Scribd
Upload
26 views5 pages

Examples of Unit 2

This document discusses linear differential equations of second and higher order. It introduces linear differential equations with constant coefficients and provides examples of solving them by finding the complementary function and particular integral. Rules for finding the complementary function and shortcut rules for finding the particular integral are given. Several examples of solving second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients are worked out step-by-step.

Uploaded by

ssaurabhkumar061
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views5 pages

Examples of Unit 2

This document discusses linear differential equations of second and higher order. It introduces linear differential equations with constant coefficients and provides examples of solving them by finding the complementary function and particular integral. Rules for finding the complementary function and shortcut rules for finding the particular integral are given. Several examples of solving second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients are worked out step-by-step.

Uploaded by

ssaurabhkumar061
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Chapter 11

Linear Differential Equations of Second


and Higher Order

11.1 Introduction

A differential equation of the form =0 in which the


dependent variable and its derivatives viz. , etc occur in first
degree and are not multiplied together is called a Linear Differential Equation.
11.2 Linear Differential Equations (LDE) with Constant Coefficients
A general linear differential equation of nth order with constant coefficients is
given by:

where are constant and is a function of alone or constant.

Or , where , , ….., are called


differential operators.
11.3 Solving Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients
Complete solution of equation is given by C.F + P.I.
where C.F. denotes complimentary function and P.I. is particular integral.
When , then solution of equation is given by C.F
11.3.1 Rules for Finding Complimentary Function (C.F.)
Consider the equation

Step 1: Put , auxiliary equation (A.E) is given by

……③

Step 2: Solve the auxiliary equation given by ③


Page | 1
I. If the n roots of A.E. are real and distinct say , ,…
C.F. =
II. If two or more roots are equal i.e. = =… ,
C.F. =
III. If A.E. has a pair of imaginary roots i.e. ,
C.F. =
IV. If 2 pairs of imaginary roots are equal i.e. ,

C.F. =

Example 1 Solve the differential equation:

Solution:

Auxiliary equation is:

C.F. =

Since solution is given by C.F

Example 2 Solve the differential equation:

Solution:

Auxiliary equation is: …….①

By hit and trial is a factor of ①

∴① May be rewritten as

Page | 2
C.F. =

Since solution is given by C.F

Example 3 Solve

Solution: Auxiliary equation is:

…….①

By hit and trial is a factor of ①

∴① May be rewritten as

……②

By hit and trial is a factor of ②

∴② May be rewritten as

C.F. =

Since solution is given by C.F

Example 4 Solve the differential equation:

Solution:
Auxiliary equation is:

Page | 3
C.F. =

Since solution is given by C.F

Example 5 Solve the differential equation:

Solution:
Auxiliary equation is:

C.F. =

Since solution is given by C.F

Example 6 Solve the differential equation:

Solution:

Auxiliary equation is: …….①

By hit and trial is a factor of ①

∴① May be rewritten as

Page | 4
C.F. =

Since solution is given by C.F

Example 7 Solve the differential equation:

Solution: Auxiliary equation is: …….①

Solving ①, we get

C.F. =

Since solution is given by C.F


]

Example 8 Solve the differential equation:

Solution: Auxiliary equation is: …….①

Solving ①, we get

C.F. =

Since solution is given by C.F

11.3.2 Shortcut Rules for Finding Particular Integral (P.I.)


Consider the equation ,

Then P.I = , Clearly P.I. = 0 if

Case I: When

Use the rule P.I = ,

In case of failure i.e. if

Page | 5

You might also like