, / etc.

There are many types of operators in java which are given below:

o Unary Operator,
o Arithmetic Operator,
o shift Operator,
o Relational Operator,
o Bitwise Operator,
o Logical Operator,
o Ternary Operator and
o Assignment Operator.

Operators Hierarchy

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 12

Expressions
Expressions are essential building blocks of any Java program, usually created to produce a new
value, although sometimes an expression simply assigns a value to a variable. Expressions are
built using values, variables, operators and method calls.

Types of Expressions

While an expression frequently produces a result, it doesn't always. There are three types of
expressions in Java:

• Those that produce a value, i.e. the result of (1 + 1)

• Those that assign a variable, for example (v = 10)
• Those that have no result but might have a "side effect" because an expression can include
a wide range of elements such as method invocations or increment operators that modify
the state (i.e. memory) of a program.

Java Type casting and Type conversion

Widening or Automatic Type Conversion

Widening conversion takes place when two data types are automatically converted. This happens
when:
▪ The two data types are compatible.
▪ When we assign value of a smaller data type to a bigger data type.

For Example, in java the numeric data types are compatible with each other but no automatic
conversion is supported from numeric type to char or boolean. Also, char and boolean are not
compatible with each other.

Narrowing or Explicit Conversion

If we want to assign a value of larger data type to a smaller data type we perform explicit type
casting or narrowing.
▪ This is useful for incompatible data types where automatic conversion cannot be done.
▪ Here, target-type specifies the desired type to convert the specified value to.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 13

Java Enum

Enum in java is a data type that contains fixed set of constants.

It can be used for days of the week (SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY and SATURDAY) , directions (NORTH, SOUTH, EAST and WEST)
etc. The java enum constants are static and final implicitly. It is available from JDK 1.5.

Java Enums can be thought of as classes that have fixed set of constants.

Simple example of java enum

class EnumExample1{
public enum Season { WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL }

public static void main(String[]

args) { for (Season s :
Season.values())
System.out.println(s);
}}
Output:
WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

Control Flow Statements

The control flow statements in Java allow you to run or skip blocks of code when special
conditions are met.

The “if” Statement

The “if” statement in Java works exactly like in most programming languages. With the help of
“if” you can choose to execute a specific block of code when a predefined condition is met. The
structure of the “if” statement in Java looks like this:

if (condition) {
// execute this code
}

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 14

The condition is Boolean. Boolean means it may be true or false. For example you may put a
mathematical equation as condition. Look at this full example:

Creating a Stand-Alone Java Application

1. Write a main method that runs your program. You can write this method anywhere. In this
example, I'll write my main method in a class called Main that has no other methods. For
example:
2. public class Main
3. {
4. public static void main(String[] args)
5. {
6. Game.play();
7. }}
8. Make sure your code is compiled, and that you have tested it thoroughly.
9. If you're using Windows, you will need to set your path to include Java, if you haven't
done so already. This is a delicate operation. Open Explorer, and look inside
C:\ProgramFiles\Java, and you should see some version of the JDK. Open this folder, and
then open the bin folder. Select the complete path from the top of the Explorer window, and
press Ctrl-C to copy it.

Next, find the "My Computer" icon (on your Start menu or desktop), right-click it, and select
properties. Click on the Advanced tab, and then click on the Environment variables button.
Look at the variables listed for all users, and click on the Path variable. Do not delete the
contents of this variable! Instead, edit the contents by moving the cursor to the right end,
entering a semicolon (;), and pressing Ctrl-V to paste the path you copied earlier. Then go
ahead and save your changes. (If you have any Cmd windows open, you will need to close
them.)

10. If you're using Windows, go to the Start menu and type "cmd" to run a program that
brings up a command prompt window. If you're using a Mac or Linux machine, run the
Terminal program to bring up a command prompt.
11. In Windows, type dir at the command prompt to list the contents of the current directory.
On a Mac or Linux machine, type ls to do this.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 15

 12. Now we want to change to the directory/folder that contains your compiled code. Look at
the listing of sub-directories within this directory, and identify which one contains your code.
Type cd followed by the name of that directory, to change to that directory. For example, to
change to a directory called Desktop, you would type:

cd Desktop

To change to the parent directory, type:

cd ..

Every time you change to a new directory, list the contents of that directory to see where to go
next. Continue listing and changing directories until you reach the directory that contains
your .class files.

13. If you compiled your program using Java 1.6, but plan to run it on a Mac, you'll need to
recompile your code from the command line, by typing:

javac -target 1.5 *.java

14. Now we'll create a single JAR file containing all of the files needed to run your program.

Arrays

Java provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of
elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more
useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.

Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and number99, you
declare one array variable such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and ...,
numbers[99] to represent individual variables.

This tutorial introduces how to declare array variables, create arrays, and process arrays using
indexed variables.

Declaring Array Variables:

To use an array in a program, you must declare a variable to reference the array, and you must
specify the type of array the variable can reference. Here is the syntax for declaring an array
variable:

dataType[] arrayRefVar; // preferred way.

or
dataType arrayRefVar[]; // works but not preferred way.

Note: The style dataType[] arrayRefVar is preferred. The style dataType

arrayRefVar[] comes from the C/C++ language and was adopted in Java to accommodate
C/C++ programmers.

Example:
JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 16
The following code snippets are examples of this syntax:

double[] myList; // preferred way.

or
double myList[]; // works but not preferred way.

Creating Arrays:
You can create an array by using the new operator with the following syntax:

arrayRefVar = new dataType[arraySize];

The above statement does two things:

• It creates an array using new dataType[arraySize];

• It assigns the reference of the newly created array to the variable arrayRefVar.

Declaring an array variable, creating an array, and assigning the reference of the array to the
variable can be combined in one statement, as shown below:

dataType[] arrayRefVar = new dataType[arraySize];

Alternatively you can create arrays as follows:

dataType[] arrayRefVar = {value0, value1, ..., valuek};

The array elements are accessed through the index. Array indices are 0-based; that is, they start
from 0 to arrayRefVar.length-1.

Example:
Following statement declares an array variable, myList, creates an array of 10 elements of
double type and assigns its reference to myList:

double[] myList = new double[10];

Following picture represents array myList. Here, myList holds ten double values and the indices
are from 0 to 9.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 17

Processing Arrays:
When processing array elements, we often use either for loop or for each loop because all of the
elements in an array are of the same type and the size of the array is known.

Example:
Here is a complete example of showing how to create, initialize and process arrays:

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 18

public class TestArray
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
// Print all the array elements
for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) {
System.out.println(myList[i] + " ");
}
// Summing all elements
double total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) {
total += myList[i];
}
System.out.println("Total is " + total);
// Finding the largest element
double max = myList[0];
for (int i = 1; i < myList.length; i++) {
if (myList[i] > max) max = myList[i];
}
System.out.println("Max is " + max);
}
}

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 19

This would produce the following result:

1.9
2.9
3.4
3.5
Total is 11.7
Max is 3.5

public class TestArray {

public static void main(String[] args) {
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
// Print all the array elements
for (double element: myList) {
System.out.println(element);
}}}

Java Console Class

The Java Console class is be used to get input from console. It provides methods to read texts and
passwords.

If you read password using Console class, it will not be displayed to the user.

The java.io.Console class is attached with system console internally. The Console class is
introduced since 1.5.

Let's see a simple example to read text from console.

1. String text=System.console().readLine();
2. System.out.println("Text is: "+text);

Java Console Example

import java.io.Console;
class ReadStringTest{
public static void main(String args[]){
Console c=System.console();
System.out.println("Enter your name: ");
String n=c.readLine();
System.out.println("Welcome "+n); } }

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 Output

Enter your name: Nakul Jain

Welcome Nakul Jain

Constructors

Constructor in java is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object.

Java constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the values i.e. provides data
for the object that is why it is known as constructor.

There are basically two rules defined for the constructor.

1. Constructor name must be same as its class name

2. Constructor must have no explicit return type

Types of java constructors

There are two types of constructors:

1. Default constructor (no-arg constructor)

2. Parameterized constructor

Java Default Constructor

A constructor that have no parameter is known as default constructor.

Syntax of default constructor:

1. <class_name>(){}

Example of default constructor

In this example, we are creating the no-arg constructor in the Bike class. It will be invoked at
the time of object creation.
class Bike1{
Bike1(){System.out.println("Bike is created");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike1 b=new Bike1();
}}
Output: Bike is created

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 Example of parameterized constructor
In this example, we have created the constructor of Student class that have two parameters. We
can have any number of parameters in the constructor.
class Student4{
int id;
String name;

Student4(int i,String n){

id = i;
name = n;
}
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student4 s1 = new Student4(111,"Karan");
Student4 s2 = new Student4(222,"Aryan");
s1.display();
s2.display();
}}

Output:

111 Karan
222 Aryan

Constructor Overloading in Java

Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number of
constructors that differ in parameter lists.The compiler differentiates these constructors by
taking into account the number of parameters in the list and their type.

Example of Constructor Overloading

class Student5{
int id;
String name;
int age;
Student5(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}
Student5(int i,String n,int a){
id = i;
name = n;
age=a;
}
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+age);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student5 s1 = new Student5(111,"Karan");
Student5 s2 = new Student5(222,"Aryan",25);
s1.display();

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s2.display();
}}

Output:

111 Karan 0
222 Aryan 25
Java Copy Constructor

There is no copy constructor in java. But, we can copy the values of one object to another like
copy constructor in C++.

There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:

oBy constructor
oBy assigning the values of one object into another
oBy clone() method of Object class

In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using java
constructor.
class Student6{
int id;
String name;
Student6(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}

Student6(Student6 s){
id = s.id;
name =s.name;
}
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");
Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);
s1.display();
s2.display();
}}

Output:

111 Karan
111 Karan

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Java -Methods
A Java method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an operation.
When you call the System.out.println() method, for example, the system actually executes
several statements in order to display a message on the console.

Now you will learn how to create your own methods with or without return values, invoke a
method with or without parameters, and apply method abstraction in the program design.

Creating Method
Considering the following example to explain the syntax of a method −

Syntax

public static int methodName(int a, int b) {

// body
}

Here,

• public static − modifier

• int − return type

• methodName − name of the method

• a, b − formal parameters

• int a, int b − list of parameters

Method definition consists of a method header and a method body. The same is shown in the
following syntax −

Syntax

modifier returnType nameOfMethod (Parameter List) {

// method body
}

The syntax shown above includes −

• modifier − It defines the access type of the method and it is optional to use.

• returnType − Method may return a value.

• nameOfMethod − This is the method name. The method signature consists of the method
JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 24
 name and the parameter list.

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 • Parameter List − The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and number of parameters
of a method. These are optional, method may contain zero parameters.

• method body − The method body defines what the method does with the statements.
Call by Value and Call by Reference in Java
There is only call by value in java, not call by reference. If we call a method passing a value, it
is known as call by value. The changes being done in the called method, is not affected in the
calling method.

Example of call by value in java

In case of call by value original value is not changed. Let's take a simple example:
class Operation{
int data=50;
void change(int data){
data=data+100;//changes will be in the local variable only
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Operation op=new Operation();
System.out.println("before change "+op.data);
op.change(500);
System.out.println("after change "+op.data);
}
}
Output:before change 50
after change 50

In Java, parameters are always passed by value. For example, following program prints
i = 10, j = 20.
// Test.java
class Test {
// swap() doesn't swap i and j
public static void swap(Integer i, Integer j) {
Integer temp = new Integer(i);
i = j;
j = temp;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer i = new Integer(10);
Integer j = new Integer(20);
swap(i, j);
System.out.println("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
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 }
}

Static Fields and Methods

The static keyword in java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply java static
keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword belongs to the class
than instance of the class.

The static can be:

1. variable (also known as class variable)

2. method (also known as class method)
3. block
4. nested class

Java static variable

If you declare any variable as static, it is known static variable.

o The static variable can be used to refer the common property of all objects (that is not
unique for each object) e.g. company name of employees,college name of students etc.

o The static variable gets memory only once in class area at the time of class loading.

Advantage of static variable

It makes your program memory efficient (i.e it saves memory).

Understanding problem without static variable

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. String
college="ITS"; 5. }

Example of static variable

//Program of static variable
class Student8{
int rollno;

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 String name;
static String college
="ITS"; Student8(int
r,String n){ rollno = r;
name = n;
}
void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan");
Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");

s1.display();
s2.display();
}}
Output:111 Karan ITS
222 Aryan ITS

Java static method

If you apply static keyword with any method, it is known as static method.

o A static method belongs to the class rather than object of a class.

o A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of a class.
o static method can access static data member and can change the value of it.

Example of static method

//Program of changing the common property of all objects(static field).

class Student9{
int rollno;
String name;
static String college = "ITS";
static void change(){
college = "BBDIT";
}
Student9(int r, String n){
rollno = r;
name = n;

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 }
void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student9.change();
Student9 s1 = new Student9 (111,"Karan");
Student9 s2 = new Student9 (222,"Aryan");
Student9 s3 = new Student9 (333,"Sonoo");
s1.display();
s2.display();
s3.display();
}}
Output:111 Karan BBDIT
222 Aryan BBDIT
333 Sonoo BBDIT

Java static block

o Is used to initialize the static data member.

o It is executed before main method at the time of class loading.

Example of static block

class A2{
static{System.out.println("static block is invoked");}
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Hello main");
}}
Output: static block is invoked
Hello main

Access Control

Access Modifiers in java

There are two types of modifiers in java: access modifiers and non-access modifiers.

The access modifiers in java specifies accessibility (scope) of a data member, method, constructor
or class.

There are 4 types of java access modifiers:

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 1. private
2. default
3. protected
4. public

private access modifier

The private access modifier is accessible only within class.

Simple example of private access modifier

In this example, we have created two classes A and Simple. A class contains private data
member and private method. We are accessing these private members from outside the class,
so there is compile time error.
class A{
private int data=40;
private void msg(){System.out.println("Hello java");} }
public class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj=new A();
System.out.println(obj.data);//Compile Time Error
obj.msg();//Compile Time Error
}}

2) default access modifier

If you don't use any modifier, it is treated as default bydefault. The default modifier is
accessible only within package.

Example of default access modifier

In this example, we have created two packages pack and mypack. We are accessing the A
class from outside its package, since A class is not public, so it cannot be accessed from outside
the package.
//save by A.java
package pack;
class A{
void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
}

//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.*;

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class B{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj = new A();//Compile Time Error
obj.msg();//Compile Time Error } }

In the above example, the scope of class A and its method msg() is default so it cannot be
accessed from outside the package.

3) protected access modifier

The protected access modifier is accessible within package and outside the package but through
inheritance only.

The protected access modifier can be applied on the data member, method and constructor. It can't
be applied on the class.

Example of protected access modifier

In this example, we have created the two packages pack and mypack. The A class of pack
package is public, so can be accessed from outside the package. But msg method of this package
is declared as protected, so it can be accessed from outside the class only through inheritance.

//save by A.java
package pack;
public class A{
protected void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");} }
//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.*;
class B extends A{
public static void main(String args[]){
B obj = new B();
obj.msg();
}}
Output:Hello

4) public access modifier

The public access modifier is accessible everywhere. It has the widest scope among all other
modifiers.

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Example of public access modifier
//save by A.java
package pack;
public class A{
public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");} }
//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.*;
class B{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj = new A();
obj.msg();
}}
Output:Hello

Understanding all java access modifiers

Let's understand the access modifiers by a simple table.

Access within within outside package by outside

Modifier class package subclass only package

Private Y N N N

Default Y Y N N

Protected Y Y Y N

Public Y Y Y Y

this keyword in java

Usage of java this keyword

Here is given the 6 usage of java this keyword.

1. this can be used to refer current class instance variable.

2. this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
3. this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.

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 4. this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
5. this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.
6. this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
float fee;
Student(int rollno,String name,float fee){
this.rollno=rollno;
this.name=name;
this.fee=fee;
}
void display(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}
}
class TestThis2{
public static void main(String args[]){
Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);
Student s2=new Student(112,"sumit",6000f);
s1.display();
s2.display();
}}

Output:
111 ankit 5000
112 sumit 6000

Difference between constructor and method in java

Java Constructor Java Method

Constructor is used to initialize the state of an object. Method is used to expose behaviour
of an object.

Constructor must not have return type. Method must have return type.

Constructor is invoked implicitly. Method is invoked explicitly.

The java compiler provides a default constructor if you Method is not provided by compiler in
don't have any constructor. any case.

Constructor name must be same as the class name. Method name may or may not be
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 same as class name.

There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given belo

Constructor Overloading in Java

Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number of
constructors that differ in parameter lists.The compiler differentiates these constructors by
taking into account the number of parameters in the list and their type.

Example of Constructor Overloading

class Student5{
int id; String
name; int
age;
Student5(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}
Student5(int i,String n,int a){
id = i;
name = n;
age=a;
}
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+age);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student5 s1 = new Student5(111,"Karan");
Student5 s2 = new Student5(222,"Aryan",25);
s1.display();
s2.display();
}
}

Output:

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 111 Karan 0
222 Aryan 25

Method Overloading in java

If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it is known
as Method Overloading.

If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases the
readability of the program.

Method Overloading: changing no. of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods, first add() method performs addition of two
numbers and second add method performs addition of three numbers.

In this example, we are creating static methods so that we don't need to create instance for calling
methods.

class Adder{
static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
static int add(int a,int b,int c){return a+b+c;}
}
class TestOverloading1{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11,11));
}}

Output:

22
33
Method Overloading: changing data type of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods that differs in data type. The first add method
receives two integer arguments and second add method receives two double arguments.

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Recursion in Java
Recursion in java is a process in which a method calls itself continuously. A method in java that
calls itself is called recursive method.

Java Recursion Example 1: Factorial Number

public class RecursionExample3 {

static int factorial(int n){
if (n == 1)
return 1;
else
return(n * factorial(n-1));
}}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Factorial of 5 is: "+factorial(5));
}}

Output:

Factorial of 5 is: 120

Java Garbage Collection

In java, garbage means unreferenced objects.

Garbage Collection is process of reclaiming the runtime unused memory automatically. In other
words, it is a way to destroy the unused objects.

To do so, we were using free() function in C language and delete() in C++. But, in java it is
performed automatically. So, java provides better memory management.

Advantage of Garbage Collection

o It makes java memory efficient because garbage collector removes the unreferenced
objects from heap memory.
o It is automatically done by the garbage collector(a part of JVM) so we don't need to make
extra efforts.

gc() method

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 The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector to perform cleanup processing. The
gc() is found in System and Runtime classes.

public static void gc(){}

Simple Example of garbage collection in java

public class TestGarbage1{
public void finalize(){System.out.println("object is garbage collected");}
public static void main(String args[]){
TestGarbage1 s1=new TestGarbage1();
TestGarbage1 s2=new TestGarbage1();
s1=null;
s2=null;
System.gc();
}}
object is garbage collected
object is garbage collected
Java String

string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values. An array of characters works
same as java string. For example:

1. char[] ch={'j','a','v','a','t','p','o','i','n','t'};
2. String s=new String(ch);

ssame as:

1. String s="javatpoint";
2. Java String class provides a lot of methods to perform operations on string such as
compare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(), compareTo(), intern(), substring()
etc.
3. The java.lang.String class
implements Serializable, Comparable and CharSequence interfaces.

CharSequence Interface

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 The CharSequence interface is used to represent sequence of characters. It is implemented by
String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes. It means, we can create string in java by using
these 3 classes.

The java String is immutable i.e. it cannot be changed. Whenever we change any
string, a new instance is created. For mutable string, you can use StringBuffer and StringBuilder
classes.
There are two ways to create String object:
1. By string literal
2. By new keyword

String Literal

Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:

1. String s="welcome";

Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the string constant pool first. If the string
already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If string doesn't exist in
the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. For example:

1. String s1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";//will not create new instance

By new keyword
1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable

In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non pool) heap memory and the
literal "Welcome" will be placed in the string constant pool. The variable s will refer to the object
in heap (non pool).

Java String Example

public class StringExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java";//creating string by java string literal
char ch[]={'s','t','r','i','n','g','s'};
String s2=new String(ch);//converting char array to string
String s3=new String("example");//creating java string by new keyword
System.out.println(s1);
System.out.println(s2);
System.out.println(s3);
}}
java

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strings
example
Immutable String in Java

In java, string objects are immutable. Immutable simply means unmodifiable or unchangeable.

Once string object is created its data or state can't be changed but a new string object is created.

Let's try to understand the immutability concept by the example given below:

class Testimmutablestring{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s="Sachin";
s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end
System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects
}}
Output:Sachin
class Testimmutablestring1{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s="Sachin";
s=s.concat(" Tendulkar");
System.out.println(s);
} } Output:Sachin Tendulkar

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 UNIT-II
Inheritance in Java

Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors
of parent object. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known as parent-
child relationship.

Why use inheritance in java

o For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved).
o For Code Reusability.

Syntax of Java Inheritance

1. class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name
2. {
3. //methods and fields
4. }

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from an existing
class. The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.

class Employee{
float salary=40000;
}
class Programmer extends Employee{
int bonus=10000;
public static void main(String args[]){
Programmer p=new Programmer();
System.out.println("Programmer salary is:"+p.salary);
System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer is:"+p.bonus);
}}

Programmer salary is:40000.0

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 Bonus of programmer is:10000

Types of inheritance in java

Single Inheritance Example

File: TestInheritance.java

class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void bark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
}
class TestInheritance{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d=new Dog();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}}
Output:
barking...
eating...

Multilevel Inheritance Example

File: TestInheritance2.java

class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void bark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
}
class BabyDog extends Dog{
void weep(){System.out.println("weeping...");}
}
class TestInheritance2{

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public static void main(String args[]){
BabyDog d=new BabyDog();
d.weep();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}}

Output:

weeping...
barking...
eating...

Hierarchical Inheritance Example

File: TestInheritance3.java

class Animal{
void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void bark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
}
class Cat extends Animal{
void meow(){System.out.println("meowing...");}
}
class TestInheritance3{
public static void main(String args[]){
Cat c=new Cat();
c.meow();
c.eat();
//c.bark();//C.T.Error
}}

Output:

meowing...
eating...

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Member access and Inheritance

A subclass includes all of the members of its super class but it cannot access those members of
the super class that have been declared as private. Attempt to access a private variable would
cause compilation error as it causes access violation. The variables declared as private, is only
accessible by other members of its own class. Subclass have no access to it.

super keyword in java

The super keyword in java is a reference variable which is used to refer immediate parent class
object.

Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class is created implicitly
which is referred by super reference variable.

Usage of java super Keyword

1. super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.

2. super can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.

3. super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.

class Animal{
String color="white";
}
class Dog extends Animal{
String color="black";
void printColor(){
System.out.println(color);//prints color of Dog class
System.out.println(super.color);//prints color of Animal class
}
}
class TestSuper1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d=new Dog();

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 d.printColor();
}}

Output:

black
white
Final Keyword in Java

The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in
many context. Final can be:

1. variable

2. method

3. class

The final keyword can be applied with the variables, a final variable that have no value it is called
blank final variable or uninitialized final variable. It can be initialized in the constructor only. The
blank final variable can be static also which will be initialized in the static block only.

Object class in Java

The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default. In other words, it is the
topmost class of java.

The Object class is beneficial if you want to refer any object whose type you don't know. Notice
that parent class reference variable can refer the child class object, know as upcasting.

Let's take an example, there is getObject() method that returns an object but it can be of any type
like Employee,Student etc, we can use Object class reference to refer that object. For example:

1. Object obj=getObject();//we don't know what object will be returned from this method

The Object class provides some common behaviors to all the objects such as object can be
compared, object can be cloned, object can be notified etc.

Method Overriding in Java

If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known
as method overriding in java.

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 Usage of Java Method Overriding
o Method overriding is used to provide specific implementation of a method that is already
provided by its super class.
o Method overriding is used for runtime polymorphism

Rules for Java Method Overriding

1. method must have same name as in the parent class
2. method must have same parameter as in the parent class.
3. must be IS-A relationship (inheritance).

Example of method overriding

Class Vehicle{
void run(){System.out.println("Vehicle is running");}
}
class Bike2 extends Vehicle{
void run(){System.out.println("Bike is running safely");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike2 obj = new Bike2();
obj.run();
}

Output:Bike is running safely

1. class Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 0;}
}
class SBI extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 8;}
}
class ICICI extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 7;}
}
class AXIS extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 9;}
}
class Test2{
public static void main(String args[]){
SBI s=new SBI();
ICICI i=new ICICI();
AXIS a=new AXIS();
System.out.println("SBI Rate of Interest: "+s.getRateOfInterest());
System.out.println("ICICI Rate of Interest: "+i.getRateOfInterest());
System.out.println("AXIS Rate of Interest: "+a.getRateOfInterest());
}}

Output:
SBI Rate of Interest: 8

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 ICICI Rate of Interest: 7
AXIS Rate of Interest: 9

Abstract class in Java

A class that is declared with abstract keyword is known as abstract class in java. It can have
abstract and non-abstract methods (method with body). It needs to be extended and its method
implemented. It cannot be instantiated.

Example abstract class

1. abstract class A{}

abstract method
1. abstract void printStatus();//no body and abstract

Example of abstract class that has abstract method

abstract class Bike{
abstract void run();
}
class Honda4 extends Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely..");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike obj = new Honda4();
obj.run();
}
1. }
running safely..
Interface in Java

An interface in java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract methods.

The interface in java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract methods
in the java interface not method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in
Java.

Java Interface also represents IS-A relationship.

It cannot be instantiated just like abstract class.

There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They are given below.
o It is used to achieve abstraction.
o By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple inheritance.
o It can be used to achieve loose coupling.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 43

 Internal addition by compiler

Understanding relationship between classes and interfaces

//Interface declaration: by first user

interface Drawable{
void draw();
}
//Implementation: by second user
class Rectangle implements Drawable{
public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
}
class Circle implements Drawable{
public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");}
}
//Using interface: by third user
class TestInterface1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Drawable d=new Circle();//In real scenario, object is provided by method e.g. getDrawable()
d.draw();
}}
Output:drawing circle

Multiple inheritance in Java by interface

interface Printable{
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void print();
}
interface Showable{
void show();
}
class A7 implements Printable,Showable{
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
public static void main(String args[]){
A7 obj = new A7();
obj.print();
obj.show();
}}

Output:Hello
Welcome
Abstract class Interface

1) Abstract class can have abstract Interface can have only abstract methods. Since
and non-abstract methods. Java 8, it can have default and static
methods also.
2) Abstract class doesn't support Interface supports multiple inheritance.
multiple inheritance.
3) Abstract class can have final, non- Interface has only static and final variables.
final, static and non-static variables.
4) Abstract class can provide the Interface can't provide the implementation of
implementation of interface. abstract class.
5) The abstract keyword is used to The interface keyword is used to declare
declare abstract class. interface.
6) Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

Java Inner Classes

Java inner class or nested class is a class which is declared inside the class or interface.

We use inner classes to logically group classes and interfaces in one place so that it can be more
readable and maintainable.

Syntax of Inner class

1. class Java_Outer_class{
2. //code
3. class Java_Inner_class{
4. //code
5. }}

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 Advantage of java inner classes

There are basically three advantages of inner classes in java. They are as follows:

1) Nested classes represent a special type of relationship that is it can access all the members
(data members and methods) of outer class including private.

2) Nested classes are used to develop more readable and maintainable code because it
logically group classes and interfaces in one place only.

3) Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.

Difference between nested class and inner class in Java

Inner class is a part of nested class. Non-static nested classes are known as inner classes.

Types of Nested classes

There are two types of nested classes non-static and static nested classes.The non-static nested
classes are also known as inner classes.

o Non-static nested class (inner class)

1. Member inner class
2. Anonymous inner class
3. Local inner class
o Static nested class

Java Package

A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.

Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-defined package.

There are many built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql etc.

Advantage of Java Package

1) Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can be easily
maintained.

2) Java package provides access protection.

3) Java package removes naming collision.

package mypack;
public class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Welcome to package");
}}

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How to compile java package

If you are not using any IDE, you need to follow the syntax given below:

javac -d directory javafilename

How to run java package program

To Compile: javac -d . Simple.java

To Run: java mypack.Simple

Using fully qualified name

Example of package by import fully qualified name

//save by A.java
package pack;
public class A{
public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");} }
//save by B.java
package mypack;
class B{
public static void main(String args[]){
pack.A obj = new pack.A();//using fully qualified name
obj.msg();
}
}
Output:Hello
JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 47
 Exception Handling

The exception handling in java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime
errors so that normal flow of the application can be maintained.

What is exception

In java, exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object which is
thrown at runtime.

Advantage of Exception Handling

The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the application.
Exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application that is why we use exception
handling.

Types of Exception

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked where error is considered as
unchecked exception. The sun microsystem says there are three types of exceptions:

1. Checked Exception
2. Unchecked Exception
3. Error

Difference between checked and unchecked exceptions

1) Checked Exception: The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException
and Error are known as checked exceptions e.g.IOException, SQLException etc. Checked
exceptions are checked at compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception: The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as

unchecked exceptions e.g. ArithmeticException, NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-
time rather they are checked at runtime.

3) Error: Error is irrecoverable e.g. OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError,

AssertionErroretc.

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Hierarchy of Java Exception classes

Checked and UnChecked Exceptions

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 49

 Java try block

Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used within
the method.

Java try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.

Syntax of java try-catch

1. try{
2. //code that may throw exception
3. }catch(Exception_class_Name ref){}

Syntax of try-finally block

1. try{
2. //code that may throw exception
3. }finally{}

Java catch block

Java catch block is used to handle the Exception. It must be used after the try block only.

You can use multiple catch block with a single try.

Problem without exception handling

Let's try to understand the problem if we don't use try-catch block.

public class Testtrycatch1{

public static void main(String args[]){
int data=50/0;//may throw exception
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}}
Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero

As displayed in the above example, rest of the code is not executed (in such case, rest of the
code... statement is not printed).

There can be 100 lines of code after exception. So all the code after exception will not be
executed.

Solution by exception handling

Let's see the solution of above problem by java try-catch block.

public class Testtrycatch2{

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 public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int data=50/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);}
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}}
1. Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero
rest of the code...

Now, as displayed in the above example, rest of the code is executed i.e. rest of the code...
statement is printed.

Java Multi catch block

If you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different Exceptions, use java multi
catch block.

Let's see a simple example of java multi-catch block.

1. public class TestMultipleCatchBlock{

2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. try{
4. int a[]=new int[5];
5. a[5]=30/0;
6. }
7. catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println("task1 is completed");}
8. catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){System.out.println("task 2 completed");
9. }
10. catch(Exception e){System.out.println("common task completed");
11. }
12. System.out.println("rest of the code...");
13. } }

Output:task1 completed
rest of the code...

Java nested try example

Let's see a simple example of java nested try block.

class Excep6{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
try{
System.out.println("going to divide");
int b =39/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);}

try{
JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 51
 int a[]=new int[5];
a[5]=4;
}catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){System.out.println(e);}
System.out.println("other statement);
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println("handeled");}
System.out.println("normal flow..");
}
1. }
Java finally block

Java finally block is a block that is used to execute important code such as closing connection,
stream etc.

Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled or not.

Java finally block follows try or catch block.

Usage of Java finally

Case 1

Let's see the java finally example where exception doesn't occur.

class TestFinallyBlock{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int data=25/5;
System.out.println(data);
}
catch(NullPointerException e){System.out.println(e);}
finally{System.out.println("finally block is always executed");}
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
Output:5
finally block is always executed
rest of the code...

Java throw keyword

The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.

We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw keyword. The throw
keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception. We will see custom exceptions later.

The syntax of java throw keyword is given below.

1. throw exception;

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 Java throw keyword example

In this example, we have created the validate method that takes integer value as a parameter. If
the age is less than 18, we are throwing the ArithmeticException otherwise print a message
welcome to vote.

1. public class TestThrow1{

static void validate(int age){
if(age<18)
throw new ArithmeticException("not valid");
else
System.out.println("welcome to vote");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
validate(13);
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
} }

Output:

Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:not valid

Java throws keyword

The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. It gives an information to the
programmer that there may occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to provide the
exception handling code so that normal flow can be maintained.

Exception Handling is mainly used to handle the checked exceptions. If there occurs any
unchecked exception such as NullPointerException, it is programmers fault that he is not
performing check up before the code being used.

Syntax of java throws

1. return_type method_name() throws exception_class_name{
2. //method code
3. }
4.

Java throws example

Let's see the example of java throws clause which describes that checked exceptions can be
propagated by throws keyword.

import java.io.IOException;
class Testthrows1{
void m()throws IOException{
throw new IOException("device error");//checked exception
JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 53
 }
void n()throws IOException{
m();
}
void p(){
try{
n();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");}
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Testthrows1 obj=new Testthrows1();
obj.p();
System.out.println("normal flow..."); } }
Output:
exception handled
normal flow...

Java Custom Exception

If you are creating your own Exception that is known as custom exception or user-defined
exception. Java custom exceptions are used to customize the exception according to user need.

By the help of custom exception, you can have your own exception and message.

Let's see a simple example of java custom exception.

class InvalidAgeException extends Exception{

InvalidAgeException(String s){
super(s);
}}
class TestCustomException1{
static void validate(int age)throws InvalidAgeException{
if(age<18)
throw new InvalidAgeException("not valid");
else
System.out.println("welcome to vote");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
validate(13);
}catch(Exception m){System.out.println("Exception occured: "+m);}

System.out.println("rest of the code...");

}}

Output:Exception occured: InvalidAgeException:not valid rest of the code...

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 54

 UNIT-III

Java - Files and I/O

The java.io package contains nearly every class you might ever need to perform input and output
(I/O) in Java. All these streams represent an input source and an output destination. The stream
in the java.io package supports many data such as primitives, object, localized characters, etc.
Stream
A stream can be defined as a sequence of data. There are two kinds of Streams −

• InPutStream − The InputStream is used to read data from a source.

• OutPutStream − The OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination.

Java provides strong but flexible support for I/O related to files and networks but this tutorial
covers very basic functionality related to streams and I/O. We will see the most commonly used
examples one by one −
Byte Streams
Java byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes. Though there are many
classes related to byte streams but the most frequently used classes
are, FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. Following is an example which makes use of
these two classes to copy an input file into an output file −

Example

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 55

import java.io.*;

public class CopyFile {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

FileInputStream in = null;

FileOutputStream out = null;

try {

in = new FileInputStream("input.txt");

out = new FileOutputStream("output.txt");

int c;

while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 56

 out.write(c);

}finally {

if (in != null) {

in.close();

if (out != null) {

out.close();

}} }}

Now let's have a file input.txt with the following content −

This is test for copy file.

As a next step, compile the above program and execute it, which will result in creating output.txt
file with the same content as we have in input.txt. So let's put the above code in CopyFile.java
file and do the following −

$javac CopyFile.java
$java CopyFile
Character Streams
Java Byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes, whereas
Java Character streams are used to perform input and output for 16-bit unicode. Though there
are many classes related to character streams but the most frequently used classes
are, FileReader and FileWriter. Though internally FileReader uses FileInputStream and
FileWriter uses FileOutputStream but here the major difference is that FileReader reads two
bytes at a time and FileWriter writes two bytes at a time.

We can re-write the above example, which makes the use of these two classes to copy an input
file (having unicode characters) into an output file −

Example

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 57

import java.io.*;

public class CopyFile {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 58

 FileReader in = null;

FileWriter out = null;

try {

in = new FileReader("input.txt");

out = new FileWriter("output.txt");

int c;

while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {

out.write(c);}

}finally {

if (in != null) {

in.close();}

if (out != null) {

out.close();

}} }}

Now let's have a file input.txt with the following content −

This is test for copy file.

As a next step, compile the above program and execute it, which will result in creating output.txt
file with the same content as we have in input.txt. So let's put the above code in CopyFile.java
file and do the following −

$javac CopyFile.java
$java CopyFile
Standard Streams
All the programming languages provide support for standard I/O where the user's program can
take input from a keyboard and then produce an output on the computer screen. Java provides the
following three standard streams −

• Standard Input − This is used to feed the data to user's program and usually a keyboard
is used as standard input stream and represented asSystem.in.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 59

 • Standard Output − This is used to output the data produced by the user's program and
usually a computer screen is used for standard output stream and represented
as System.out.

• Standard Error − This is used to output the error data produced by the user's program
and usually a computer screen is used for standard error stream and represented
as System.err.

Following is a simple program, which creates InputStreamReader to read standard input stream
until the user types a "

Example
import java.io.*;

public class ReadConsole {

public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

InputStreamReader cin = null;

try {

cin = new InputStreamReader(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter characters, 'q' to quit.");

char c;

do {

c = (char) cin.read();

System.out.print(c);

} while(c != 'q');

}finally {

if (cin != null) {

cin.close();

} } }}

This program continues to read and output the same character until we press 'q' −

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 60

$javac ReadConsole.java
$java ReadConsole

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 61

Enter characters, 'q' to quit.
1
1
e
e
q
q
Reading and Writing Files
As described earlier, a stream can be defined as a sequence of data. The InputStream is used to
read data from a source and the OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination.

Here is a hierarchy of classes to deal with Input and Output streams.

The two important streams are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream

FileInputStream
This stream is used for reading data from the files. Objects can be created using the
keyword new and there are several types of constructors available.

Following constructor takes a file name as a string to create an input stream object to read the
file −

InputStream f = new FileInputStream("C:/java/hello");

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 62

Following constructor takes a file object to create an input stream object to read the file. First we
create a file object using File() method as follows −

File f = new File("C:/java/hello");

InputStream f = new FileInputStream(f);
Once you have InputStream object in hand, then there is a list of helper methods which can be
used to read to stream or to do other operations on the stream.

• ByteArrayInputStream

• DataInputStream
FileOutputStream
FileOutputStream is used to create a file and write data into it. The stream would create a file, if
it doesn't already exist, before opening it for output.

Here are two constructors which can be used to create a FileOutputStream object.

Following constructor takes a file name as a string to create an input stream object to write the
file −

OutputStream f = new FileOutputStream("C:/java/hello")

Following constructor takes a file object to create an output stream object to write the file. First,
we create a file object using File() method as follows −

File f = new File("C:/java/hello");

OutputStream f = new FileOutputStream(f);
Once you have OutputStream object in hand, then there is a list of helper methods, which can be
used to write to stream or to do other operations on the stream.
• ByteArrayOutputStream
• DataOutputStream

Example

Following is the example to demonstrate InputStream and OutputStream −

import java.io.*;

public class fileStreamTest {

public static void main(String args[]) {

try {
JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 63
 byte bWrite [] = {11,21,3,40,5};

OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream("test.txt");

for(int x = 0; x < bWrite.length ; x++) {

os.write( bWrite[x] ); // writes the bytes}

os.close();

InputStream is = new FileInputStream("test.txt");

int size = is.available();

for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

System.out.print((char)is.read() + " "); }

is.close();

} catch (IOException e) {

System.out.print("Exception");

} }}

Java.io.RandomAccessFile Class
The Java.io.RandomAccessFile class file behaves like a large array of bytes stored in the file
system.Instances of this class support both reading and writing to a random access file.
Class declaration
Following is the declaration for Java.io.RandomAccessFile class −

public class RandomAccessFile

extends Object
implements DataOutput, DataInput, Closeable
Class constructors

S.N. Constructor & Description

1
RandomAccessFile(File file, String mode)

This creates a random access file stream to read from, and optionally to write to, the file
specified by the File argument.

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2 RandomAccessFile(File file, String mode)

This creates a random access file stream to read from, and optionally to write to, a file with
the specified name.

Methodsinherited
This class inherits methods from the following classes −

• Java.io.Object

Java.io.File Class in Java

The File class is Java’s representation of a file or directory path name. Because file and directory
names have different formats on different platforms, a simple string is not adequate to name them.
The File class contains several methods for working with the path name, deleting and renaming
files, creating new directories, listing the contents of a directory, and determining several
common attributes of files and directories.
▪ It is an abstract representation of file and directory pathnames.
▪ A pathname, whether abstract or in string form can be either absolute or relative. The parent
of an abstract pathname may be obtained by invoking the getParent() method of this class.
▪ First of all, we should create the File class object by passing the filename or directory name
to it. A file system may implement restrictions to certain operations on the actual file-
system object, such as reading, writing, and executing. These restrictions are collectively
known as access permissions.
▪ Instances of the File class are immutable; that is, once created, the abstract pathname
represented by a File object will never change.
How to create a File Object?
A File object is created by passing in a String that represents the name of a file, or a String or
another File object. For example,
File a = new File("/usr/local/bin/geeks");

defines an abstract file name for the geeks file in directory /usr/local/bin. This is an absolute
abstract file name.
Program to check if a file or directory physically exist or not.
// In this program, we accepts a file or directory name from
// command line arguments. Then the program will check if
// that file or directory physically exist or not and
// it displays the property of that file or directory.
*import java.io.File;

// Displaying file property

class fileProperty
{
public static void main(String[] args) {

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 84

 //accept file name or directory name through command line args
String fname =args[0];

//pass the filename or directory name to File object

File f = new File(fname);

//apply File class methods on File object

System.out.println("File name :"+f.getName());
System.out.println("Path: "+f.getPath());
System.out.println("Absolute path:" +f.getAbsolutePath());
System.out.println("Parent:"+f.getParent());
System.out.println("Exists :"+f.exists());
if(f.exists())
{
System.out.println("Is writeable:"+f.canWrite());
System.out.println("Is readable"+f.canRead());
System.out.println("Is a directory:"+f.isDirectory());
System.out.println("File Size in bytes "+f.length());
}
}
}

Output:

File name :file.txt

Path: file.txt

Absolute path:C:\Users\akki\IdeaProjects\codewriting\src\file.txt
Parent:null

Exists :true

Is writeable:true
Is readabletrue

Is a directory:false

File Size in bytes 20

Connceting to DB

Multithreading
Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.

Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process, a smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing and

multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking.

But we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads share a common memory area.
They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and context-switching between the
threads takes less time than process.

Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation etc.

Advantages of Java Multithreading

1) It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you can perform multiple
operations at same time.

2) You can perform many operations together so it saves time.

3) Threads are independent so it doesn't affect other threads if exception occur in a single thread.

Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States)

A thread can be in one of the five states. According to sun, there is only 4 states in thread life
cycle in java new, runnable, non-runnable and terminated. There is no running state.

But for better understanding the threads, we are explaining it in the 5 states.

The life cycle of the thread in java is controlled by JVM. The java thread states are as follows:
1. New
2. Runnable
3. Running
4. Non-Runnable (Blocked)
5. Terminated
How to create thread

There are two ways to create a thread:

1. By extending Thread class

2. By implementing Runnable interface.

Thread class:

Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and perform operations on a
thread.Thread class extends Object class and implements Runnable interface.

Commonly used Constructors of Thread class:

oThread()
oThread(String name)
oThread(Runnable r)
oThread(Runnable r,String name)
 Commonly used methods of Thread class:

1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread.

2. public void start(): starts the execution of the thread.JVM calls the run() method on the thread.
3. public void sleep(long miliseconds): Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily
cease execution) for the specified number of milliseconds.
4. public void join(): waits for a thread to die.
5. public void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the specified miliseconds.
6. public int getPriority(): returns the priority of the thread.
7. public int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority of the thread.
8. public String getName(): returns the name of the thread.
9. public void setName(String name): changes the name of the thread.
10. public Thread currentThread(): returns the reference of currently executing thread.
11. public int getId(): returns the id of the thread.
12. public Thread.State getState(): returns the state of the thread.
13. public boolean isAlive(): tests if the thread is alive.
14. public void yield(): causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and allow
other threads to execute.
15. public void suspend(): is used to suspend the thread(depricated).
16. public void resume(): is used to resume the suspended thread(depricated).
17. public void stop(): is used to stop the thread(depricated).
18. public boolean isDaemon(): tests if the thread is a daemon thread.
19. public void setDaemon(boolean b): marks the thread as daemon or user thread.
20. public void interrupt(): interrupts the thread.
21. public boolean isInterrupted(): tests if the thread has been interrupted.
22. public static boolean interrupted(): tests if the current thread has been interrupted.

Runnable interface:

The Runnable interface should be implemented by any class whose instances are intended to be
executed by a thread. Runnable interface have only one method named run().
1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread.

Starting a thread:

start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created thread. It performs following
tasks:
oA new thread starts(with new callstack).
oThe thread moves from New state to the Runnable state.
oWhen the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run() method will run.
 Java Thread Example by extending Thread class

class Multi extends Thread{

public void run(){
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Multi t1=new Multi();
t1.start();
}}
Output:thread is running...

Java Thread Example by implementing Runnable interface

class Multi3 implements Runnable{

public void run(){
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Multi3 m1=new Multi3();
Thread t1 =new Thread(m1);
t1.start();
}}
Output:thread is running...

Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority):

Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10. In most
cases, thread schedular schedules the threads according to their priority (known as preemptive
scheduling). But it is not guaranteed because it depends on JVM specification that which
scheduling it chooses.

3 constants defined in Thread class:

1. public static int MIN_PRIORITY

2. public static int NORM_PRIORITY
3. public static int MAX_PRIORITY

Default priority of a thread is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY). The value of MIN_PRIORITY is 1 and

the value of MAX_PRIORITY is 10.

Example of priority of a Thread:

class TestMultiPriority1 extends Thread{
public void run(){
System.out.println("running thread name is:"+Thread.currentThread().getName());
System.out.println("running thread priority is:"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
public static void main(String args[]){
 TestMultiPriority1 m1=new TestMultiPriority1();
TestMultiPriority1 m2=new TestMultiPriority1();
m1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
m2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
m1.start();
m2.start();
}}
Output:running thread name is:Thread-0
running thread priority is:10
running thread name is:Thread-1
running thread priority is:1

Java synchronized method

If you declare any method as synchronized, it is known as synchronized method.

Synchronized method is used to lock an object for any shared resource.

When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it automatically acquires the lock for that object
and releases it when the thread completes its task.

Example of inter thread communication in java

Let's see the simple example of inter thread communication.

class Customer{
int amount=10000;
synchronized void withdraw(int amount){
System.out.println("going to withdraw...");
if(this.amount<amount){
System.out.println("Less balance; waiting for deposit...");
try{wait();}catch(Exception e){}
}
this.amount-=amount;
System.out.println("withdraw completed...");
}
synchronized void deposit(int amount){
System.out.println("going to deposit...");
this.amount+=amount;
System.out.println("deposit completed... ");
notify();
}
}
class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
final Customer c=new Customer();
new Thread(){
public void run(){c.withdraw(15000);}
}.start();
new Thread(){
public void run(){c.deposit(10000);}
}
start();
}}
Output: going to withdraw...
Less balance; waiting for deposit...
going to deposit...
deposit completed...
withdraw completed
ThreadGroup in Java

Java provides a convenient way to group multiple threads in a single object. In such way, we can
suspend, resume or interrupt group of threads by a single method call.

Note: Now suspend(), resume() and stop() methods are deprecated.

Java thread group is implemented by java.lang.ThreadGroup class.

Constructors of ThreadGroup class

There are only two constructors of ThreadGroup class.

ThreadGroup(String name)
ThreadGroup(ThreadGroup parent, String name)

Let's see a code to group multiple threads.

1. ThreadGroup tg1 = new ThreadGroup("Group A");

2. Thread t1 = new Thread(tg1,new MyRunnable(),"one");
3. Thread t2 = new Thread(tg1,new MyRunnable(),"two");
4. Thread t3 = new Thread(tg1,new MyRunnable(),"three");

Now all 3 threads belong to one group. Here, tg1 is the thread group name, MyRunnable is the
class that implements Runnable interface and "one", "two" and "three" are the thread names.

Now we can interrupt all threads by a single line of code only.

1. Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup().interrupt();

Exploring java.net and java.text

 java.net
The term network programming refers to writing programs that execute across multiple devices
(computers), in which the devices are all connected to each other using a network.

The java.net package of the J2SE APIs contains a collection of classes and interfaces that
provide the low-level communication details, allowing you to write programs that focus on
solving the problem at hand.

The java.net package provides support for the two common network protocols −

• TCP − TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, which allows for reliable
communication between two applications. TCP is typically used over the Internet
Protocol, which is referred to as TCP/IP.

• UDP − UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol, a connection-less protocol that allows
for packets of data to be transmitted between applications.

This chapter gives a good understanding on the following two subjects −

• Socket Programming − This is the most widely used concept in Networking and it has
been explained in very detail.

• URL Processing − This would be covered separately.

java.text

The java.text package is necessary for every java developer to master because it has a lot of
classes that is helpful in formatting such as dates, numbers, and messages.

java.text Classes

The following are the classes available for java.text package

[table]
Class|Description
SimpleDateFormat|is a concrete class that helps in formatting and parsing of dates.
[/table]
 Collection Framework in Java

Collections in java is a framework that provides an architecture to store and manipulate

the group of objects. All the operations that you perform on a data such as searching,
sorting, insertion, manipulation, deletion etc. can be performed by Java Collections.

Java Collection simply means a single unit of objects. Java Collection framework provides
many interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque etc.) and classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList,
PriorityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet etc).

What is framework in java

✓ provides readymade architecture.

✓ represents set of classes and interface.

✓ is optional.

What is Collection framework

Collection framework represents a unified architecture for storing and manipulating group of
objects. It has:

1. Interfaces and its implementations i.e. classes

2. Algorithm

Hierarchy of Collection Framework

 Java List Interface

List Interface is the sub interface of Collection. It contains index-based methods to insert and delete
elements. It is a factory of ListIterator interface.

List Interface declaration

1. public interface List<E> extends Collection<E>

Methods of Java List Interface

Method Description

void add(int index, E element) It is used to insert the specified element at the
specified position in a list.
boolean add(E e) It is used to append the specified element at the end
of a list.
boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) It is used to append all of the elements in the
specified collection to the end of a list.
boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? It is used to append all the elements in the specified
extends E> c) collection, starting at the specified position of the
list.
void clear() It is used to remove all of the elements from this
list.

boolean equals(Object o) It is used to compare the specified object with the

elements of a list.
int hashcode() It is used to return the hash code value for a list.
E get(int index) It is used to fetch the element from the particular
position of the list.
boolean isEmpty() It returns true if the list is empty, otherwise false.
int lastIndexOf(Object o) It is used to return the index in this list of the last
occurrence of the specified element, or -1 if the list
does not contain this element.
Object[] toArray() It is used to return an array containing all of the
elements in this list in the correct order.
T[] toArray(T[] a) It is used to return an array containing all of the
elements in this list in the correct order.
boolean contains(Object o) It returns true if the list contains the specified
element
boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) It returns true if the list contains all the specified
element
int indexOf(Object o) It is used to return the index in this list of the first
occurrence of the specified element, or -1 if the
List does not contain this element.
 E remove(int index) It is used to remove the element present at the
specified position in the list.

boolean remove(Object o) It is used to remove the first occurrence of the

specified element.
boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) It is used to remove all the elements from the
list.
void replaceAll(UnaryOperator operator) It is used to replace all the elements from the
list with the specified element.
void retainAll(Collection<?> c) It is used to retain all the elements in the list
that are present in the specified collection.
E set(int index, E element) It is used to replace the specified element in the
list, present at the specified position.
void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) It is used to sort the elements of the list on the
basis of specified comparator.

Spliterator spliterator() It is used to create spliterator over the elements

in a list.
List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int It is used to fetch all the elements lies within
toIndex) the given range.
int size() It is used to return the number of elements
present in the list.

Java List Example

1. import java.util.*;
2. public class ListExample{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. List<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();
5. al.add("Amit");
6. al.add("Vijay");
7. al.add("Kumar");
8. al.add(1,"Sachin");
9. System.out.println("An element at 2nd position: "+al.get(2));
10. for(String s:al){
11. System.out.println(s);
12. }
13. }
14. }

Output:

An element at 2nd position: Vijay

Amit
Sachi
n
Vijay
Kuma
r
Java ListIterator Interface
ListIterator Interface is used to traverse the element in a backward and forward

direction. ListIterator Interface declaration

1. public interface ListIterator<E> extends

Iterator<E> Methods of Java ListIterator Interface:

Method Description
void add(E e) This method inserts the specified element into the list.
boolean hasNext() This method returns true if the list iterator has more elements while
traversing the list in the forward direction.
E next() This method returns the next element in the list and advances the
cursor position.
int nextIndex() This method returns the index of the element that would be returned
by a subsequent call to next()
boolean hasPrevious() This method returns true if this list iterator has more elements while
traversing the list in the reverse direction.
E previous() This method returns the previous element in the list and moves the
cursor position backward.
E previousIndex() This method returns the index of the element that would be returned
by a subsequent call to previous().
void remove() This method removes the last element from the list that was returned
by next() or previous() methods
void set(E e) This method replaces the last element returned by next() or
previous() methods with the specified element.

Example of ListIterator Interface

1. import java.util.*;
2. public class ListIteratorExample1{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. List<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();
5. al.add("Amit");
6. al.add("Vijay");
7. al.add("Kumar");
8. al.add(1,"Sachin");
9. ListIterator<String> itr=al.listIterator();
10. System.out.println("Traversing elements in forward direction");
11. while(itr.hasNext())
12. {
13.
14. System.out.println("index:"+itr.nextIndex()+" value:"+itr.next());
15. }
16. System.out.println("Traversing elements in backward direction");
17. while(itr.hasPrevious())
18. {
 19.
20. System.out.println("index:"+itr.previousIndex()+" value:"+itr.previous());
21. }
22. }
23. }

Output:
 Traversing elements in forward
direction index:0 value:Amit
index:1
value:Sachin
index:2
value:Vijay
index:3
value:Kumar
Traversing elements in backward
direction index:3 value:Kumar
index:2 value:Vijay
index:1
Example value:Sachin
of ListIterator Interface: Book
index:0 value:Amit
1. import java.util.*;
2. class Book {
3. int id;
4. String name,author,publisher;
5. int quantity;
6. public Book(int id, String name, String author, String publisher, int quantity) {
7. this.id = id;
8. this.name = name;
9. this.author = author;
10. this.publisher = publisher;
11. this.quantity = quantity;
12. }
13. }
14. public class ListIteratorExample2 {
15. public static void main(String[] args) {
16. //Creating list of Books
17. List<Book> list=new ArrayList<Book>();
18. //Creating Books
19. Book b1=new Book(101,"Let us C","Yashwant Kanetkar","BPB",8);
20. Book b2=new Book(102,"Data Communications & Networking","Forouzan","Mc Graw
Hill",4);
21. Book b3=new Book(103,"Operating System","Galvin","Wiley",6);
22. //Adding Books to list
23. list.add(b1);
24. list.add(b2);
25. list.add(b3);
26. //Traversing list
27. for(Book b:list){
28. System.out.println(b.id+" "+b.name+" "+b.author+" "+b.publisher+" "+b.quantity);
29. }
30. }
31. }

Output:

101 Let us C Yashwant Kanetkar BPB 8

102 Data Communications & Networking Forouzan Mc Graw
Hill 4 103 Operating System Galvin Wiley 6
 Java ArrayList class

Java ArrayList class uses a dynamic array for storing the elements. It inherits AbstractList
class and implements List interface.

The important points about Java ArrayList class are:

✓ Java ArrayList class can contain duplicate elements.

✓ Java ArrayList class maintains insertion order.

✓ Java ArrayList class is non synchronized.

✓ Java ArrayList allows random access because array works at the index basis.

✓ In Java ArrayList class, manipulation is slow because a lot of shifting needs to be

occurred if any element is removed from the array list.

ArrayList class declaration

Let's see the declaration for java.util.ArrayList class.

Constructors of Java ArrayList Constructor Description

ArrayList() It is used to build an empty array list.
ArrayList(Collection c) It is used to build an array list that is
initialized with the elements of the
collection c.
ArrayList(int capacity) It is used to build an array list that has
the specified initial capacity.

Java ArrayList Example

import java.util.*;
class TestCollection1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ArrayList<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();//Creating arraylist
list.add("Ravi");//Adding object in arraylist
list.add("Vijay");
list.add("Ravi");
list.add("Ajay");
//Traversing list through Iterator
Iterator itr=list.iterator();
while(itr.hasNext())
{
System.out.println(itr.next());
}
}
}

Ouput: Ravi
Vijay Ravi
Ajay
Java Map Interface

A map contains values on the basis of key, i.e. key and value pair. Each key and value pair is known
as an entry. A Map contains unique keys.

A Map is useful if you have to search, update or delete elements on the basis of a key.

Java Map Hierarchy

There are two interfaces for implementing Map in java: Map and SortedMap, and three classes:
HashMap, LinkedHashMap, and TreeMap. The hierarchy of Java Map is given below:

A Map doesn't allow duplicate keys, but you can have duplicate values. HashMap and
LinkedHashMap allow null keys and values, but TreeMap doesn't allow any null key or value.

A Map can't be traversed, so you need to convert it into Set using keySet() or entrySet() method.

Class Description
HashMap HashMap is the implementation of Map, but it doesn't maintain any
order.
LinkedHashMap LinkedHashMap is the implementation of Map. It inherits HashMap
class. It maintains insertion order.
TreeMap TreeMap is the implementation of Map and SortedMap. It maintains
ascending order.

Java Map Example: Non-Generic (Old Style)

1. //Non-generic
2. import java.util.*;
3. public class MapExample1 {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. Map map=new HashMap();
6. //Adding elements to map
7. map.put(1,"Amit");
8. map.put(5,"Rahul");
9. map.put(2,"Jai");
10. map.put(6,"Amit");
 11. //Traversing Map
12. Set set=map.entrySet();//Converting to Set so that we can traverse
13. Iterator itr=set.iterator();
14. while(itr.hasNext()){
15. //Converting to Map.Entry so that we can get key and value separately
16. Map.Entry entry=(Map.Entry)itr.next();
17. System.out.println(entry.getKey()+" "+entry.getValue());
18. }
19. }
20. }

Output:

1 Amit
2 Jai
5 Rahul
6 Amit

Java Map Example: Generic (New Style)

1. import java.util.*;
2. class
MapExample2 3. {
4. public static void main(String
args[]) 5. {
6. Map<Integer,String> map=new HashMap<Integer,String>();
7. map.put(100,"Amit");
8. map.put(101,"Vijay");
9. map.put(102,"Rahul");
10. //Elements can traverse in any order
11. for(Map.Entry m:map.entrySet()){
12. System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());
13. }
14. }
15. }

Output:

102 Rahul
100 Amit
101 Vijay
Java HashMap class

Java HashMap class implements the map interface by using a hash table. It inherits AbstractMap
class and implements Map interface.

Points to remember
o Java HashMap class contains values based on the key.
o Java HashMap class contains only unique keys.
o Java HashMap class may have one null key and multiple null values.
o Java HashMap class is non synchronized.
o Java HashMap class maintains no order.
o The initial default capacity of Java HashMap class is 16 with a load factor of 0.75.

Hierarchy of HashMap class

As shown in the above figure, HashMap class extends AbstractMap class and implements Map

interface. HashMap class declaration

Let's see the declaration for java.util.HashMap class.

1. public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V> implements Map<K,V>,

Cloneable, Serializ able

HashMap class Parameters

Let's see the Parameters for java.util.HashMap class.

o K: It is the type of keys maintained by this map.

o V: It is the type of mapped values.

Constructors of Java HashMap class

Constructor Description

HashMap() It is used to construct a default HashMap.

HashMap(Map<? extends K,? It is used to initialize the hash map by using the
extends V> m) elements of the given Map object m.
 HashMap(int capacity) It is used to initializes the capacity of the hash map to
the given integer value, capacity.

HashMap(int capacity, float It is used to initialize both the capacity and load factor
loadFactor) of the hash map by using its arguments.

Methods of Java HashMap class

Method Description

void clear() It is used to remove all of the mappings from this

map.

boolean isEmpty() It is used to return true if this map contains no key-

value mappings.

Object clone() It is used to return a shallow copy of this HashMap

instance: the keys and values themselves are not
cloned.

Set entrySet() It is used to return a collection view of the

mappings contained in this map.

Set keySet() It is used to return a set view of the keys contained

in this map.

V put(Object key, Object value) It is used to insert an entry in the map.

void putAll(Map map) It is used to insert the specified map in the map.

V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) It inserts the specified value with the specified key
in the map only if it is not already specified.

V remove(Object key) It is used to delete an entry for the specified key.

boolean remove(Object key, Object It removes the specified values with the associated
value) specified keys from the map.

V compute(K key, BiFunction<? super It is used to compute a mapping for the specified
K,? super V,? extends V> key and its current mapped value (or null if there is
remappingFunction) no current mapping).

V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? It is used to compute its value using the given
super K,? extends V> mappingFunction) mapping function, if the specified key is not already
associated with a value (or is mapped to null), and
enters it into this map unless null.
 V computeIfPresent(K key, It is used to compute a new mapping given the key
BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? and its current mapped value if the value for the
extends V> remappingFunction) specified key is present and non-null.

boolean containsValue(Object value) This method returns true if some value equal to the
value exists within the map, else return false.

boolean containsKey(Object key) This method returns true if some key equal to the
key exists within the map, else return false.

boolean equals(Object o) It is used to compare the specified Object with the

Map.

void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K,? It performs the given action for each entry in the
super V> action) map until all entries have been processed or the
action throws an exception.

V get(Object key) This method returns the object that contains the
value associated with the key.

V getOrDefault(Object key, V It returns the value to which the specified key

defaultValue) is mapped, or defaultValue if the map contains
no mapping for the key.

boolean isEmpty() This method returns true if the map is empty;

returns false if it contains at least one key.

V merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? If the specified key is not already associated with a
super V,? super V,? extends V> value or is associated with null, associates it with
remappingFunction) the given non-null value.

V replace(K key, V value) It replaces the specified value for a specified key.

boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V It replaces the old value with the new value for a
newValue) specified key.

void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K,? It replaces each entry's value with the result of
super V,? extends V> function) invoking the given function on that entry until all
entries have been processed or the function throws
an exception.

Collection<V> values() It returns a collection view of the values contained

in the map.

int size() This method returns the number of entries in the

map.

Java HashMap example to add() elements

Here, we see different ways to insert elements.

import java.util.*;

class HashMap1{
public static void main(String args[]){
HashMap<Integer,String> hm=new
HashMap<Integer,String>(); System.out.println("Initial list
of elements: "+hm); hm.put(100,"Amit");
hm.put(101,"Vijay");
hm.put(102,"Rahul");

System.out.println("After invoking put()

method "); for(Map.Entry m:hm.entrySet()){
System.out.println(m.getKey()+"
"+m.getValue());
}

hm.putIfAbsent(103, "Gaurav");
System.out.println("After invoking putIfAbsent() method ");
for(Map.Entry m:hm.entrySet()){
System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());
}
HashMap<Integer,String> map=new HashMap<Integer,String>();
map.put(104,"Ravi");
map.putAll(hm);
System.out.println("After invoking putAll() method ");
for(Map.Entry m:map.entrySet()){
System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());
}
}
}

Initial list of elements: {}

After invoking put()
method 100 Amit
101 Vijay
102 Rahul

After invoking putIfAbsent()

method 100 Amit

101 Vijay
102 Rahul
103 Gaurav

After invoking putAll() method

100 Amit
101 Vijay
102 Rahul
103 Gaurav
104 Ravi
Java HashMap example to remove() elements

Here, we see different ways to remove elements.

import java.util.*;
public class HashMap2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
HashMap<Integer,String> map=new
HashMap<Integer,String>(); map.put(100,"Amit");
map.put(101,"Vijay");
map.put(102,"Rahul");
map.put(103, "Gaurav");
System.out.println("Initial list of elements:
"+map);
//key-based removal
map.remove(100);
System.out.println("Updated list of elements: "+map);
//value-based removal
map.remove(101);
System.out.println("Updated list of elements: "+map);
//key-value pair based removal
map.remove(102, "Rahul");
System.out.println("Updated list of elements: "+map);
}
}

Output:

Initial list of elements: {100=Amit, 101=Vijay, 102=Rahul,

103=Gaurav} Updated list of elements: {101=Vijay, 102=Rahul,
103=Gaurav} Updated list of elements: {102=Rahul, 103=Gaurav}
Updated list of elements: {103=Gaurav}

Java HashMap example to replace() elements

Here, we see different ways to replace elements.

import java.util.*;
class HashMap3{
public static void main(String args[]){
HashMap<Integer,String> hm=new
HashMap<Integer,String>(); hm.put(100,"Amit");
hm.put(101,"Vijay");
hm.put(102,"Rahul");
System.out.println("Initial list of
elements:"); for(Map.Entry
m:hm.entrySet())
{
System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());
}
System.out.println("Updated list of elements:");
hm.replace(102, "Gaurav");
for(Map.Entry m:hm.entrySet())
{
System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());
}
System.out.println("Updated list of
elements:"); hm.replace(101, "Vijay",
"Ravi"); for(Map.Entry m:hm.entrySet())
{
System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());
}
System.out.println("Updated list of elements:");
hm.replaceAll((k,v) -> "Ajay");
 for(Map.Entry m:hm.entrySet())
{
System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());
}
}
}
Initial list of elements:
100 Amit
101 Vijay
102 Rahul
Updated list of elements:
100 Amit
101 Vijay
102 Gaurav
Updated list of elements:
100 Amit
101 Ravi
102 Gaurav
Updated list of elements:
100 Ajay
101 Ajay
102 Ajay

Difference between HashSet and HashMap

HashSet contains only values whereas HashMap contains an entry(key and value).

Java HashMap Example: Book

import java.util.*;
class Book {
int id;
String name,author,publisher;
int quantity;
public Book(int id, String name, String author, String publisher, int quantity) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.author =
author;
this.publisher = publisher;
this.quantity = quantity;
}
}
public class MapExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Creating map of Books
Map<Integer,Book> map=new HashMap<Integer,Book>();
//Creating Books
Book b1=new Book(101,"Let us C","Yashwant Kanetkar","BPB",8);
Book b2=new Book(102,"Data Communications & Networking","Forouzan","Mc Graw
Hill",4); Book b3=new Book(103,"Operating System","Galvin","Wiley",6);
//Adding Books to
map map.put(1,b1);
map.put(2,b2);
map.put(3,b3);
//Traversing map
for(Map.Entry<Integer, Book> entry:map.entrySet()){
int key=entry.getKey();
 Book b=entry.getValue();
System.out.println(key+" Details:");
System.out.println(b.id+" "+b.name+" "+b.author+" "+b.publisher+" "+b.quantity);
}
}
}
Output:
1 Details:
101 Let us C Yashwant Kanetkar
BPB 8 2 Details:
102 Data Communications & Networking Forouzan Mc Graw
Hill 4 3 Details:
103 Operating System Galvin

Wiley 6 Java TreeMap class

Java TreeMap class is a red-black tree based implementation. It provides an efficient means of
storing key-value pairs in sorted order.

The important points about Java TreeMap class are:

o Java TreeMap contains values based on the key. It implements the NavigableMap
interface and extends AbstractMap class.
o Java TreeMap contains only unique elements.
o Java TreeMap cannot have a null key but can have multiple null values.
o Java TreeMap is non synchronized.
o Java TreeMap maintains ascending order.

TreeMap class declaration

Let's see the declaration for java.util.TreeMap class.

1. public class TreeMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V> implements NavigableMap<K,V>,

Cloneabl e, Serializable

TreeMap class Parameters

Let's see the Parameters for java.util.TreeMap class.

o K: It is the type of keys maintained by this map.
o V: It is the type of mapped values.
Constructors of Java TreeMap class
Constructor Description

TreeMap() It is used to construct an empty tree map that will be

sorted using the natural order of its key.

TreeMap(Comparator<? super K> It is used to construct an empty tree-based map that will
comparator) be sorted using the comparator comp.

TreeMap(Map<? extends K,? It is used to initialize a treemap with the entries from
extends V> m) m, which will be sorted using the natural order of the
keys.
TreeMap(SortedMap<K,? extends It is used to initialize a treemap with the entries
V> m) from the SortedMap sm, which will be sorted in
the same order as sm.

Methods of Java TreeMap class

Method Description

Map.Entry<K,V> ceilingEntry(K key) It returns the key-value pair having the least
key, greater than or equal to the specified
key, or null if there is no such key.

K ceilingKey(K key) It returns the least key, greater than the

specified key or null if there is no such key.

void clear() It removes all the key-value pairs from a map.

Object clone() It returns a shallow copy of TreeMap

instance.
Comparator<? super K> comparator() It returns the comparator that arranges the key
in order, or null if the map uses the natural
ordering.
NavigableSet<K> descendingKeySet() It returns a reverse order NavigableSet view
of the keys contained in the map.

NavigableMap<K,V> descendingMap() It returns the specified key-value pairs in

descending order.

Map.Entry firstEntry() It returns the key-value pair having the least

key.
Map.Entry<K,V> floorEntry(K key) It returns the greatest key, less than or equal
to the specified key, or null if there is no
such key.
void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K,? super It performs the given action for each entry in
V> action) the map until all entries have been processed
or the action throws an exception.

SortedMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey) It returns the key-value pairs whose keys are
strictly less than toKey.

NavigableMap<K,V> headMap(K toKey, It returns the key-value pairs whose keys are
boolean inclusive) less than (or equal to if inclusive is true)
toKey.
Map.Entry<K,V> higherEntry(K key) It returns the least key strictly greater than the
given key, or null if there is no such key.

K higherKey(K key) It is used to return true if this map contains a

mapping for the specified key.

Set keySet() It returns the collection of keys exist in the

map.
Map.Entry<K,V> lastEntry() It returns the key-value pair having the
greatest key, or null if there is no such key.

Map.Entry<K,V> lowerEntry(K key) It returns a key-value mapping associated

with the greatest key strictly less than the
given key, or null if there is no such key.

K lowerKey(K key) It returns the greatest key strictly less than the
given key, or null if there is no such key.

NavigableSet<K> navigableKeySet() It returns a NavigableSet view of the keys

contained in this map.

Map.Entry<K,V> pollFirstEntry() It removes and returns a key-value mapping

associated with the least key in this map, or
null if the map is empty.

Map.Entry<K,V> pollLastEntry() It removes and returns a key-value mapping

associated with the greatest key in this map,
or null if the map is empty.

V put(K key, V value) It inserts the specified value with the specified
key in the map.

void putAll(Map<? extends K,? extends V> It is used to copy all the key-value pair from
map) one map to another map.
V replace(K key, V value) It replaces the specified value for a specified
key.
boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V It replaces the old value with the new value
newValue) for a specified key.

void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K,? It replaces each entry's value with the result of
super V,? extends V> function) invoking the given function on that entry until
all entries have been processed or the function
throws an exception.

NavigableMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey, It returns key-value pairs whose keys range

boolean fromInclusive, K toKey, boolean from fromKey to toKey.
toInclusive)

SortedMap<K,V> subMap(K fromKey, K It returns key-value pairs whose keys range

toKey) from fromKey, inclusive, to toKey,
exclusive.

SortedMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey) It returns key-value pairs whose keys are

greater than or equal to fromKey.

NavigableMap<K,V> tailMap(K fromKey, It returns key-value pairs whose keys are

boolean inclusive) greater than (or equal to, if inclusive is true)
fromKey.

boolean containsKey(Object key) It returns true if the map contains a mapping

for the specified key.

boolean containsValue(Object value) It returns true if the map maps one or more
keys to the specified value.

K firstKey() It is used to return the first (lowest) key

currently in this sorted map.

V get(Object key) It is used to return the value to which the map

maps the specified key.

K lastKey() It is used to return the last (highest) key

currently in the sorted map.

V remove(Object key) It removes the key-value pair of the specified

key from the map.

Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() It returns a set view of the mappings

contained in the map.

int size() It returns the number of key-value pairs

exists in the hashtable.
 Collection values() It returns a collection view of the values
contained in the map.

Java TreeMap Example

import java.util.*; class
TreeMap1{
public static void main(String args[]){
TreeMap<Integer,String> map=new TreeMap<Integer,String>(); map.put(100,"Amit");
map.put(102,"Ravi");
map.put(101,"Vijay");
map.put(103,"Rahul");

for(Map.Entry m:map.entrySet()){ System.out.println(m.getKey()+"

"+m.getValue());
}
}
}
Output:100 Amit
101 Vijay
102 Ravi
103 Rahul

Java TreeMap Example: remove()

import java.util.*;
public class TreeMap2 {
public static void main(String args[]) { TreeMap<Integer,String> map=new
TreeMap<Integer,String>();
map.put(100,"Amit");
map.put(102,"Ravi");
map.put(101,"Vijay");
map.put(103,"Rahul");
System.out.println("Before invoking remove() method");
for(Map.Entry m:map.entrySet())
{
System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());
}
map.remove(102);
System.out.println("After invoking remove() method");
for(Map.Entry m:map.entrySet())
{
System.out.println(m.getKey()+" "+m.getValue());
}
}
}

Output:
 Before invoking remove() method
100 Amit
101 Vijay
102 Ravi
103 Rahul
After invoking remove() method

100 Amit
101 Vijay
103 Rahul

Java TreeMap Example: NavigableMap

import java.util.*;
class TreeMap3{
public static void main(String args[]){
NavigableMap<Integer,String> map=new TreeMap<Integer,String>(); map.put(100,"Amit");
map.put(102,"Ravi");
map.put(101,"Vijay");
map.put(103,"Rahul");
//Maintains descending order System.out.println("descendingMap:
"+map.descendingMap());
//Returns key-
value pairs whose keys are less than or equal to the specified key.
System.out.println("headMap: "+map.headMap(102,true));
//Returns key-
value pairs whose keys are greater than or equal to the specified key.
System.out.println("tailMap: "+map.tailMap(102,true));
//Returns key-value pairs exists in between the specified key. System.out.println("subMap:
"+map.subMap(100, false, 102, true));
}
}
descendingMap: {103=Rahul, 102=Ravi, 101=Vijay, 100=Amit}
headMap: {100=Amit, 101=Vijay, 102=Ravi}
tailMap: {102=Ravi, 103=Rahul}
subMap: {101=Vijay, 102=Ravi}

Java TreeMap Example: SortedMap

import java.util.*;
class TreeMap4{
public static void main(String args[]){
SortedMap<Integer,String> map=new TreeMap<Integer,String>(); map.put(100,"Amit");
map.put(102,"Ravi");
map.put(101,"Vijay");
map.put(103,"Rahul");
//Returns key-value pairs whose keys are less than the specified key.
System.out.println("headMap: "+map.headMap(102));
//Returns key-
value pairs whose keys are greater than or equal to the specified key.
System.out.println("tailMap: "+map.tailMap(102));
//Returns key-value pairs exists in between the specified key. System.out.println("subMap:
 "+map.subMap(100, 102));
}
}
headMap: {100=Amit, 101=Vijay}
tailMap: {102=Ravi, 103=Rahul}
subMap: {100=Amit, 101=Vijay}
What is difference between HashMap and TreeMap?
HashMap TreeMap

1) HashMap can contain one null key. TreeMap cannot contain any null key.

2) HashMap maintains no order. TreeMap maintains ascending order.

Java TreeMap Example: Book

import java.util.*;
class Book {
int id;
String name,author,publisher;
int quantity;
public Book(int id, String name, String author, String publisher, int quantity) {
this.id = id; this.name =
name; this.author =
author;
this.publisher = publisher;
this.quantity = quantity;
}
}
public class MapExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Creating map of Books
Map<Integer,Book> map=new TreeMap<Integer,Book>();
//Creating Books
Book b1=new Book(101,"Let us C","Yashwant Kanetkar","BPB",8);
Book b2=new Book(102,"Data Communications & Networking","Forouzan","Mc Graw Hill",4);
Book b3=new Book(103,"Operating System","Galvin","Wiley",6);
//Adding Books to map
map.put(2,b2);
map.put(1,b1);
map.put(3,b3);

//Traversing map
for(Map.Entry<Integer, Book> entry:map.entrySet()){
int key=entry.getKey(); Book
b=entry.getValue();
System.out.println(key+" Details:");
System.out.println(b.id+" "+b.name+" "+b.author+" "+b.publisher+""+b.q uantity);
}
}
}

Output:
1 Details:
101 Let us C Yashwant Kanetkar BPB 8
2 Details:
102 Data Communications & Networking Forouzan Mc Graw Hill 4
 3 Details:
103 Operating System Galvin Wiley 6

Set in Java
• Set is an interface which extends Collection. It is an unordered collection of objects in which
duplicate values cannot be stored.
• Basically, Set is implemented by HashSet, LinkedHashSet or TreeSet (sorted representation).
• Set has various methods to add, remove clear, size, etc to enhance the usage of this
interface filter_none
edit play_arrow
brightness_4
// Java code for adding elements in Set
import java.util.*;
public class Set_example
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Set deonstration using HashSet
Set<String> hash_Set = new
HashSet<String>(); hash_Set.add("Geeks");
hash_Set.add("For");
hash_Set.add("Geeks");
hash_Set.add("Example"
); hash_Set.add("Set");
System.out.print("Set output without the duplicates");

System.out.println(hash_Set);

// Set deonstration using TreeSet

System.out.print("Sorted Set after passing into
TreeSet"); Set<String> tree_Set = new
TreeSet<String>(hash_Set);
System.out.println(tree_Set);
}
}
(Please note that we have entered a duplicate entity but it is not displayed in the output. Also, we can
directly sort the entries by passing the unordered Set in as the parameter of TreeSet).

Output:
Set output without the duplicates[Set, Example, Geeks, for]
Sorted Set after passing into TreeSet[Example, For, Geeks, Set]

TreeSet in Java
TreeSet is one of the most important implementations of the SortedSet interface in Java that uses a
Tree for storage. The ordering of the elements is maintained by a set using their natural ordering
whether or not an explicit comparator is provided. This must be consistent with equals if it is to
correctly implement the Set interface. It can also be ordered by a Comparator provided at set
creation time, depending on which constructor is used. The TreeSet implements a NavigableSet
interface by inheriting AbstractSet class.
Few important features of TreeSet are as follows:
1. TreeSet implements the SortedSet interface so duplicate values are not allowed.
2. Objects in a TreeSet are stored in a sorted and ascending order.

3. TreeSet does not preserve the insertion order of elements but elements are sorted by keys.
4. TreeSet does not allow to insert Heterogeneous objects. It will throw classCastException at
Runtime if trying to add hetrogeneous objects.
5. TreeSet serves as an excellent choice for storing large amounts of sorted information
which are supposed to be accessed quickly because of its faster access and retrieval
time.
6. TreeSet is basically implementation of a self-balancing binary search tree like Red-Black
Tree. Therefore operations like add, remove and search take O(Log n) time. And operations
like printing n elements in sorted order takes O(n) time.
Constructors of TreeSet class:
1. TreeSet t = new TreeSet();
This will create empty TreeSet object in which elements will get stored in default natural
sorting order.
2. TreeSet t = new TreeSet(Comparator comp);
This constructor is used when external specification of sorting order of elements is needed.
3. TreeSet t = new TreeSet(Collection col);
This constructor is used when any conversion is needed from any Collection object to
TreeSet object.
4. TreeSet t = new TreeSet(SortedSet s);
This constructor is used to convert SortedSet object to TreeSet Object.
Synchronized TreeSet:
The implementation in a TreeSet is not synchronized in a sense that if multiple threads access a tree
set concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies the set, it must be synchronized externally.
This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the set. If
no such object exists, the set should be “wrapped” using the Collections.synchronizedSortedSet
method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental unsynchronized access to the set:

TreeSet ts = new TreeSet();

Set syncSet = Collections.synchronziedSet(ts);
Below program illustrates the basic opearation of a TreeSet:
// Java program to demonstrate insertions in TreeSet
import java.util.*;

class TreeSetDemo {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
TreeSet<String> ts1 = new TreeSet<String>();

// Elements are added using add()

method ts1.add("A");
ts1.add("B");
ts1.add("C");

// Duplicates will not get

insert ts1.add("C");
 // Elements get stored in default natural
// Sorting Order(Ascending)
System.out.println(ts1);
}
}
Output:
[A, B, C]
Two things must be kept in mind while creating and adding elements into a TreeSet:

• Firstly, insertion of null into a TreeSet throws NullPointerException because while

insertion of null, it gets compared to the existing elements and null cannot be compared to
any value.
• Secondly, if we are depending on default natural sorting order, compulsory the object should
be homogeneous and comparable otherwise we will get
RuntimeException:ClassCastException

// Java code to illustrate StringBuffer

// class does not implements
// Comparable interface.
import java.util.*;
class TreeSetDemo {

public static void main(String[] args)

{
TreeSet<StringBuffer> ts = new TreeSet<StringBuffer>();

// Elements are added using add()

method ts.add(new
StringBuffer("A")); ts.add(new
StringBuffer("Z")); ts.add(new
StringBuffer("L")); ts.add(new
StringBuffer("B")); ts.add(new
StringBuffer("O"));

// We will get RunTimeException :ClassCastException

// As StringBuffer does not implements Comparable interface
System.out.println(ts);
}
}

.
NOTE:
1. An object is said to be comparable if and only if the corresponding class implements
Comparable interface.
2. String class and all Wrapper classes already implements Comparable interface but
StringBuffer class doesn’t implements Comparable interface.Hence we got
ClassCastException in the above example.
3. For an empty tree-set, when trying to insert null as first value, one will get NPE from JDK
7.From
1.7 onwards null is not at all accepted by TreeSet. However upto JDK 6, null will be
 accepted as first value, but any if insertion of any more values in the TreeSet, will also
throw NullPointerException.
Hence it was considered as bug and thus removed in JDK 7.
Methods of TreeSet class:
TreeSet implements SortedSet so it has availability of all methods in Collection, Set and SortedSet
interfaces. Following are the methods in Treeset interface.
1. void add(Object o): This method will add specified element according to some sorting
order in TreeSet. Duplicate entires will not get added.
2. boolean addAll(Collection c): This method will add all elements of specified Collection
to the set. Elements in Collection should be homogeneous otherwise ClassCastException
will be thrown. Duplicate Entries of Collection will not be added to TreeSet.
3. void clear(): This method will remove all the elements.
4. boolean contains(Object o): This method will return true if given element is present in
TreeSet else it will return false.
5. Object first(): This method will return first element in TreeSet if TreeSet is not null
else it will throw NoSuchElementException.
6. Object last(): This method will return last element in TreeSet if TreeSet is not null else it
will throw NoSuchElementException.
7. SortedSet headSet(Object toElement): This method will return elements of TreeSet which
are less than the specified element.
8. SortedSet tailSet(Object fromElement): This method will return elements of TreeSet
which are greater than or equal to the specified element.
9. SortedSet subSet(Object fromElement, Object toElement): This method will return elements
ranging from fromElement to toElement. fromElement is inclusive and toElement is
exclusive.
10. boolean isEmpty(): This method is used to return true if this set contains no elements or
is empty and false for the opposite case.
11. Object clone(): The method is used to return a shallow copy of the set, which is just a
simple copied set.
12. int size(): This method is used to return the size of the set or the number of elements
present in the set.
13. boolean remove(Object o): This method is used to return a specific element from the set.
14. Iterator iterator(): Returns an iterator for iterating over the elements of the set.
15. Comparator comparator(): This method will return Comparator used to sort elements in
TreeSet or it will return null if default natural sorting order is used.
16. ceiling(E e): This method returns the least element in this set greater than or equal to
the given element, or null if there is no such element.
17. descendingIterator(): This method returns an iterator over the elements in this set in
descending order.
18. descendingSet(): This method returns a reverse order view of the elements contained in this
set.
19. floor(E e): This method returns the greatest element in this set less than or equal to
the given element, or null if there is no such element.
20. higher(E e): This method returns the least element in this set strictly greater than the given
element, or null if there is no such element.
21. lower(E e): This method returns the greatest element in this set strictly less than the given
element, or null if there is no such element.
22. pollFirst(): This method retrieves and removes the first (lowest) element, or returns null if
this set is empty.
23. pollLast(): This method retrieves and removes the last (highest) element, or returns null if
this set is empty.
24. spliterator(): This method creates a late-binding and fail-fast Spliterator over the
 elements in this set.

Java LinkedList class

Java LinkedList class uses a doubly linked list to store the elements. It provides a linked-list data
structure. It inherits the AbstractList class and implements List and Deque interfaces.

The important points about Java LinkedList are:

o Java LinkedList class can contain duplicate elements.

o Java LinkedList class maintains insertion order.
o Java LinkedList class is non synchronized.
o In Java LinkedList class, manipulation is fast because no shifting needs to occur.
o Java LinkedList class can be used as a list, stack or queue.

Hierarchy of LinkedList class

As shown in the above diagram, Java LinkedList class extends AbstractSequentialList class and
implements List and Deque interfaces.

Doubly Linked List

In the case of a doubly linked list, we can add or remove elements from both sides.
LinkedList class declaration

Let's see the declaration for java.util.LinkedList class.

1. public class LinkedList<E> extends AbstractSequentialList<E> implements List<E>,

Deque<E>, Clon eable, Serializable

Constructors of Java LinkedList

Constructor Description

LinkedList() It is used to construct an empty list.

LinkedList(Collection<? It is used to construct a list containing the elements

extends E> c) of the specified collection, in the order, they are
returned by the collection's iterator.

Methods of Java LinkedList

Method Description

boolean add(E e) It is used to append the specified element to the end

of a list.

void add(int index, E element) It is used to insert the specified element at the
specified position index in a list.

boolean addAll(Collection<? extends It is used to append all of the elements in the

E> c) specified collection to the end of this list, in the order
that they are returned by the specified collection's
iterator.
boolean addAll(Collection<? extends It is used to append all of the elements in the
E> c) specified collection to the end of this list, in the order
that they are returned by the specified collection's
iterator.
boolean addAll(int index, It is used to append all the elements in the specified
Collection<? extends E> c) collection, starting at the specified position of the
list.
void addFirst(E e) It is used to insert the given element at the beginning
of a list.

void addLast(E e) It is used to append the given element to the end of a

list.
void clear() It is used to remove all the elements from a list.

Object clone() It is used to return a shallow copy of an ArrayList.

boolean contains(Object o) It is used to return true if a list contains a specified
element.

Iterator<E> descendingIterator() It is used to return an iterator over the elements in a

deque in reverse sequential order.

E element() It is used to retrieve the first element of a list.

E get(int index) It is used to return the element at the specified

position in a list.

E getFirst() It is used to return the first element in a list.

E getLast() It is used to return the last element in a list.

int indexOf(Object o) It is used to return the index in a list of the first

occurrence of the specified element, or -1 if the list
does not contain any element.

int lastIndexOf(Object o) It is used to return the index in a list of the last

occurrence of the specified element, or -1 if the list
does not contain any element.

ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) It is used to return a list-iterator of the elements in

proper sequence, starting at the specified position in
the list.
boolean offer(E e) It adds the specified element as the last element of a
list.
boolean offerFirst(E e) It inserts the specified element at the front of a list.

boolean offerLast(E e) It inserts the specified element at the end of a list.

E peek() It retrieves the first element of a list

E peekFirst() It retrieves the first element of a list or returns null

if a list is empty.

E peekLast() It retrieves the last element of a list or returns null if

a list is empty.

E poll() It retrieves and removes the first element of a list.

E pollFirst() It retrieves and removes the first element of a list, or

returns null if a list is empty.

E pollLast() It retrieves and removes the last element of a list, or

returns null if a list is empty.
 E pop() It pops an element from the stack represented by a
list.
void push(E e) It pushes an element onto the stack represented by a
list.
E remove() It is used to retrieve and removes the first element
of a list.

E remove(int index) It is used to remove the element at the specified

position in a list.

boolean remove(Object o) It is used to remove the first occurrence of the

specified element in a list.

E removeFirst() It removes and returns the first element from a list.

boolean It is used to remove the first occurrence of the

removeFirstOccurrence(Object o) specified element in a list (when traversing the list
from head to tail).

E removeLast() It removes and returns the last element from a list.

boolean It removes the last occurrence of the specified

removeLastOccurrence(Object o) element in a list (when traversing the list from head
to tail).
E set(int index, E element) It replaces the element at the specified position in a
list with the specified element.

Object[] toArray() It is used to return an array containing all the

elements in a list in proper sequence (from first to
the last element).
<T> T[] toArray(T[] a) It returns an array containing all the elements in the
proper sequence (from first to the last element); the
runtime type of the returned array is that of the
specified array.

int size() It is used to return the number of elements in a list.

Java LinkedList Example

import java.util.*;
public class LinkedList1{
public static void main(String args[]){

LinkedList<String> al=new
LinkedList<String>(); al.add("Ravi");
al.add("Vijay");
al.add("Ravi");
al.add("Ajay");
Iterator<String> itr=al.iterator();
while(itr.hasNext()){
 System.out.println(itr.next());
}
}
}
Output:
Ravi
Vijay
Ravi
Ajay

Java LinkedList example to add elements

Here, we see different ways to add elements.

import java.util.*;
public class LinkedList2{
public static void main(String args[]){
LinkedList<String> ll=new LinkedList<String>();
System.out.println("Initial list of elements:
"+ll); ll.add("Ravi");
ll.add("Vijay");
ll.add("Ajay");
System.out.println("After invoking add(E e) method: "+ll);
//Adding an element at the specific position
ll.add(1, "Gaurav");
System.out.println("After invoking add(int index, E element) method: "+ll);
LinkedList<String> ll2=new LinkedList<String>();
ll2.add("Sonoo");
ll2.add("Hanumat");
//Adding second list elements to the first list
ll.addAll(ll2);
System.out.println("After invoking addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) method: "+ll);
LinkedList<String> ll3=new LinkedList<String>();
ll3.add("John");
ll3.add("Rahul");
//Adding second list elements to the first list at specific position
ll.addAll(1, ll3);
System.out.println("After invoking addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) method:
"+ll);
//Adding an element at the first position
ll.addFirst("Lokesh");
System.out.println("After invoking addFirst(E e) method: "+ll);
//Adding an element at the last position
ll.addLast("Harsh");
System.out.println("After invoking addLast(E e) method: "+ll);

}
}
Initial list of elements: []
After invoking add(E e) method: [Ravi, Vijay, Ajay]
After invoking add(int index, E element) method: [Ravi, Gaurav, Vijay, Ajay]
After invoking addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) method:
[Ravi, Gaurav, Vijay, Ajay, Sonoo, Hanumat]
After invoking addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) method:
[Ravi, John, Rahul, Gaurav, Vijay, Ajay, Sonoo, Hanumat]
After invoking addFirst(E e) method:
[Lokesh, Ravi, John, Rahul, Gaurav, Vijay, Ajay, Sonoo,
Hanumat] After invoking addLast(E e) method:
 [Lokesh, Ravi, John, Rahul, Gaurav, Vijay, Ajay, Sonoo, Hanumat, Harsh]

Java LinkedList example to remove elements

Here, we see different ways to remove an element.

import java.util.*;
public class LinkedList3 {

public static void main(String [] args)

{
LinkedList<String> ll=new LinkedList<String>();
ll.add("Ravi");
ll.add("Vijay");
ll.add("Ajay");
ll.add("Anuj");
ll.add("Gaurav");
ll.add("Harsh");
ll.add("Virat");
ll.add("Gaurav");
ll.add("Harsh");
ll.add("Amit");
System.out.println("Initial list of elements: "+ll);
//Removing specific element from arraylist
ll.remove("Vijay");
System.out.println("After invoking remove(object) method: "+ll);
//Removing element on the basis of specific position
ll.remove(0);
System.out.println("After invoking remove(index) method:
"+ll); LinkedList<String> ll2=new LinkedList<String>();
ll2.add("Ravi");
ll2.add("Hanumat");
// Adding new elements to arraylist
ll.addAll(ll2);
System.out.println("Updated list :
"+ll);
//Removing all the new elements from
arraylist ll.removeAll(ll2);
System.out.println("After invoking removeAll() method: "+ll);
//Removing first element from the list
ll.removeFirst();
System.out.println("After invoking removeFirst() method: "+ll);
//Removing first element from the list
ll.removeLast();
System.out.println("After invoking removeLast() method: "+ll);
//Removing first occurrence of element from the list
ll.removeFirstOccurrence("Gaurav");
System.out.println("After invoking removeFirstOccurrence() method: "+ll);
//Removing last occurrence of element from the list
ll.removeLastOccurrence("Harsh");
System.out.println("After invoking removeLastOccurrence() method: "+ll);
 //Removing all the elements available in the list
ll.clear();
System.out.println("After invoking clear() method: "+ll);
}
}
 Initial list of elements: [Ravi, Vijay, Ajay, Anuj, Gaurav, Harsh, Virat, Gaurav, Harsh, Amit]
After invoking remove(object) method: [Ravi, Ajay, Anuj, Gaurav, Harsh, Virat, Gaurav,
Harsh, Amit] After invoking remove(index) method: [Ajay, Anuj, Gaurav, Harsh, Virat,
Gaurav, Harsh, Amit] Updated list : [Ajay, Anuj, Gaurav, Harsh, Virat, Gaurav, Harsh, Amit,
Ravi, Hanumat]
After invoking removeAll() method: [Ajay, Anuj, Gaurav, Harsh, Virat, Gaurav, Harsh,
Amit] After invoking removeFirst() method: [Gaurav, Harsh, Virat, Gaurav, Harsh, Amit]
After invoking removeLast() method: [Gaurav, Harsh, Virat, Gaurav,
Harsh] After invoking removeFirstOccurrence() method: [Harsh, Virat,
Gaurav, Harsh] After invoking removeLastOccurrence() method: [Harsh,
Virat, Gaurav]
After invoking clear() method: []
Java LinkedList Example to reverse a list of elements
import java.util.*;
public class LinkedList4{
public static void main(String args[]){

LinkedList<String> ll=new LinkedList<String>();

ll.add("Ravi");
ll.add("Vijay");
ll.add("Ajay");
//Traversing the list of elements in reverse
order Iterator i=ll.descendingIterator();
while(i.hasNext())
{
System.out.println(i.next());
}

}
}
Output: Ajay
Vijay
Ravi

Java LinkedList Example: Book

import java.util.*;
class Book {
int id;
String name,author,publisher;
int quantity;
public Book(int id, String name, String author, String publisher, int quantity) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.author =
author;
this.publisher = publisher;
this.quantity = quantity;
}
}
public class LinkedListExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Creating list of Books
List<Book> list=new LinkedList<Book>();
//Creating Books
Book b1=new Book(101,"Let us C","Yashwant Kanetkar","BPB",8);
Book b2=new Book(102,"Data Communications & Networking","Forouzan","Mc Graw
Hill",4);
 Book b3=new Book(103,"Operating System","Galvin","Wiley",6);
//Adding Books to list list.add(b1);
list.add(b2);
list.add(b3);
//Traversing list
for(Book b:list){
System.out.println(b.id+" "+b.name+" "+b.author+" "+b.publisher+" "+b.quantity);
}
}
}
Output:
101 Let us C Yashwant Kanetkar BPB 8
102 Data Communications & Networking Forouzan Mc Graw Hill 4 103
Operating System Galvin Wiley 6

Simple example of StringTokenizer class

Let's see the simple example of StringTokenizer class that tokenizes a string "my name is khan"
on the basis of whitespace.

import java.util.StringTokenizer;
public class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){

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120
 StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("my name is khan"," ");
while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
System.out.println(st.nextToken());
}}}
Output:my
name
is
khan
Example of nextToken(String delim) method of StringTokenizer class
import java.util.*;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("my,name,is,khan");
// printing next token
System.out.println("Next token is : " + st.nextToken(","));
} }
Output:Next token is : my

java.util.Random
▪ For using this class to generate random numbers, we have to first create an instance of this
class and then invoke methods such as nextInt(), nextDouble(), nextLong() etc using that
instance.
▪ We can generate random numbers of types integers, float, double, long, booleans using this
class.
▪ We can pass arguments to the methods for placing an upper bound on the range of the
numbers to be generated. For example, nextInt(6) will generate numbers in the range 0 to 5
both inclusive.
// A Java program to demonstrate random number generation
// using java.util.Random;
import java.util.Random;

public class generateRandom{

public static void main(String args[])

{
// create instance of Random class
Random rand = new Random();

// Generate random integers in range 0 to 999

int rand_int1 = rand.nextInt(1000);
int rand_int2 = rand.nextInt(1000);

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 // Print random integers
System.out.println("Random Integers: "+rand_int1);
System.out.println("Random Integers: "+rand_int2);

// Generate Random doubles

double rand_dub1 = rand.nextDouble();
double rand_dub2 = rand.nextDouble();

// Print random doubles

System.out.println("Random Doubles: "+rand_dub1);
System.out.println("Random Doubles: "+rand_dub2);
}}
Output:

Random Integers: 547

Random Integers: 126
Random Doubles: 0.8369779739988428
Random Doubles: 0.5497554388209912

Java Scanner class

There are various ways to read input from the keyboard, the java.util.Scanner class is one of them.
The Java Scanner class breaks the input into tokens using a delimiter that is whitespace
bydefault. It provides many methods to read and parse various primitive values.

Java Scanner class is widely used to parse text for string and primitive types using regular
expression.

Java Scanner class extends Object class and implements Iterator and Closeable interfaces.

Commonly used methods of Scanner class

There is a list of commonly used Scanner class methods:

Method Description

public String next() it returns the next token from the scanner.

public String nextLine() it moves the scanner position to the next line and returns the value
as a string.

public byte nextByte() it scans the next token as a byte.

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 public short nextShort() it scans the next token as a short value.

public int nextInt() it scans the next token as an int value.

public long nextLong() it scans the next token as a long value.

public float nextFloat() it scans the next token as a float value.

public double it scans the next token as a double value.

nextDouble()

Java Scanner Example to get input from console

Let's see the simple example of the Java Scanner class which reads the int, string and double
value as an input:

import java.util.Scanner;
class ScannerTest{
public static void main(String args[]){
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter your rollno");
int rollno=sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter your name");
String name=sc.next();
System.out.println("Enter your fee");
double fee=sc.nextDouble();
System.out.println("Rollno:"+rollno+" name:"+name+" fee:"+fee);
sc.close();
} } Output:
Enter your rollno
111
Enter your name
Ratan
Enter
450000
Rollno:111 name:Ratan fee:450000

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123
 Java Calendar Class

Java Calendar class is an abstract class that provides methods for converting date between a
specific instant in time and a set of calendar fields such as MONTH, YEAR, HOUR, etc. It
inherits Object class and implements the Comparable interface.

Java Calendar class declaration

Let's see the declaration of java.util.Calendar class.

2. public abstract class Calendar extends Object

3. implements Serializable, Cloneable, Comparable<Calendar>

Java Calendar Class Example

import java.util.Calendar;
public class CalendarExample1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
System.out.println("The current date is : " + calendar.getTime());
calendar.add(Calendar.DATE, -15);
System.out.println("15 days ago: " + calendar.getTime());
calendar.add(Calendar.MONTH, 4);
System.out.println("4 months later: " + calendar.getTime());
calendar.add(Calendar.YEAR, 2);
System.out.println("2 years later: " + calendar.getTime());
}}

Output:

The current date is : Thu Jan 19 18:47:02 IST 2017

15 days ago: Wed Jan 04 18:47:02 IST 2017
4 months later: Thu May 04 18:47:02 IST 2017
2 years later: Sat May 04 18:47:02 IST 2019

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124
 UNIT-IV

Java AWT Tutorial

Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is an API to develop GUI or window-based applications in
java.

Java AWT components are platform-dependent i.e. components are displayed according to the
view of operating system. AWT is heavyweight i.e. its components are using the resources of OS.

The java.awt package provides classes for AWT API such as TextField, Label, TextArea,
RadioButton, CheckBox, Choice, List etc.

Java AWT Hierarchy

The hierarchy of Java AWT classes are given below.

Container

The Container is a component in AWT that can contain another components like buttons,
textfields, labels etc. The classes that extends Container class are known as container such as
Frame, Dialog and Panel.

Window

The window is the container that have no borders and menu bars. You must use frame, dialog or
another window for creating a window.

Panel

The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar and menu bars. It can have other components
like button, textfield etc.

Frame

The Frame is the container that contain title bar and can have menu bars. It can have other
components like button, textfield etc.
 Useful Methods of Component class

Method Description

public void add(Component c) inserts a component on this component.

public void setSize(int width,int sets the size (width and height) of the
height) component.

public void setLayout(LayoutManager defines the layout manager for the component.
m)

public void setVisible(boolean status) changes the visibility of the component, by

default false.

Java AWT Example

To create simple awt example, you need a frame. There are two ways to create a frame in AWT.

o By extending Frame class (inheritance)

o By creating the object of Frame class (association)

AWT Example by Inheritance

Let's see a simple example of AWT where we are inheriting Frame class. Here, we are showing
Button component on the Frame.

1. import java.awt.*;
2. class First extends Frame{
3. First(){
4. Button b=new Button("click me");
5. b.setBounds(30,100,80,30);// setting button position
6. add(b);//adding button into frame
7. setSize(300,300);//frame size 300 width and 300 height
8. setLayout(null);//no layout manager
9. setVisible(true);//now frame will be visible, by default not visible
10. }
11. public static void main(String args[]){
12. First f=new First();
13. } }
 The setBounds(int x axis, int yaxis, int width, int height) method is used in the above example that
sets the position of the awt button.

AWT Example by Association

Let's see a simple example of AWT where we are creating instance of Frame class. Here, we are
showing Button component on the Frame.

1. import java.awt.*;
2. class First2{
3. First2(){
4. Frame f=new Frame();
5. Button b=new Button("click me");
6. b.setBounds(30,50,80,30);
7. f.add(b);
8. f.setSize(300,300);
9. f.setLayout(null);
10. f.setVisible(true);
11. }
12. public static void main(String args[]){
13. First2 f=new First2();
14. }}
 AWT Controls:

AWT Label:

The object of Label class is a component for placing text in a container. It is used to display a
single line of read only text. The text can be changed by an application but a user cannot edit it
directly.

AWT Label Class Declaration

1. public class Label extends Component implements Accessible

Java Label Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. class LabelExample{

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4. Frame f= new Frame("Label Example");

5. Label l1,l2;

6. l1=new Label("First Label.");

7. l1.setBounds(50,100, 100,30);

8. l2=new Label("Second Label.");

9. l2.setBounds(50,150, 100,30);

10. f.add(l1); f.add(l2);

11. f.setSize(400,400);

12. f.setLayout(null);

13. f.setVisible(true);

14. }

15. }

Output:
Java AWT Button

The button class is used to create a labeled button that has platform independent implementation.
The application result in some action when the button is pushed.

AWT Button Class declaration

1. public class Button extends Component implements Accessible

Java AWT Button Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class ButtonExample {

3. public static void main(String[] args) {

4. Frame f=new Frame("Button Example");

5. Button b=new Button("Click Here");

6. b.setBounds(50,100,80,30);

7. f.add(b);

8. f.setSize(400,400);

9. f.setLayout(null);

10. f.setVisible(true);

11. }

12. }

Output:
 Java AWT Scrollbar

The object of Scrollbar class is used to add horizontal and vertical scrollbar. Scrollbar is
a GUI component allows us to see invisible number of rows and columns.

AWT Scrollbar class declaration

1. public class Scrollbar extends Component implements Adjustable, Accessible

Java AWT Scrollbar Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. class ScrollbarExample{
3. ScrollbarExample(){
4. Frame f= new Frame("Scrollbar Example");
5. Scrollbar s=new Scrollbar();
6. s.setBounds(100,100, 50,100);
7. f.add(s);
8. f.setSize(400,400);
9. f.setLayout(null);
10. f.setVisible(true);
11. }
12. public static void main(String args[]){
13. new ScrollbarExample();
14. }
15. }

Output:
Text Components:

Java AWT TextField

The object of a TextField class is a text component that allows the editing of a single line text. It
inherits TextComponent class.

AWT TextField Class Declaration

1. public class TextField extends TextComponent

Java AWT TextField Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. class TextFieldExample{

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4. Frame f= new Frame("TextField Example");

5. TextField t1,t2;

6. t1=new TextField("Welcome to Javatpoint.");

7. t1.setBounds(50,100, 200,30);

8. t2=new TextField("AWT Tutorial");

9. t2.setBounds(50,150, 200,30);

10. f.add(t1); f.add(t2);

11. f.setSize(400,400);
 12. f.setLayout(null);

13. f.setVisible(true);

14. }

15. }

Output:

Java AWT TextArea

The object of a TextArea class is a multi line region that displays text. It allows the editing of
multiple line text. It inherits TextComponent class.

AWT TextArea Class Declaration

1. public class TextArea extends TextComponent

Java AWT TextArea Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class TextAreaExample

3. {

4. TextAreaExample(){

5. Frame f= new Frame();

6. TextArea area=new TextArea("Welcome to javatpoint"); 7.

area.setBounds(10,30, 300,300);

8. f.add(area);
 9. f.setSize(400,400);

10. f.setLayout(null);

11. f.setVisible(true);

12. }

13. public static void main(String args[])

14. {

15. new TextAreaExample();

16. }

17. }

Output:

Java AWT Checkbox

The Checkbox class is used to create a checkbox. It is used to turn an option on (true) or off (false).
Clicking on a Checkbox changes its state from "on" to "off" or from "off" to "on".

AWT Checkbox Class Declaration

1. public class Checkbox extends Component implements ItemSelectable, Accessible

Java AWT Checkbox Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class CheckboxExample

3. {

4. CheckboxExample(){
5. Frame f= new Frame("Checkbox Example");

6. Checkbox checkbox1 = new Checkbox("C++");

7. checkbox1.setBounds(100,100, 50,50);

8. Checkbox checkbox2 = new Checkbox("Java", true);

9. checkbox2.setBounds(100,150, 50,50);

10. f.add(checkbox1);

11. f.add(checkbox2);

12. f.setSize(400,400);

13. f.setLayout(null);

14. f.setVisible(true);

15. }

16. public static void main(String args[])

17. {

18. new CheckboxExample();

19. }

20. }

Output:
Java AWT CheckboxGroup

The object of CheckboxGroup class is used to group together a set of Checkbox. At a time only
one check box button is allowed to be in "on" state and remaining check box button in "off" state.
It inherits the object class.

Note: CheckboxGroup enables you to create radio buttons in AWT. There is no special control for
creating radio buttons in AWT.

AWT CheckboxGroup Class Declaration

1. public class CheckboxGroup extends Object implements Serializable

Java AWT CheckboxGroup Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class CheckboxGroupExample

3. {

4. CheckboxGroupExample(){

5. Frame f= new Frame("CheckboxGroup Example");

6. CheckboxGroup cbg = new CheckboxGroup();

7. Checkbox checkBox1 = new Checkbox("C++", cbg, false);

8. checkBox1.setBounds(100,100, 50,50);

9. Checkbox checkBox2 = new Checkbox("Java", cbg, true);

10. checkBox2.setBounds(100,150, 50,50);

11. f.add(checkBox1);

12. f.add(checkBox2);

13. f.setSize(400,400);

14. f.setLayout(null);

15. f.setVisible(true);

16. }

17. public static void main(String args[])

 18. {

19. new CheckboxGroupExample();

20. }

21. }

Output:

Java AWT Choice

The object of Choice class is used to show popup menu of choices. Choice selected by user is
shown on the top of a menu. It inherits Component class.

AWT Choice Class Declaration

1. public class Choice extends Component implements ItemSelectable, Accessible

Java AWT Choice Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class ChoiceExample

3. {

4. ChoiceExample(){

5. Frame f= new Frame();

6. Choice c=new Choice();

7. c.setBounds(100,100, 75,75);

8. c.add("Item 1");

9. c.add("Item 2");
 10. c.add("Item 3");

11. c.add("Item 4");

12. c.add("Item 5");

13. f.add(c);

14. f.setSize(400,400);

15. f.setLayout(null);

16. f.setVisible(true);

17. }

18. public static void main(String args[])

19. {

20. new ChoiceExample();

21. }

22. }

Output:

Java AWT List

The object of List class represents a list of text items. By the help of list, user can choose either
one item or multiple items. It inherits Component class.

AWT List class Declaration

 1. public class List extends Component implements ItemSelectable, Accessible

Java AWT List Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class ListExample

3. {

4. ListExample(){

5. Frame f= new Frame();

6. List l1=new List(5);

7. l1.setBounds(100,100, 75,75);

8. l1.add("Item 1");

9. l1.add("Item 2");

10. l1.add("Item 3");

11. l1.add("Item 4");

12. l1.add("Item 5");

13. f.add(l1);

14. f.setSize(400,400);

15. f.setLayout(null);

16. f.setVisible(true);

17. }

18. public static void main(String args[])

19. {

20. new ListExample();

21. }

22. }

Output:
 Java AWT Dialog

The Dialog control represents a top level window with a border and a title used to take some form
of input from the user. It inherits the Window class.

Unlike Frame, it doesn't have maximize and minimize buttons.

Frame vs Dialog

Frame and Dialog both inherits Window class. Frame has maximize and minimize buttons but
Dialog doesn't have.

AWT Dialog class declaration

1. public class Dialog extends Window

Java AWT Dialog Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3. public class DialogExample {
4. private static Dialog d;
5. DialogExample() {
6. Frame f= new Frame();
7. d = new Dialog(f , "Dialog Example", true);
8. d.setLayout( new FlowLayout() );
9. Button b = new Button ("OK");
10. b.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()
11. {
12. public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e )
13. {
14. DialogExample.d.setVisible(false);
15. }
16. });
17. d.add( new Label ("Click button to continue."));
18. d.add(b);
19. d.setSize(300,300);
20. d.setVisible(true);
21. }
22. public static void main(String args[])
23. {
24. new DialogExample();
25. }
26. }

Output:

Java AWT MenuItem and Menu

The object of MenuItem class adds a simple labeled menu item on menu. The items used in a menu
must belong to the MenuItem or any of its subclass.

The object of Menu class is a pull down menu component which is displayed on the menu bar. It
inherits the MenuItem class.

AWT MenuItem class declaration

1. public class MenuItem extends MenuComponent implements Accessible

AWT Menu class declaration

1. public class Menu extends MenuItem implements MenuContainer, Accessible

Java AWT MenuItem and Menu Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. class MenuExample
3. {
4. MenuExample(){
5. Frame f= new Frame("Menu and MenuItem Example");
6. MenuBar mb=new MenuBar();
7. Menu menu=new Menu("Menu");
8. Menu submenu=new Menu("Sub Menu");
9. MenuItem i1=new MenuItem("Item 1");
10. MenuItem i2=new MenuItem("Item 2");
11. MenuItem i3=new MenuItem("Item 3");
12. MenuItem i4=new MenuItem("Item 4");
13. MenuItem i5=new MenuItem("Item 5");
14. menu.add(i1);
15. menu.add(i2);
16. menu.add(i3);
17. submenu.add(i4);
18. submenu.add(i5);
19. menu.add(submenu);
20. mb.add(menu);
21. f.setMenuBar(mb);
22. f.setSize(400,400);
23. f.setLayout(null);
24. f.setVisible(true);
25. }
26. public static void main(String args[])
27. {
28. new MenuExample();
29. }
30. }

Output:

Event and Listener (Java Event Handling)

 Changing the state of an object is known as an event. For example, click on button, dragging mouse etc.
The java.awt.event package provides many event classes and Listener interfaces for event handling.

Java Event classes and Listener interfaces

Event Classes Listener Interfaces

ActionEvent ActionListener

MouseEvent MouseListener and MouseMotionListener

MouseWheelEvent MouseWheelListener

KeyEvent KeyListener

ItemEvent ItemListener

TextEvent TextListener

AdjustmentEvent AdjustmentListener

WindowEvent WindowListener

ComponentEvent ComponentListener

ContainerEvent ContainerListener

FocusEvent FocusListener

Steps to perform Event Handling

Following steps are required to perform event handling:

1. Register the component with the Listener

Registration Methods
For registering the component with the Listener, many classes provide the registration methods.
For example:

o Button

o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o MenuItem

o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o TextField

o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o public void addTextListener(TextListener a){}

o TextArea

o public void addTextListener(TextListener a){}

o Checkbox

o public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

o Choice

o public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

o List

o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

Java event handling by implementing ActionListener

1. import java.awt.*;

2. import java.awt.event.*;

3. class AEvent extends Frame implements ActionListener{

4. TextField tf;

5. AEvent()

6. {
 7. //create components

8. tf=new TextField();

9. tf.setBounds(60,50,170,20);

10. Button b=new Button("click me");

11. b.setBounds(100,120,80,30);

12.

13. //register listener

14. b.addActionListener(this);//passing current instance

15.

16. //add components and set size, layout and visibility

17. add(b);add(tf);

18. setSize(300,300);

19. setLayout(null);

20. setVisible(true);

21. }

22. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){

23. tf.setText("Welcome");

24. }

25. public static void main(String args[]){

26. new AEvent();

27. }

28. }

public void setBounds(int xaxis, int yaxis, int width, int height); have been used in the above
example that sets the position of the component it may be button, textfield etc.
 Output:

Java MouseListener Interface

The Java MouseListener is notified whenever you change the state of mouse. It is notified against
MouseEvent. The MouseListener interface is found in java.awt.event package. It has five methods.

Methods of MouseListener interface

The signature of 5 methods found in MouseListener interface are given below:

1. public abstract void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e);

2. public abstract void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e);

3. public abstract void mouseExited(MouseEvent e);

4. public abstract void mousePressed(MouseEvent e);

5. public abstract void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e);

Java

MouseListener

Example 1

1. import java.awt.*;

2. import java.awt.event.*;

3. public class MouseListenerExample extends Frame implements MouseListener{

4. Label l;
5. MouseListenerExample(){

6. addMouseListener(this);

7.

8. l=new Label();

9. l.setBounds(20,50,100,20);

10. add(l);

11. setSize(300,300);

12. setLayout(null);

13. setVisible(true);

14. }

15. public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {

16. l.setText("Mouse Clicked");

17. }

18. public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {

19. l.setText("Mouse Entered");

20. }

21. public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {

22. l.setText("Mouse Exited");

23. }

24. public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {

25. l.setText("Mouse Pressed");

26. }

27. public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {

28. l.setText("Mouse Released");

29. }
 30. public static void main(String[] args) {

31. new MouseListenerExample();

32. }

33. }

Output:

Java MouseListener

Example 2

1. import java.awt.*;

2. import java.awt.event.*;

3. public class MouseListenerExample2 extends Frame implements MouseListener{

4. MouseListenerExample2(){

5. addMouseListener(this);

6.

7. setSize(300,300);

8. setLayout(null);

9. setVisible(true);

10. }

11. public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {

 12. Graphics g=getGraphics();

13. g.setColor(Color.BLUE);

14. g.fillOval(e.getX(),e.getY(),30,30);

15. }

16. public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {}

17. public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {}

18. public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {}

19. public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {}

20.

21. public static void main(String[] args) {

22. new MouseListenerExample2();

23. }

24. }

Output:

Java KeyListener Interface

The Java KeyListener is notified whenever you change the state of key. It is notified against
KeyEvent. The KeyListener interface is found in java.awt.event package. It has three methods.

Methods of KeyListener interface

The signature of 3 methods found in KeyListener interface are given below:

1. public abstract void keyPressed(KeyEvent e);

2. public abstract void keyReleased(KeyEvent e);

3. public abstract void keyTyped(KeyEvent e);

Java

KeyListener

Example 1

1. import java.awt.*;

2. import java.awt.event.*;

3. public class KeyListenerExample extends Frame implements KeyListener{

4. Label l;

5. TextArea area;

6. KeyListenerExample(){

7.

8. l=new Label();

9. l.setBounds(20,50,100,20);

10. area=new TextArea();

11. area.setBounds(20,80,300, 300);

12. area.addKeyListener(this);

13.

14. add(l);add(area);

15. setSize(400,400);

16. setLayout(null);

17. setVisible(true);

18. }

19. public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {

20. l.setText("Key Pressed");

21. }
22. public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {
 23. l.setText("Key Released");

24. }

25. public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) {

26. l.setText("Key Typed");

27. }

28.

29. public static void main(String[] args) {

30. new KeyListenerExample();

31. }

32. }

Output:

Java KeyListener

Example 2: Count Words & Characters

1. import java.awt.*;

2. import java.awt.event.*;

3. public class KeyListenerExample extends Frame implements KeyListener{

4. Label l;

5. TextArea area;
6. KeyListenerExample(){

7.

8. l=new Label();

9. l.setBounds(20,50,200,20);

10. area=new TextArea();

11. area.setBounds(20,80,300, 300);

12. area.addKeyListener(this);

13.

14. add(l);add(area);

15. setSize(400,400);

16. setLayout(null);

17. setVisible(true);

18. }

19. public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {}

20. public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {

21. String text=area.getText();

22. String words[]=text.split("\\s");

23. l.setText("Words: "+words.length+" Characters:"+text.length());

24. }

25. public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) {}

26.

27. public static void main(String[] args) {

28. new KeyListenerExample();

29. }

30. }
 Output:

Java Adapter Classes

Java adapter classes provide the default implementation of listener interfaces. If you inherit the
adapter class, you will not be forced to provide the implementation of all the methods of listener
interfaces. So it saves code.

The adapter classes are found in java.awt.event package. The Adapter classes with their
corresponding listener interfaces are given below.

java.awt.event Adapter classes

Adapter class Listener interface

WindowAdapter WindowListener
KeyAdapter KeyListener
MouseAdapter MouseListener
MouseMotionAdapter MouseMotionListener
FocusAdapter FocusListener
ComponentAdapter ComponentListener
ContainerAdapter ContainerListener

HierarchyBoundsAdapter HierarchyBoundsListener
 java.awt.dnd Adapter classes

Adapter class Listener interface

DragSourceAdapter DragSourceListener
DragTargetAdapter DragTargetListener

Java MouseAdapter Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3. public class MouseAdapterExample extends MouseAdapter{
4. Frame f;
5. MouseAdapterExample(){
6. f=new Frame("Mouse Adapter");
7. f.addMouseListener(
this); 8.
9. f.setSize(300,300);
10. f.setLayout(null);
11. f.setVisible(true);
12. }
13. public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
14. Graphics g=f.getGraphics();
15. g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
16. g.fillOval(e.getX(),e.getY(),30,30);
17. }
18.
19. public static void main(String[] args) {
20. new MouseAdapterExample();
21. }
22. }
Output:
 Java MouseMotionAdapter Example

1.import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3. public class MouseMotionAdapterExample extends MouseMotionAdapter{
4. Frame f;
5. MouseMotionAdapterExample(){
6. f=new Frame("Mouse Motion Adapter");
7. f.addMouseMotionListene
r(this); 8.
9. f.setSize(300,300);
10. f.setLayout(null);
11. f.setVisible(true);
12. }
13. public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) {

14. Graphics g=f.getGraphics();

15. g.setColor(Color.ORANGE);
16. g.fillOval(e.getX(),e.getY(),20,20);
17. }
18. public static void main(String[] args) {

19. new MouseMotionAdapterExample();

20. }
21. }

Output

:
 Java KeyAdapter Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3. public class KeyAdapterExample extends KeyAdapter{
4. Label l;
5. TextArea area;
6. Frame f;
7. KeyAdapterExample(){
8. f=new Frame("Key Adapter");

9. l=new Label();
10. l.setBounds(20,50,200,20);
11. area=new TextArea();
12. area.setBounds(20,80,300, 300);
13.
area.addKeyListener(
this); 14.
15. f.add(l);f.add(area);
16. f.setSize(400,400);
17. f.setLayout(null);
18. f.setVisible(true);
19. }
20. public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {
21. String text=area.getText();
22. String words[]=text.split("\\s");
23. l.setText("Words: "+words.length+" Characters:"+text.length());
24. }
25.
26. public static void main(String[] args) {
27. new KeyAdapterExample();
28. }
29. }

Output

:
 UNIT-V

Java AWT Tutorial

Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is an API to develop GUI or window-based applications in
java.

Java AWT components are platform-dependent i.e. components are displayed according to the
view of operating system. AWT is heavyweight i.e. its components are using the resources of OS.

The java.awt package provides classes for AWT API such as TextField, Label, TextArea,
RadioButton, CheckBox, Choice, List etc.

Java AWT Hierarchy

The hierarchy of Java AWT classes are given below.

Container
The Container is a component in AWT that can contain another components like buttons,
textfields, labels etc. The classes that extends Container class are known as container such as
Frame, Dialog and Panel.

Window
The window is the container that have no borders and menu bars. You must use frame, dialog or
another window for creating a window.
 Panel
The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar and menu bars. It can have other components
like button, textfield etc.

Frame
The Frame is the container that contain title bar and can have menu bars. It can have other
components like button, textfield etc.
 Useful Methods of Component class

Method Description

public void add(Component c) inserts a component on this component.

public void setSize(int width,int sets the size (width and height) of the
height) component.

public void setLayout(LayoutManager defines the layout manager for the component.
m)

public void setVisible(boolean status) changes the visibility of the component, by

default false.

Java AWT Example

To create simple awt example, you need a frame. There are two ways to create a frame in AWT.

o By extending Frame class (inheritance)

o By creating the object of Frame class (association)

AWT Example by Inheritance

Let's see a simple example of AWT where we are inheriting Frame class. Here, we are showing
Button component on the Frame.

1. import java.awt.*;
2. class First extends Frame{
3. First(){
4. Button b=new Button("click me");
5. b.setBounds(30,100,80,30);// setting button position
6. add(b);//adding button into frame
7. setSize(300,300);//frame size 300 width and 300 height
8. setLayout(null);//no layout manager
9. setVisible(true);//now frame will be visible, by default not visible
10. }
11. public static void main(String args[]){
12. First f=new First();
13. } }
 The setBounds(int x axis, int yaxis, int width, int height) method is used in the above example that
sets the position of the awt button.

AWT Example by Association

Let's see a simple example of AWT where we are creating instance of Frame class. Here, we are
showing Button component on the Frame.

1. import java.awt.*;
2. class First2{
3. First2(){
4. Frame f=new Frame();
5. Button b=new Button("click me");
6. b.setBounds(30,50,80,30);
7. f.add(b);
8. f.setSize(300,300);
9. f.setLayout(null);
10. f.setVisible(true);
11. }
12. public static void main(String args[]){
13. First2 f=new First2();
14. }}
 AWT Controls:
AWT Label:

The object of Label class is a component for placing text in a container. It is used to display a
single line of read only text. The text can be changed by an application but a user cannot edit it
directly.

AWT Label Class Declaration

1. public class Label extends Component implements Accessible

Java Label Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. class LabelExample{

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4. Frame f= new Frame("Label Example");

5. Label l1,l2;

6. l1=new Label("First Label.");

7. l1.setBounds(50,100, 100,30);

8. l2=new Label("Second Label.");

9. l2.setBounds(50,150, 100,30);

10. f.add(l1); f.add(l2);

11. f.setSize(400,400);

12. f.setLayout(null);

13. f.setVisible(true);

14. }

15. }

Output:
Java AWT Button

The button class is used to create a labeled button that has platform independent implementation.
The application result in some action when the button is pushed.

AWT Button Class declaration

1. public class Button extends Component implements Accessible

Java AWT Button Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class ButtonExample {

3. public static void main(String[] args) {

4. Frame f=new Frame("Button Example");

5. Button b=new Button("Click Here");

6. b.setBounds(50,100,80,30);

7. f.add(b);

8. f.setSize(400,400);

9. f.setLayout(null);

10. f.setVisible(true);

11. }

12. }

Output:
 Java AWT Scrollbar

The object of Scrollbar class is used to add horizontal and vertical scrollbar. Scrollbar is
a GUI component allows us to see invisible number of rows and columns.

AWT Scrollbar class declaration

1. public class Scrollbar extends Component implements Adjustable, Accessible

Java AWT Scrollbar Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. class ScrollbarExample{
3. ScrollbarExample(){
4. Frame f= new Frame("Scrollbar Example");
5. Scrollbar s=new Scrollbar();
6. s.setBounds(100,100, 50,100);
7. f.add(s);
8. f.setSize(400,400);
9. f.setLayout(null);
10. f.setVisible(true);
11. }
12. public static void main(String args[]){
13. new ScrollbarExample();
14. }
15. }

Output:
Text Components:

Java AWT TextField

The object of a TextField class is a text component that allows the editing of a single line text. It
inherits TextComponent class.

AWT TextField Class Declaration

1. public class TextField extends TextComponent

Java AWT TextField Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. class TextFieldExample{

3. public static void main(String args[]){

4. Frame f= new Frame("TextField Example");

5. TextField t1,t2;

6. t1=new TextField("Welcome to Javatpoint.");

7. t1.setBounds(50,100, 200,30);

8. t2=new TextField("AWT Tutorial");

9. t2.setBounds(50,150, 200,30);

10. f.add(t1); f.add(t2);

11. f.setSize(400,400);
 12. f.setLayout(null);

13. f.setVisible(true);

14. }

15. }

Output:

Java AWT TextArea

The object of a TextArea class is a multi line region that displays text. It allows the editing of
multiple line text. It inherits TextComponent class.

AWT TextArea Class Declaration

1. public class TextArea extends TextComponent

Java AWT TextArea Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class TextAreaExample

3. {

4. TextAreaExample(){

5. Frame f= new Frame();

6. TextArea area=new TextArea("Welcome to javatpoint"); 7.

area.setBounds(10,30, 300,300);

8. f.add(area);
 9. f.setSize(400,400);

10. f.setLayout(null);

11. f.setVisible(true);

12. }

13. public static void main(String args[])

14. {

15. new TextAreaExample();

16. }

17. }

Output:

Java AWT Checkbox

The Checkbox class is used to create a checkbox. It is used to turn an option on (true) or off (false).
Clicking on a Checkbox changes its state from "on" to "off" or from "off" to "on".

AWT Checkbox Class Declaration

1. public class Checkbox extends Component implements ItemSelectable, Accessible

Java AWT Checkbox Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class CheckboxExample

3. {

4. CheckboxExample(){
5. Frame f= new Frame("Checkbox Example");

6. Checkbox checkbox1 = new Checkbox("C++");

7. checkbox1.setBounds(100,100, 50,50);

8. Checkbox checkbox2 = new Checkbox("Java", true);

9. checkbox2.setBounds(100,150, 50,50);

10. f.add(checkbox1);

11. f.add(checkbox2);

12. f.setSize(400,400);

13. f.setLayout(null);

14. f.setVisible(true);

15. }

16. public static void main(String args[])

17. {

18. new CheckboxExample();

19. }

20. }

Output:
Java AWT CheckboxGroup

The object of CheckboxGroup class is used to group together a set of Checkbox. At a time only
one check box button is allowed to be in "on" state and remaining check box button in "off" state.
It inherits the object class.

Note: CheckboxGroup enables you to create radio buttons in AWT. There is no special control for
creating radio buttons in AWT.

AWT CheckboxGroup Class Declaration

1. public class CheckboxGroup extends Object implements Serializable

Java AWT CheckboxGroup Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class CheckboxGroupExample

3. {

4. CheckboxGroupExample(){

5. Frame f= new Frame("CheckboxGroup Example");

6. CheckboxGroup cbg = new CheckboxGroup();

7. Checkbox checkBox1 = new Checkbox("C++", cbg, false);

8. checkBox1.setBounds(100,100, 50,50);

9. Checkbox checkBox2 = new Checkbox("Java", cbg, true);

10. checkBox2.setBounds(100,150, 50,50);

11. f.add(checkBox1);

12. f.add(checkBox2);

13. f.setSize(400,400);

14. f.setLayout(null);

15. f.setVisible(true);

16. }

17. public static void main(String args[])

 18. {

19. new CheckboxGroupExample();

20. }

21. }

Output:

Java AWT Choice

The object of Choice class is used to show popup menu of choices. Choice selected by user is
shown on the top of a menu. It inherits Component class.

AWT Choice Class Declaration

1. public class Choice extends Component implements ItemSelectable, Accessible

Java AWT Choice Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class ChoiceExample

3. {

4. ChoiceExample(){

5. Frame f= new Frame();

6. Choice c=new Choice();

7. c.setBounds(100,100, 75,75);

8. c.add("Item 1");

9. c.add("Item 2");
 10. c.add("Item 3");

11. c.add("Item 4");

12. c.add("Item 5");

13. f.add(c);

14. f.setSize(400,400);

15. f.setLayout(null);

16. f.setVisible(true);

17. }

18. public static void main(String args[])

19. {

20. new ChoiceExample();

21. }

22. }

Output:

Java AWT List

The object of List class represents a list of text items. By the help of list, user can choose either
one item or multiple items. It inherits Component class.

AWT List class Declaration

 1. public class List extends Component implements ItemSelectable, Accessible

Java AWT List Example

1. import java.awt.*;

2. public class ListExample

3. {

4. ListExample(){

5. Frame f= new Frame();

6. List l1=new List(5);

7. l1.setBounds(100,100, 75,75);

8. l1.add("Item 1");

9. l1.add("Item 2");

10. l1.add("Item 3");

11. l1.add("Item 4");

12. l1.add("Item 5");

13. f.add(l1);

14. f.setSize(400,400);

15. f.setLayout(null);

16. f.setVisible(true);

17. }

18. public static void main(String args[])

19. {

20. new ListExample();

21. }

22. }

Output:
 Java AWT Dialog

The Dialog control represents a top level window with a border and a title used to take some form
of input from the user. It inherits the Window class.

Unlike Frame, it doesn't have maximize and minimize buttons.

Frame vs Dialog
Frame and Dialog both inherits Window class. Frame has maximize and minimize buttons but
Dialog doesn't have.

AWT Dialog class declaration

1. public class Dialog extends Window

Java AWT Dialog Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3. public class DialogExample {
4. private static Dialog d;
5. DialogExample() {
6. Frame f= new Frame();
7. d = new Dialog(f , "Dialog Example", true);
8. d.setLayout( new FlowLayout() );
9. Button b = new Button ("OK");
10. b.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()
11. {
12. public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e )
13. {
14. DialogExample.d.setVisible(false);
15. }
16. });
17. d.add( new Label ("Click button to continue."));
18. d.add(b);
19. d.setSize(300,300);
20. d.setVisible(true);
21. }
22. public static void main(String args[])
23. {
24. new DialogExample();
25. }
26. }

Output:

Java AWT MenuItem and Menu

The object of MenuItem class adds a simple labeled menu item on menu. The items used in a menu
must belong to the MenuItem or any of its subclass.

The object of Menu class is a pull down menu component which is displayed on the menu bar. It
inherits the MenuItem class.

AWT MenuItem class declaration

1. public class MenuItem extends MenuComponent implements Accessible

AWT Menu class declaration

1. public class Menu extends MenuItem implements MenuContainer, Accessible

Java AWT MenuItem and Menu Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. class MenuExample
3. {
4. MenuExample(){
5. Frame f= new Frame("Menu and MenuItem Example");
6. MenuBar mb=new MenuBar();
7. Menu menu=new Menu("Menu");
8. Menu submenu=new Menu("Sub Menu");
9. MenuItem i1=new MenuItem("Item 1");
10. MenuItem i2=new MenuItem("Item 2");
11. MenuItem i3=new MenuItem("Item 3");
12. MenuItem i4=new MenuItem("Item 4");
13. MenuItem i5=new MenuItem("Item 5");
14. menu.add(i1);
15. menu.add(i2);
16. menu.add(i3);
17. submenu.add(i4);
18. submenu.add(i5);
19. menu.add(submenu);
20. mb.add(menu);
21. f.setMenuBar(mb);
22. f.setSize(400,400);
23. f.setLayout(null);
24. f.setVisible(true);
25. }
26. public static void main(String args[])
27. {
28. new MenuExample();
29. }
30. }

Output:

Event and Listener (Java Event Handling)

 Changing the state of an object is known as an event. For example, click on button, dragging mouse etc.
The java.awt.event package provides many event classes and Listener interfaces for event handling.

Java Event classes and Listener interfaces

Event Classes Listener Interfaces

ActionEvent ActionListener

MouseEvent MouseListener and MouseMotionListener

MouseWheelEvent MouseWheelListener

KeyEvent KeyListener

ItemEvent ItemListener

TextEvent TextListener

AdjustmentEvent AdjustmentListener

WindowEvent WindowListener

ComponentEvent ComponentListener

ContainerEvent ContainerListener

FocusEvent FocusListener

Steps to perform Event Handling

Following steps are required to perform event handling:

1. Register the component with the Listener

Registration Methods
For registering the component with the Listener, many classes provide the registration methods.
For example:

o Button
o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o MenuItem
o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o TextField
o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o public void addTextListener(TextListener a){}

o TextArea
o public void addTextListener(TextListener a){}

o Checkbox
o public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

o Choice
o public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

o List
o public void addActionListener(ActionListener a){}

o public void addItemListener(ItemListener a){}

Java event handling by implementing ActionListener

1. import java.awt.*;

2. import java.awt.event.*;

3. class AEvent extends Frame implements ActionListener{

4. TextField tf;

5. AEvent()

6. {
 7. //create components

8. tf=new TextField();

9. tf.setBounds(60,50,170,20);

10. Button b=new Button("click me");

11. b.setBounds(100,120,80,30);

12.

13. //register listener

14. b.addActionListener(this);//passing current instance

15.

16. //add components and set size, layout and visibility

17. add(b);add(tf);

18. setSize(300,300);

19. setLayout(null);

20. setVisible(true);

21. }

22. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){

23. tf.setText("Welcome");

24. }

25. public static void main(String args[]){

26. new AEvent();

27. }

28. }

public void setBounds(int xaxis, int yaxis, int width, int height); have been used in the above
example that sets the position of the component it may be button, textfield etc.
 Output:

Java MouseListener Interface

The Java MouseListener is notified whenever you change the state of mouse. It is notified against
MouseEvent. The MouseListener interface is found in java.awt.event package. It has five methods.

Methods of MouseListener interface

The signature of 5 methods found in MouseListener interface are given below:

1. public abstract void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e);

2. public abstract void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e);

3. public abstract void mouseExited(MouseEvent e);

4. public abstract void mousePressed(MouseEvent e);

5. public abstract void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e);

Java

MouseList

ener

Example 1
1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;

3. public class MouseListenerExample extends Frame implements MouseListener{

4. Label l;
5. MouseListenerExample(){

6. addMouseListener(this);

7.

8. l=new Label();

9. l.setBounds(20,50,100,20);

10. add(l);

11. setSize(300,300);

12. setLayout(null);

13. setVisible(true);

14. }

15. public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {

16. l.setText("Mouse Clicked");

17. }

18. public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {

19. l.setText("Mouse Entered");

20. }

21. public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {

22. l.setText("Mouse Exited");

23. }

24. public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {

25. l.setText("Mouse Pressed");

26. }

27. public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {

28. l.setText("Mouse Released");

29. }
 30. public static void main(String[] args) {

31. new MouseListenerExample();

32. }

33. }

Output:

Java MouseListener

Example 2

1. import java.awt.*;

2. import java.awt.event.*;

3. public class MouseListenerExample2 extends Frame implements MouseListener{

4. MouseListenerExample2(){

5. addMouseListener(this);

6.

7. setSize(300,300);

8. setLayout(null);

9. setVisible(true);

10. }

11. public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {

 12. Graphics g=getGraphics();

13. g.setColor(Color.BLUE);

14. g.fillOval(e.getX(),e.getY(),30,30);

15. }

16. public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {}

17. public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {}

18. public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {}

19. public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {}

20.

21. public static void main(String[] args) {

22. new MouseListenerExample2();

23. }

24. }

Output:

Java KeyListener Interface

The Java KeyListener is notified whenever you change the state of key. It is notified against
KeyEvent. The KeyListener interface is found in java.awt.event package. It has three methods.

Methods of KeyListener interface

The signature of 3 methods found in KeyListener interface are given below:

1. public abstract void keyPressed(KeyEvent e);

2. public abstract void keyReleased(KeyEvent e);

3. public abstract void keyTyped(KeyEvent e);

Java

KeyListen

er

Example 1
1. import java.awt.*;

2. import java.awt.event.*;

3. public class KeyListenerExample extends Frame implements KeyListener{

4. Label l;

5. TextArea area;

6. KeyListenerExample(){

7.

8. l=new Label();

9. l.setBounds(20,50,100,20);

10. area=new TextArea();

11. area.setBounds(20,80,300, 300);

12. area.addKeyListener(this);

13.

14. add(l);add(area);

15. setSize(400,400);

16. setLayout(null);

17. setVisible(true);

18. }

19. public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {

20. l.setText("Key Pressed");

21. }

22. public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {

 23. l.setText("Key Released");

24. }

25. public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) {

26. l.setText("Key Typed");

27. }

28.

29. public static void main(String[] args) {

30. new KeyListenerExample();

31. }

32. }

Output:

Java KeyListener

Example 2: Count Words & Characters

1. import java.awt.*;

2. import java.awt.event.*;

3. public class KeyListenerExample extends Frame implements KeyListener{

4. Label l;

5. TextArea area;
6. KeyListenerExample(){

7.

8. l=new Label();

9. l.setBounds(20,50,200,20);

10. area=new TextArea();

11. area.setBounds(20,80,300, 300);

12. area.addKeyListener(this);

13.

14. add(l);add(area);

15. setSize(400,400);

16. setLayout(null);

17. setVisible(true);

18. }

19. public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {}

20. public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {

21. String text=area.getText();

22. String words[]=text.split("\\s");

23. l.setText("Words: "+words.length+" Characters:"+text.length());

24. }

25. public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) {}

26.

27. public static void main(String[] args) {

28. new KeyListenerExample();

29. }

30. }
 Output:

Java Adapter Classes

Java adapter classes provide the default implementation of listener interfaces. If you inherit the
adapter class, you will not be forced to provide the implementation of all the methods of listener
interfaces. So it saves code.

The adapter classes are found in java.awt.event package. The Adapter classes with their
corresponding listener interfaces are given below.

java.awt.event Adapter classes

Adapter class Listener interface

WindowAdapter WindowListener
KeyAdapter KeyListener
MouseAdapter MouseListener
MouseMotionAdapter MouseMotionListener
FocusAdapter FocusListener
ComponentAdapter ComponentListener
ContainerAdapter ContainerListener

HierarchyBoundsAdapter HierarchyBoundsListener
 java.awt.dnd Adapter classes

Adapter class Listener interface

DragSourceAdapter DragSourceListener
DragTargetAdapter DragTargetListener

Java MouseAdapter Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3. public class MouseAdapterExample extends MouseAdapter{
4. Frame f;
5. MouseAdapterExample(){
6. f=new Frame("Mouse Adapter");
7. f.addMouseListener(this);
8.
9. f.setSize(300,300);
10. f.setLayout(null);
11. f.setVisible(true);
12. }
13. public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
14. Graphics g=f.getGraphics();
15. g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
16. g.fillOval(e.getX(),e.getY(),30,30);
17. }
18.
19. public static void main(String[] args) {
20. new MouseAdapterExample();
21. }
22. }

Output:
 Java MouseMotionAdapter Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3. public class MouseMotionAdapterExample extends MouseMotionAdapter{
4. Frame f;
5. MouseMotionAdapterExample(){
6. f=new Frame("Mouse Motion Adapter");
7. f.addMouseMotionListener(this);
8.
9. f.setSize(300,300);
10. f.setLayout(null);
11. f.setVisible(true);
12. }
13. public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) {
14. Graphics g=f.getGraphics();
15. g.setColor(Color.ORANGE);
16. g.fillOval(e.getX(),e.getY(),20,20);
17. }
18. public static void main(String[] args) {
19. new MouseMotionAdapterExample();
20. }
21. }

Output:
 Java KeyAdapter Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3. public class KeyAdapterExample extends KeyAdapter{
4. Label l;
5. TextArea area;
6. Frame f;
7. KeyAdapterExample(){
8. f=new Frame("Key Adapter");
9. l=new Label();
10. l.setBounds(20,50,200,20);
11. area=new TextArea();
12. area.setBounds(20,80,300, 300);
13. area.addKeyListener(this);
14.
15. f.add(l);f.add(area);
16. f.setSize(400,400);
17. f.setLayout(null);
18. f.setVisible(true);
19. }
20. public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {
21. String text=area.getText();
22. String words[]=text.split("\\s");
23. l.setText("Words: "+words.length+" Characters:"+text.length());
24. }
25.
26. public static void main(String[] args) {
27. new KeyAdapterExample();
28. }
29. }

Output:
 UNIT-V

Java Layout Managers

The LayoutManagers are used to arrange components in a particular manner. LayoutManager is

an interface that is implemented by all the classes of layout managers. There are following classes
that represents the layout managers:

1. java.awt.BorderLayout
2. java.awt.FlowLayout
3. java.awt.GridLayout
4. java.awt.CardLayout
5. java.awt.GridBagLayout
6. javax.swing.BoxLayout
7. javax.swing.GroupLayout
8. javax.swing.ScrollPaneLayout
9. javax.swing.SpringLayout etc.

Java BorderLayout

The BorderLayout is used to arrange the components in five regions: north, south, east, west and
center. Each region (area) may contain one component only. It is the default layout of frame or
window. The BorderLayout provides five constants for each region:

1. public static final int NORTH

2. public static final int SOUTH
3. public static final int EAST
4. public static final int WEST
5. public static final int CENTER
 Constructors of BorderLayout class:

o BorderLayout(): creates a border layout but with no gaps between the components.
o JBorderLayout(int hgap, int vgap): creates a border layout with the given horizontal and
vertical gaps between the components.

Example of BorderLayout class:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3.
4. public class Border {
5. JFrame f;
6. Border(){
7. f=new JFrame();
8.
9. JButton b1=new JButton("NORTH");;
10. JButton b2=new JButton("SOUTH");;
11. JButton b3=new JButton("EAST");;
12. JButton b4=new JButton("WEST");;
13. JButton b5=new JButton("CENTER");;
14.
15. f.add(b1,BorderLayout.NORTH);
16. f.add(b2,BorderLayout.SOUTH);
17. f.add(b3,BorderLayout.EAST);
18. f.add(b4,BorderLayout.WEST);
19. f.add(b5,BorderLayout.CENTER);
20.
21. f.setSize(300,300);
22. f.setVisible(true);
23. }
24. public static void main(String[] args) {
25. new Border();
26. }
27. }

Java GridLayout

The GridLayout is used to arrange the components in rectangular grid. One component is displayed
in each rectangle.

Constructors of GridLayout class

1. GridLayout(): creates a grid layout with one column per component in a row.
2. GridLayout(int rows, int columns): creates a grid layout with the given rows and
columns but no gaps between the components.
3. GridLayout(int rows, int columns, int hgap, int vgap): creates a grid layout with the
given rows and columns alongwith given horizontal and vertical gaps.

Example of GridLayout class

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3.
4. public class MyGridLayout{
5. JFrame f;
6. MyGridLayout(){
7. f=new JFrame();
8.
9. JButton b1=new JButton("1");
10. JButton b2=new JButton("2");
11. JButton b3=new JButton("3");
12. JButton b4=new JButton("4");
13. JButton b5=new JButton("5");
14. JButton b6=new JButton("6");
15. JButton b7=new JButton("7");
16. JButton b8=new JButton("8");
17. JButton b9=new JButton("9");
18.
19. f.add(b1);f.add(b2);f.add(b3);f.add(b4);f.add(b5);
20. f.add(b6);f.add(b7);f.add(b8);f.add(b9);
21.
22. f.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,3));
23. //setting grid layout of 3 rows and 3 columns
24.
25. f.setSize(300,300);
26. f.setVisible(true);
27. }
28. public static void main(String[] args) {
29. new MyGridLayout();
30. }
31. }

Java FlowLayout

The FlowLayout is used to arrange the components in a line, one after another (in a flow). It is the
default layout of applet or panel.

Fields of FlowLayout class

1. public static final int LEFT

2. public static final int RIGHT
3. public static final int CENTER
4. public static final int LEADING
5. public static final int TRAILING

Constructors of FlowLayout class

1. FlowLayout(): creates a flow layout with centered alignment and a default 5 unit
horizontal and vertical gap.
 2. FlowLayout(int align): creates a flow layout with the given alignment and a default 5 unit
horizontal and vertical gap.
3. FlowLayout(int align, int hgap, int vgap): creates a flow layout with the given alignment
and the given horizontal and vertical gap.

Example of FlowLayout class

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3.
4. public class MyFlowLayout{
5. JFrame f;
6. MyFlowLayout(){
7. f=new JFrame();
8.
9. JButton b1=new JButton("1");
10. JButton b2=new JButton("2");
11. JButton b3=new JButton("3");
12. JButton b4=new JButton("4");
13. JButton b5=new JButton("5");
14.
15. f.add(b1);f.add(b2);f.add(b3);f.add(b4);f.add(b5);
16.
17. f.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.RIGHT));
18. //setting flow layout of right alignment
19.
20. f.setSize(300,300);
21. f.setVisible(true);
22. }
23. public static void main(String[] args) {
24. new MyFlowLayout();
25. }
26. }

Java CardLayout

The CardLayout class manages the components in such a manner that only one component is
visible at a time. It treats each component as a card that is why it is known as CardLayout.

Constructors of CardLayout class

1. CardLayout(): creates a card layout with zero horizontal and vertical gap.
2. CardLayout(int hgap, int vgap): creates a card layout with the given horizontal and
vertical gap.

Commonly used methods of CardLayout class

o public void next(Container parent): is used to flip to the next card of the given container.
o public void previous(Container parent): is used to flip to the previous card of the given
container.
o public void first(Container parent): is used to flip to the first card of the given container.
o public void last(Container parent): is used to flip to the last card of the given container.
o public void show(Container parent, String name): is used to flip to the specified card
with the given name.

Example of CardLayout class

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3.
4. import javax.swing.*;
5.
6. public class CardLayoutExample extends JFrame implements ActionListener{
7. CardLayout card;
8. JButton b1,b2,b3;
9. Container c;
10. CardLayoutExample(){
11.
12. c=getContentPane();
13. card=new CardLayout(40,30);
14. //create CardLayout object with 40 hor space and 30 ver space
15. c.setLayout(card);
16. 16.
17. b1=new JButton("Apple");
18. b2=new JButton("Boy");
19. b3=new JButton("Cat");
20. b1.addActionListener(this);
21. b2.addActionListener(this);
22. b3.addActionListener(this);
23.
24. c.add("a",b1);c.add("b",b2);c.add("c",b3);
25.
26. }
27. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
28. card.next(c);
29. }
30.
31. public static void main(String[] args) {
32. CardLayoutExample cl=new CardLayoutExample();
33. cl.setSize(400,400);
34. cl.setVisible(true);
35. cl.setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
36. }
37. }
Java GridBagLayout

The Java GridBagLayout class is used to align components vertically, horizontally or along their
baseline.

The components may not be of same size. Each GridBagLayout object maintains a dynamic,
rectangular grid of cells. Each component occupies one or more cells known as its display area.
Each component associates an instance of GridBagConstraints. With the help of constraints object
we arrange component's display area on the grid. The GridBagLayout manages each component's
minimum and preferred sizes in order to determine component's size.
Fields

Modifier and Type Field Description

double[] columnWeights It is used to hold the

overrides to the column
weights.
int[] columnWidths It is used to hold the
overrides to the column
minimum width.
protected comptable It is used to maintains the
Hashtable<Component,GridBagConstraints> association between a
component and its gridbag
constraints.

protected GridBagConstraints defaultConstraints It is used to hold a gridbag

constraints
instance containing the
default values.
protected GridBagLayoutInfo layoutInfo It is used to hold the layout
information for the gridbag.

protected static int MAXGRIDSIZE No longer in use just for

backward compatibility
protected static int MINSIZE It is smallest grid that can be
laid out by the grid bag
layout.
protected static int PREFERREDSIZE It is preferred grid size that
can be laid out by the grid
bag layout.
int[] rowHeights It is used to hold the
overrides to the row
minimum heights.

double[] rowWeights It is used to hold the

overrides to the row
weights.

Useful Methods
 Modifier and Type Method Description

Void addLayoutComponent(Component comp, It adds specified component to

Object constraints) the layout, using the specified
constraints object.
Void addLayoutComponent(String name, It has no effect, since this
Component comp) layout manager does not use a
per-component string.

protected void adjustForGravity(GridBagConstraints It adjusts the x, y, width, and

constraints, Rectangle r) height fields to the correct
values depending on the
constraint geometry and pads.

protected void AdjustForGravity(GridBagConstraints This method is for backwards

constraints, Rectangle r) compatibility only

protected void arrangeGrid(Container parent) Lays out the grid.

protected void ArrangeGrid(Container parent) This method is obsolete and
supplied for backwards
compatibility
GridBagConstraints getConstraints(Component comp) It is for getting the constraints
for the specified component.

Float getLayoutAlignmentX(Container parent) It returns the alignment

along the x axis.
Float getLayoutAlignmentY(Container parent) It returns the alignment
along the y axis.
int[][] getLayoutDimensions() It determines column widths
and row heights for the layout
grid.
protected getLayoutInfo(Container parent, int This method is obsolete and
GridBagLayoutInfo sizeflag) supplied for backwards
compatibility.

protected GetLayoutInfo(Container parent, int This method is obsolete and

GridBagLayoutInfo sizeflag) supplied for backwards
compatibility.
 Point getLayoutOrigin() It determines the origin of the
layout area, in the graphics
coordinate space of the target
container.
double[][] getLayoutWeights() It determines the weights of
the layout grid's columns and
rows.
protected Dimension getMinSize(Container parent, It figures out the minimum
GridBagLayoutInfo info) size of the master based on the
information from
getLayoutInfo.

protected Dimension GetMinSize(Container parent, This method is obsolete and

GridBagLayoutInfo info) supplied for backwards
compatibility only

Example

1. import java.awt.Button;
2. import java.awt.GridBagConstraints;
3. import java.awt.GridBagLayout;
4.
5. import javax.swing.*;
6. public class GridBagLayoutExample extends JFrame{
7. public static void main(String[] args) {
8. GridBagLayoutExample a = new GridBagLayoutExample(); 9.
}
10. public GridBagLayoutExample() {
11. GridBagLayout grid = new GridBagLayout();
12. GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
13. setLayout(grid);
14. setTitle("GridBag Layout Example");
15. GridBagLayout layout = new GridBagLayout();
16. this.setLayout(layout);
17. gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
18. gbc.gridx = 0;
19. gbc.gridy = 0;
20. this.add(new Button("Button One"), gbc);
21. gbc.gridx = 1;
22. gbc.gridy = 0;
23. this.add(new Button("Button two"), gbc);
24. gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
25. gbc.ipady = 20;
26. gbc.gridx = 0;
27. gbc.gridy = 1;
28. this.add(new Button("Button Three"), gbc);
29. gbc.gridx = 1;
30. gbc.gridy = 1;
31. this.add(new Button("Button Four"), gbc);
32. gbc.gridx = 0;
33. gbc.gridy = 2;
34. gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
35. gbc.gridwidth = 2;
36. this.add(new Button("Button Five"), gbc);
37. setSize(300, 300);
38. setPreferredSize(getSize());
39. setVisible(true);
40. setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
41.
42. }
43.
44. }

Output:
Applets
Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the
dynamic content. It runs inside the browser and works at client side.

Advantage of Applet

There are many advantages of applet. They are as follows:

o It works at client side so less response time.
o Secured
o It can be executed by browsers running under many plateforms, including Linux,
Windows, Mac Os etc.

Drawback of Applet

o Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet.

Lifecycle of Java Applet Hierarchy of Applet

1. Applet is initialized.
2. Applet is started.
3. Applet is painted.
4. Applet is stopped.
5. Applet is destroyed.

Lifecycle methods for Applet:

The java.applet.Applet class 4 life cycle methods and java.awt.Component class provides
1 life cycle method for an applet.
java.applet.Applet class

For creating any applet java.applet.Applet class must be inherited. It provides 4 life cycle
methods of applet.
1. public void init(): is used to initialized the Applet. It is invoked only once.
2. public void start(): is invoked after the init() method or browser is maximized. It is
used to start the Applet.
3. public void stop(): is used to stop the Applet. It is invoked when Applet is stop or
browser is minimized.
4. public void destroy(): is used to destroy the Applet. It is invoked only once.

java.awt.Component class

The Component class provides 1 life cycle method of applet.

1. public void paint(Graphics g): is used to paint the Applet. It provides Graphics class
object that can be used for drawing oval, rectangle, arc etc.

Simple example of Applet by html file:

To execute the applet by html file, create an applet and compile it. After that create an html file
and place the applet code in html file. Now click the html file.
1. //First.java
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class First extends Applet{
public void paint(Graphics g){
g.drawString("welcome",150,150);
}
}

Simple example of Applet by appletviewer tool:

To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, create an applet that contains applet tag in comment
and compile it. After that run it by: appletviewer First.java. Now Html file is not required but it is
for testing purpose only.
1. //First.java
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class First extends Applet{
public void paint(Graphics g){
g.drawString("welcome to applet",150,150);
}
}
/*
<applet code="First.class" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
*/
To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, write in command prompt:

c:\>javac First.java
c:\>appletviewer First.java

Difference between Applet and Application programming

Parameter in Applet

We can get any information from the HTML file as a parameter. For this purpose, Applet
class provides a method named getParameter(). Syntax:

1. public String getParameter(String parameterName)

Example of using parameter in Applet:

1. import java.applet.Applet;
2. import java.awt.Graphics;
3. public class UseParam extends Applet
4. {
5. public void paint(Graphics g)
6. {
7. String str=getParameter("msg");
8. g.drawString(str,50, 50);
9. } }
myapplet.html
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <applet code="UseParam.class" width="300" height="300">
4. <param name="msg" value="Welcome to applet">
5. </applet>
6. </body>
7. </html>

File name :file.txt Path: file.txt

Absolute path:C:\Users\akki\IdeaProjects\codewriting\src\file.txt Parent:null
Exists :true
Is writeable:true Is readabletrue
Is a directory:false File Size in bytes 20

Connceting to DB
What is JDBCDriver?

JDBC drivers implement the defined interfaces in the JDBC API, for interacting with your
database server. For example, using JDBC drivers enable you to open database connections and to
interact with it by sending SQL or database commands then receiving results with Java.

The Java.sql package that ships with JDK, contains various classes with their behaviours defined
and their actual implementaions are done in third-party drivers. Third party vendors implements
the java.sql.Driver interface in their database driver.

JDBC Drivers Types

JDBC driver implementations vary because of the wide variety of operating systems and hardware
platforms in which Java operates. Sun has divided the implementation types into four categories,
Types 1, 2, 3, and 4, which is explained below

Type 1: JDBC-ODBCBridge Driver

In a Type 1 driver, a JDBC bridge is used to access ODBC drivers installed on each client machine.
Using ODBC, requires configuring on your system a Data Source Name (DSN) that represents the
target database.
When Java first came out, this was a useful driver because most databases only supported ODBC
access but now this type of driver is recommended only for experimental use or when no other
alternative is available.
The JDBC-ODBC Bridge that comes with JDK 1.2 is a good example of this kind of driver.
Type 2: JDBC-Native API
In a Type 2 driver, JDBC API calls are converted into native C/C++ API calls, which are unique
to the database. These drivers are typically provided by the database vendors and used in the same
manner as the JDBC-ODBC Bridge. The vendor-specific driver must be installed on each client
machine.
If we change the Database, we have to change the native API, as it is specific to a database and they are
mostly obsolete now, but you may realize some speed increase with a Type 2 driver, because it
eliminates ODBC's overhead.

The Oracle Call Interface (OCI) driver is an example of a Type 2 driver.

Type 3: JDBC-Net pure Java

In a Type 3 driver, a three-tier approach is used to access databases. The JDBC clients use standard
network sockets to communicate with a middleware application server. The socket information is then
translated by the middleware application server into the call format required by the DBMS, and
forwarded to the database server.
This kind of driver is extremely flexible, since it requires no code installed on the client and a single
driver can actually provide access to multiple databases.

You can think of the application server as a JDBC "proxy," meaning that it makes calls for the client
application. As a result, you need some knowledge of the application server's configuration in order to
effectively use this driver type.

Your application server might use a Type 1, 2, or 4 driver to communicate with the database,
understanding the nuances will prove helpful.

Type 4: 100% Pure Java

In a Type 4 driver, a pure Java-based driver communicates directly with the vendor's database through
socket connection. This is the highest performance driver available for the database and is usually
provided by the vendor itself.
This kind of driver is extremely flexible, you don't need to install special software on the client or
server. Further, these drivers can be downloaded dynamically.
MySQL's Connector/J driver is a Type 4 driver. Because of the proprietary nature of their network
protocols, database vendors usually supply type 4 drivers.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page

114
 Which Driver should be Used?
If you are accessing one type of database, such as Oracle, Sybase, or IBM, the preferred driver type is 4.
If your Java application is accessing multiple types of databases at the same time, type 3 is the preferred
driver.
Type 2 drivers are useful in situations, where a type 3 or type 4 driver is not available yet for your
database.

The type 1 driver is not considered a deployment-level driver, and is typically used for development and
testing purposes only.

Example to connect to the mysql database in java

For connecting java application with the mysql database, you need to follow few steps to perform
database connectivity. In this example we are using MySql as the database. So we need to know
following information for the mysql database:

1. Driver class: The driver class for the mysql database is com.mysql.jdbc.Driver. 2.Connection

URL: The connection URL for the mysql database is

jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sonoo where jdbc is the API, mysql is the database, localhost is the
server name on which mysql is running, we may also use IP address, 3306 is the port number and sonoo
is the database name. We may use any database, in such case, you need to replace the sonoo with your
database name.
3. Username: The default username for the mysql database is root.

4. Password: Password is given by the user at the time of installing the mysql database. In this
example, we are going to use root as the password.

Let's first create a table in the mysql database, but before creating table, we need to create database first.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page

115
1. create database sonoo;
2. use sonoo;
3. create table emp(id int(10),name varchar(40),age int(3)); Example to Connect Java Application
with mysql database

In this example, sonoo is the database name, root is the username and password.

import java.sql.*;
class MysqlCon
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Try
{
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection( "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sonoo","root","root");
//here sonoo is database name, root is username and password
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
while(rs.next())
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2)+" "+rs.getString(3)); con.close();
}
catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
The above example will fetch all the records of emp table.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page

116
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 ASSP MENT OF COs FOR THE COURSE
CO CO Attainment (End
CO Attainment Overall CO Attainment
COs Method value Attain Assignments
(Internal-Theory) Exam)
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MI
3.0
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Course End Survey Form
1AVA PROGRAMMING
basic Java constructs?46 responses
Are you ableto understand OOP concepts to apply
Slight
Moderate 3
Substantial 41

and handle different kinds of file

2. Are you able to analyze different forms of inheritance
V0?46 responses

Slight 3
Moderate 3
Substantial 40

3. Are you able to evaluate the usage of Exception Handling and Multithreading in complex
Java programs?46 responses

Slight 3
Moderate 1
Substantial 42

4. Are you able to contrast different GUI layouts and design GUI applications?46 responses

Slight
Moderate 4
Substantial 41

5. Are you able to construct a full-ledged Java GUI application, and Applet with database

connectivity?46 responses

Slight 3
Moderate 4
Substantial 39