Math Formula Sheet

737
March 23, 2024

Binomial expansion
n
n
X n! n(n − 1)x2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)x3
(1 + x) = xk = 1 + nx + + + ...
k=0
k!(n − k)! 2! 3!

Trigonometric Identities
Fundamental Identities:

sin2 (θ) + cos2 (θ) = 1

sin(θ)
tan(θ) =
cos(θ)
1
cot(θ) =
tan(θ)
1
sec(θ) =
cos(θ)
1
csc(θ) =
sin(θ)
sec (x) = 1 + tan2 (x)
2

csc2 (x) = 1 + cot2 (x)

Addition Identities:

sin(A + B) = sin(A) cos(B) + cos(A) sin(B)

sin(A − B) = sin(A) cos(B) − cos(A) sin(B)
cos(A + B) = cos(A) cos(B) − sin(A) sin(B)
cos(A − B) = cos(A) cos(B) + sin(A) sin(B)

1
Double Angle Identities:

1. sin(2θ) = 2 sin(θ) cos(θ)

2. cos(2θ) = cos2 (θ) − sin2 (θ)
= 2 cos2 (θ) − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 (θ)
1 − tan2 θ
=
1 + tan2 θ
2 tan(θ)
3. tan(2θ) =
1 − tan2 (θ)

Triple Angle Identities:

sin(3α) = 3 sin(α) − 4 sin3 (α)

cos(3α) = 4 cos3 (α) − 3 cos(α)
3 tan(α) − tan3 (α)
tan(3α) =
1 − 3 tan2 (α)

further addition formulae

   
a+b a−b
sin(a) + sin(b) = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
a−b a+b
sin(a) − sin(b) = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
a+b a−b
cos(a) + cos(b) = 2 cos cos
2 2
   
a+b a−b
cos(a) − cos(b) = −2 sin sin
2 2
sin(a + b) + sin(a − b) = 2 sin(a) cos(b)
sin(a + b) − sin(a − b) = 2 cos(a) sin(b)
cos(a + b) + cos(a − b) = 2 cos(a) cos(b)
cos(a − b) − cos(a + b) = −2 sin(a) sin(b)
cos(a + b) − cos(a − b) = 2 sin(a) sin(b)

Derivative Rules
Product Rule
The product rule states that if u(x) and v(x) are differentiable functions, then the derivative of
their product is given by:
(uv)0 = u0 v + uv 0

2
Quotient Rule
The quotient rule states that if u(x) and v(x) are differentiable functions and v(x) 6= 0, then the
derivative of their quotient is given by:
 u 0 u0 v − uv 0
=
v v2

Chain Rule
The chain rule states that if y = f (g(x)) is a composite function, then its derivative is given by:

dy dy du
= ·
dx du dx
if y = (f (x))n then
dy
= n(f (x))n−1 f 0 (x)
dx
if y = f (g(x)) then
dy
= f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x)
dx

Implicit differentiation

d n dy
(y ) = ny n−1 ·
dx dx
d dy
(f (y)) = f 0 (x) ·
dx dx
d dy
(xy) = x + y
dx dx

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Common Derivatives

Derivative of Function
sin(x) cos(x)
cos(x) − sin(x)
tan(x) sec2 (x)
sec(x) sec(x) tan(x)
csc(x) − csc(x) cot(x)
cot(x) − csc2 (x)
1
arcsin(x) √
1 − x2
1
arccos(x) −√
1 − x2
1
arctan(x)
1 + x2
emx memx
1
ln(x)
x
1
loga (x)
x ln(a)
ak x akx k ln(a)

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Integrals
Z
1
f 0 (ax + b) = f (ax + b) + C
a
Z
k dx = kx + C, where k is a constant
xn+1
Z
xn dx = + C, where n 6= −1
n+1
Z
1
f 0 (ax + b) dx = f (ax + b) + C
a
Z 0
f (x)
dx = ln |f (x)| + C
f (x)
(f (x))n+1
Z
(f (x))n dx = +C
n+1
Z
1 1 a+x
2 2
dx = ln +C
a −x 2a a−x
x−a
Z
1 1
2 2
dx = ln +C
x −a 2a x+a
Z
ex dx = ex + C
Z
1
dx = ln |x| + C
x
Z
tanx dx = ln | sec(x)| + C
Z
cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C
Z
sin(x) dx = − cos(x) + C
Z  
1 1
sec(x) dx = ln | sec(x) + tan(x)| + C = ln tan x+ π +C
2 4
Z  
1
csc(x) dx = ln | csc(x) − cot(x)| + C = ln tan x +C
2
Z
cot(x) dx = ln | sin(x)| + C
Z
csc(x) cot(x) dx = − csc(x) + C
Z
csc2 (x) dx = − cot(x) + C
Z
sec2 (x) dx = tan(x) + C
Z
sec(x) tan(x) dx = sec(x) + C

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Integration by Parts:
Z Z
dv du
u dx = uv − v dx
dx dx

Parametric Integrals
If x = f (t) and y = g(t), the integral of a parametric function is given by:
Z b Z d
dx
y dx = y· dt
a c dt

Volume of Revolution
• About the x-axis: Vx = π
Rb
a
[f (x)]2 dx

• About the y-axis: Vy = π

Rd
c
[g(y)]2 dy

Solving Differential Equations with Separation of Variables

Consider a first-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) of the form:

dy
= g(x)h(y)
dx
We can solve this equation by separating the variables x and y and integrating both sides.

Steps for Solving

1. Rewrite the equation in the form:
dy
= g(x) dx
h(y)

2. Integrate both sides with respect to their respective variables:

Z Z
1
dy = g(x) dx + C
h(y)

where C is the constant of integration.

3. Solve the resulting integral to find the solution function y(x).

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3D Vectors and Scalar Dot Products
Vector Equation in 3D
In three-dimensional space, a vector equation can be represented as:

r = a + λb

where r is the position vector, a is a point on the line, b is the direction vector of the line, and λ
is a scalar parameter.

Scalar Dot Product

The scalar dot product (or inner product) of two vectors u and v is given by:

u · v = |u||v| cos θ

where |u| and |v| are the magnitudes of vectors u and v, and θ is the angle between them.
The dot product can also be expressed in terms of the components of the vectors:

u · v = u1 v1 + u2 v2 + u3 v3

Magnitude of 3D Vectors
 
v1
The magnitude (or length) of a 3D vector v = v2  is given by:

v3
q
|v| = v12 + v22 + v32

Angle with Axes

The angle a 3D vector v makes with the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis can be found using the direction
cosines:
x y z
cos α = , cos β = , cos γ =
|v| |v| |v|