Introduction to Circuit Theory

Frequency Response

2014/12/18

Jieh-Tsorng Wu

National Chiao-Tung University

Department of Electronics Engineering
 Outline
1. Transfer Function
2. The Decibel Scale
3. Bode Plots
4. Series Resonance
5. Parallel Resonance
6. Passive Filters
7. Active Filters
8. Applications

13. Frequency Response 2 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Frequency Response and Transfer Function

Y(ω )
=
H (ω ) = H (ω ) ∠φ
X(ω )

 Frequency response is the variation in a circuit’s behavior with change in signal

frequency and may also be considered as the variation of the gain and phase with
frequency.
 The transfer function H(ω) of a circuit is the frequency-dependent ratio of a phasor
output Y(ω) (an element voltage or current ) to a phasor input X(ω) (source voltage
or current).
13. Frequency Response 3 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Different Types of Transfer Functions

Y(ω )
(ω )
H= = H (ω )∠φ
X(ω )
Vo (ω ) I o (ω )
=
H (ω ) = Voltage Gain =
H (ω ) = Current Gain
Vi (ω ) I i (ω )
Vo (ω ) I o (ω )
=
H (ω ) = Transfer Impedance =
H (ω ) = Transfer Admittance
I i (ω ) Vi (ω )

13. Frequency Response 4 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Poles and Zeros
N(ω )
H (ω ) =
D(ω )
N(ω ) = 0 ⇒ ω z1 , ω z 2 ,  ⇒ Zeros z1 =
jω z1 z2 =
jω z 2 
0 ⇒ ω p1 , ω p 2 ,  ⇒ Poles
D(ω ) = jω p1 p2 =
p1 = jω p 2 
 s 
±m s 
s 1 +  × 1 +  × 
=
H
N(ω )
(ω ) = G
( s − z1 ) × ( s − z2 ) × 
= K  z1′   z2′ 
D(ω ) ( s − p1 ) × ( s − p2 ) ×   s   s 
1 + ′  × 1 + ′  × 
 p1   p2 
s ω zk − zk′
j= − pk′
pk =

 N(ω) and D(ω) are polynomial functions.

 A zero is a ω value that results in H(ω)=0.
 A pole is a ω value that results in H(ω)=∞.
13. Frequency Response 5 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Transfer Function Example 1

Vo 1 jωC 1 1
H (ω=) = = ω=
Vs R + 1 jωC 1 + jω RC
0
RC
1 ω
= ∠ − tan −1= H (ω )∠φ (ω )
1 + ( ω ω0 )
2 ω0
1
H (0)= 1 H (ω0=
) = 0.707 H (∞= ) 0
2
∠φ (0) = 0° ∠φ (ω0 ) = −45° ∠φ (∞) =−90°
13. Frequency Response 6 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Transfer Function Example 1

Vo 1 jωC 1 1 1
H (ω=) = = = ω=
Vs R + 1 jωC 1 + jω RC 1 + jω ω0
0
RC
Vo 1 sC 1 1
= =
H (s) = = s jω
=
Vs R + 1 sC 1 + sRC 1 + s ω0
= 0 ⇒
Pole: D(s) jω p1 = −ω0
p1 = At jω = −ω0 , H (ω ) =
∞

13. Frequency Response 7 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Transfer Function Example 2

Vo jω L 1 1 R
H (ω=) = = = ω=
Vs R + jω L 1 + R ω0 0
L
1− j
jω L ω
1 −1 ω0
= ∠ tan = H (ω )∠φ (ω )
1 + ( ω0 ω )
2 ω

13. Frequency Response 8 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Transfer Function Example 2

Vo jω L jω L R jω ω0
H (ω=) = = =
Vs R + jω L 1 + jω L R 1 + jω ω0
R
ω0 =
L

Vo sL s
=
H (s) = = ω0 ×
Vs R + sL 1 + s ω0
Pole: D( s ) =
0 ⇒ jω p1 =
p1 = −ω0 At jω = −ω0 , H (ω ) = ∞
Zero: N( s ) =0 ⇒ z1 = jω z1 =0 =
At jω 0=
, H (ω ) 0

13. Frequency Response 9 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Transfer Function Example 3

4 + j 2ω I (ω ) j 0.5ω (4 + j 2ω )
I o (ω ) × I i (ω=
) ⇒ o
4 + j 2ω + 1 j 0.5ω I i (ω ) j 0.5ω (4 + j 2ω ) + 1
I o (ω ) 0.5s (4 + 2 s ) s ( s + 2) s ( s + 2) N ( s )
jω ⇒
s= = = = 2 =
I i (ω ) 0.5s (4 + 2 s ) + 1 s + 2 s + 1 ( s + 1)
2
D( s)
N( s ) =⇒
0 z1 =
0 z2 =
−2
D( s ) =
0 ⇒ p1,2 =
−1
13. Frequency Response 10 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Transfer Function Example 3

jω = s
Z L = 2 H = jω × 2 =2s
1 2
Z C =0.5 F = =
jω × 0.5 s

4 + 2s
I o (ω ) = × I i (ω ) s jω
4 + 2s + 2 s
I o (ω ) s ( s + 2) s ( s + 2) s 2 (1 + s 2 ) N ( s )
= 2 = = 2× =
I i (ω ) s + 2 s + 1 ( s + 1) (1 + s )
2 2
D( s)
N( s ) =0 ⇒ z1 =0 z2 = −2
D( s ) 0 ⇒ p1,2 =
−1
13. Frequency Response 11 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Transfer Function Example 4

Vo R jω RC
H (ω=) = =
Vi R + jω L + 1 jωC 1 + jω RC + ( jω ) 2 LC
Vo sRC sRC sRC
=
H (s) = = =
Vi 1 + sRC + s LC
2
α s   s 
2
 s   s 
2

1 + 2   +   1 + 2ζ   +  
ω0  ω0   ω0   ω0   ω0 
1 R α
ω0 = Resonant Frequency (rad/s) α == Damping Factor=
= ζ
LC 2L ω0
α < ω0 ⇒ ζ < 1 ⇒ Complex-Conjugate Poles (Underdamped)
13. Frequency Response 12 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Poles and Zeros and Frequency Response

13. Frequency Response 13 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Properties of Logarithms

log ( P1 × P2 ) =
log P1 + log P2
P1
= log P1 − log P2
log
P2
log P n = n × log P
log1 0= log10 2 3 =
log10 10 1 ln e = 1

13. Frequency Response 14 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 The Decibel (dB) Scale
P2
G =
Number of bels log
P1
1
= 1=
1 decibel dB bel
10
P2 P2
=
Power =
Ratio: G log =
(bel) 10 log (dB) GdB
P1 P1
V2
Voltage Ratio: GdB = 20 log (dB)
V1
I2
Current Ratio: GdB = 20 log (dB)
I1

13. Frequency Response 15 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Transfer Function in Logarithmic Scale

=
H (ω )
N(ω )
=
( s − z1 ) × ( s − z2 ) ×  =s jω
D(ω ) ( s − p1 ) × ( s − p2 ) × 
N1 × N 2 ×  N1e jφN 1 × N 2 e jφN 2 × 
=
D1 × D2 ×  D1e jφD1 × D2 e jφD 2 × 
( ) ( )
log H (ω ) = log N1e jφN 1 + log N 2 e jφN 2 +  − log ( D1e jφD1 ) + log ( D2 e jφD 2 ) + 
= ( log N1 + log N 2 + ) − ( log D1 + log D2 + ) 

( )
+ j  φN 1 + φN2 +  − (φD1 + φD 2 + ) 
 
Magnitude Response = log H (ω= ) ( log N1 + log N 2 + ) − ( log D1 + log D2 + )
∠H (ω ) =
Phase Response = ( )
φN 1 + φN2 +  − (φD1 + φD 2 + )

13. Frequency Response 16 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Bode Plots
 Bode plots are semilog plots of the magnitude (in decibels) and phase (in degrees)
of a transfer function versus frequency.

H ∠φ = H e jφ
H= log H jφ
log H =+ H db =
20 log10 H

±1  jω    jω   jω  
2

( jω ) × 1 +  × 1 + 2ζ 1   +    × 
 z1  
  ωk   ωk  
H (ω ) = K ×
 jω    jω   jω  
2

1 +  × 1 + 2ζ 2  +   ×
 p1  
  ωn   ωn  

 s    s   s 
2

s × 1 +  × 1 + 2ζ 1   +    × 
±1

 z1    ωk   ωk  
=K× s = jω
s    s   s  
2

1 +  × 1 + 2ζ 2   +    × 
 p1  
  ωn   ωn  
13. Frequency Response 17 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Bode Plot: Constant Gain

 0° if K > 0
ω) K
H (= ⇒ H dB = 20 log10 K φ =
180° if K < 0

13. Frequency Response 18 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Bode Plot: Pole/Zero at the Origin
1 1
H (ω ) = s = jω = ω∠90° H (ω )= = = ω −1∠ − 90°
s jω
H dB= 20 log10 ω φ= 90°
H dB = −20 log10 ω φ = −90°

13. Frequency Response 19 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Bode Plot: Simple Zero
jω s
H (ω ) =
1+ =
1+ Zero at − z1
z1 z1
jω ω
H dB = 20 log10 1 + φ = tan −1

z1 z1
 20=log10 1 0 , ω → 0

20 log10 = 2 3,=ω z1
H dB = 
20 log ω , ω →∞
 10
 z1
 0° , ω → 0
−1 ω 
φ =tan = 45° , ω = z1
z1 
90° , ω → ∞

13. Frequency Response 20 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Bode Plot: Simple Pole

1 1
H (ω )
= = Pole at − p1
jω s
1+ 1+
p1 p1
jω ω
H dB =
−20 log10 1 + φ=
− tan −1
p1 p1
 −20 log10 1 = 0 , ω →0

−20 log10 2 = −3 , ω =p1
H dB = 
−20 log ω , ω →∞
 10
 p1
 0° , ω → 0
ω 
φ= − tan −1 =−  45° , ω =p1
p1 
 −90° , ω → ∞

13. Frequency Response 21 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Quadratic Poles
1 1
H (ω ) =
a0 + a1 ( jω ) + a2 ( jω ) 2 a0 + a1s + a2 s 2
1 1 a1 a1
0 ⇒ H (ω ) =
If a0 = = × p1,2 =
0, −
a1 ( jω ) + a2 ( jω ) 2 jω 1 + jω a2
a1 a2
1
H (ω ) = ζ 2 Damping
= Factor ωn Resonant Frequency
1 + 2ζ 2 ( jω ωn ) + ( jω ωn )
2

jω
Let s = ⇒ s 2 + 2ζ 2 s + 1 =0 ⇒ s1,2 =−ζ 2 ± ζ 22 − 1
ωn

( )
p1,2 = s1,2 × ωn =−ζ 2 ± ζ 22 − 1 × ωn
1 1
Case 1: ζ 22 ≥ 1 ⇒ p= ω)
Real Poles ⇒ H (= ×
1,2
jω jω
1+ 1+
p1 p2
Case 2: ζ 22 < 1 ⇒ p1,2 =
Complex-Conjugate Poles

13. Frequency Response 22 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Bode Plot: Quadratic Poles
1
H (ω ) = ζ 2
− 1 < 0 ⇒ p1,2 Complex-Conjugate Poles
1 + 2ζ 2 ( jω ωn ) + ( jω ωn )
2 2

2  0, ω →0
 jω   jω  
H dB = −20 log10 1 + 2ζ 2  +
   =  ω
 ωn   ωn   −40 log , ω →∞

10
ωn
 0, ω=0
−1 2ζ 2 ( ω ωn ) 
φ= − tan =  −90°, ω = ωn
1 − ( ω ωn ) 
2

−180°, ω → ∞

13. Frequency Response 23 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Bode Plot: Quadratic Zeros

1 + 2ζ 1 ( jω ωn ) + ( jω ωn )
H (ω ) =
2

ζ 12 < 1
2
jω  jω 
H dB= 20 log10 1 + 2ζ 1 + 
ωn  ωn 
 0, ω →0

= ω
 40 log , ω →∞

10
ωn
 0, ω=0
2ζ (ω ωn ) 
φ =tan −1 1 = 90°, ω =ωn
1 − ( ω ωn ) 
2

180°, ω → ∞

13. Frequency Response 24 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Summary of Bode Straight-Line Magnitude and Phase Plots

13. Frequency Response 25 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Summary of Bode Straight-Line Magnitude and Phase Plots

13. Frequency Response 26 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Bode Plot Example 1
200 jω 10 jω 1 1
H (ω ) = = 10 ⋅ ( jω ) ⋅
= ⋅
( jω + 2)( jω + 10) (1 + jω 2 )(1 + jω 10 ) 1 + jω 2 1 + jω 10

13. Frequency Response 27 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Bode Plot Example 2
jω + 10 0.4 (1 + jω 10 ) 1 1
H (ω ) = = = 0.4 ⋅ ⋅ (1 + jω 10 ) ⋅
jω ( jω + 5) jω (1 + jω 5 ) jω (1 + jω 5)
2 2 2

13. Frequency Response 28 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Bode Plot Example 2
jω + 10 0.4 (1 + jω 10 ) 1 1
H (ω ) = = = 0.4 ⋅ ⋅ (1 + jω 10 ) ⋅
jω ( jω + 5) jω (1 + jω 5 ) jω (1 + jω 5)
2 2 2

13. Frequency Response 29 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Bode Example 3
s +1 1 100 (1 + s ) 1 1
H (ω )= 2 = = ⋅ (1 + s ) ⋅
s + 12 s + 100 1 + 1.2 ( s 10 ) + ( s 10 )2 100 1 + 1.2 ( s 10 ) + ( s 10 )
2

13. Frequency Response 30 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Bode Example 3
s +1 1 100 (1 + s ) 1 1
H (ω )= 2 = = ⋅ (1 + s ) ⋅
s + 12 s + 100 1 + 1.2 ( s 10 ) + ( s 10 )2 100 1 + 1.2 ( s 10 ) + ( s 10 )
2

1.2

13. Frequency Response 31 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Series Resonance
 When resonance occurs, total
impedance is purely resistive. The
series LC acts like a short circuit.
 V and I are in phase, so the power
factor is unity.
 |Z(ω)| is minimum.
 The voltage across L and C can be
much larger than the source
voltage.

Vs 1  1 
Z = =+ R jω L + R j ωL −
=+  At ω = ω0 Im(Z) =0
I jωC  ωC 
1 ω0 1 1
ω
= =
Resonant Frequency (rad/s) =f0 = (Hz)
2π 2π LC
0
LC
Vm Vm Vm L
At ω ω0 , =
Z R=I =
VL =
VC I×Z
= L × ω=
0 L ×
R R R C
13. Frequency Response 32 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Half-Power Frequencies
 1 
Z= R + j ωL −
 ωC 
Vs Vm
I= I= =
Z R 2 + ( ω L − 1 ωC )
2
1
=
2 1 2
Average Power = P (ω ) = I R
2
1
Resonant Frequency = ω0 =
LC
2
2
1V 1
( 1,2 )
1 Vm 1
2
ω0 ) = Pmax
P(= m
P(ω
= ) I ω = R = R P(ω0 )
2 Z (ω1,2 )
1,2
2 R 2 2
2
R  R  1
⇒ Z(ω1,2 ) = 2 × R ω1,2 =  +   + = Half-Power Frequencies
2L  2 L  LC
R
ω=
0 ω ω
1 2 =
B ω 2 − ω1 =
L
13. Frequency Response 33 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Quality Factor (Q)
At resonance,
Peak Energy Stored ( Es )
Q = 2π
Energy Dissipated in One Period (E d )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
=Es =
LI Ed = I R ×T I R×
2 2 2 f0
1 2
LI ω0 L 1 1 L ω0
Q 2π 2 = =
= = =
1 2
I R×
1 R ω0 RC R C B
2 f0
2
 1  B ω0
ω1,2 = ω0 1 +    B = ω 2 − ω1 =
 2Q  2 Q
B B
For Q  1, ω1 ≈ ω0 − ω2 ≈ ω0 +
2 2
At ω = ω0 , VL = VC = Vm × Q

13. Frequency Response 34 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Parallel Resonance

I 1 1 1  1 
Y = = + jωC + = + j  ωC −  At ω = ω0 Im(Y) =0
V R jω L R  ωL 
1 ω0 1 1
ω
= =
Resonant Frequency (rad/s) =f0 = (Hz)
2π 2π LC
0
LC
1 C
At ω ω=
0, Y = =
V I m R= =
I L IC V × ω0 C = I m R × ω0 C I m R ×
R L
 At resonant frequency, total admittance is purely resistive. The parallel LC acts
like an open circuit. |Y(ω)| is minimum.
 V and I are in phase, so the power factor is unity.
 The currents flow through L and C can be much larger than the source current.
13. Frequency Response 35 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Parallel Resonance

1
ω0 = rad/s
LC
2
1  1  1
ω1,2 = +   +
2 RC  2 RC  LC
1
B = ω2 − ω1 =
RC
1 2
CV
ω0 R
=
Q = ω0 RC
= = ω0 2
B ω0 L 1 V
2

2 R

13. Frequency Response 36 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Summary of Series and Parallel Resonance RLC Circuits

13. Frequency Response 37 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Filters

Low-Pass Band-Pass

High-Pass Band-Stop

13. Frequency Response 38 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Low-Pass Filter
Vo 1 jωC 1
H (ω=) = =
Vi R + 1 jωC 1 + jω RC
1 1 ωc
= = =
1 + jω ωc 1 + s ωc s + ωc
1
ωc
= = Cutoff Frequency
RC
1 ω = 0

 1
Η (ω ) =
= ω ωc
 2
0 ω → ∞
 0° ω =
0

φ =−45° ω =ωc
−90° ω → ∞

13. Frequency Response 39 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 High-Pass Filter
Vo R jω RC
H (ω=) = =
Vi R + 1 jωC 1 + jω RC
1 jω 1 s s
= = =
ωc 1 + jω ωc ωc 1 + s ωc s + ωc
1
ωc =
RC
0 ω = 0

 1
H (ω ) =
= ω ωc
 2
1 ω → ∞
90° ω → 0

φ = 45° ω = ωc
0° ω → ∞

13. Frequency Response 40 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Band-Pass Filter
Vo R
H (ω=) =
Vi R + jω L + 1 jωC
jω RC
=
1 + jω RC + ( jω ) LC
2

jω
= RC
1 + jω RC + ( jω ω0 )
2

1
ω0
= = ω1ω2
LC
0 ω = 0

H (ω ) =
= 1 ω ω0
0 ω → ∞

+90° ω → 0

φ =0° ω =ω0
−90° ω → ∞

13. Frequency Response 41 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Band-Stop (Band-Reject) Filter
Vo jω L + 1 jωC
H (ω=) =
Vi R + jω L + 1 jωC
1 + ( jω ) LC
2

=
1 + jω RC + ( jω ) LC
2

1 + ( jω ω0 )
2

=
1 + jω RC + ( jω ω0 )
2

1
ω0
= = ω1ω2
LC
1 ω = 0

=
H (ω ) = 0 ω ω0
1 ω → ∞

0° ω =0

φ =0° ω =ω0
0° ω → ∞

13. Frequency Response 42 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Active Filters

Vo Zf Y
H (ω ) = =− =
− i
Vi Zi Yf

13. Frequency Response 43 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Active First-Order Low-Pass Filter
Zi = Ri
1 Rf
=Z f R=
f ||
jωC f 1 + jωC f R f
Zf Rf 1
H (ω ) =
− =
−
Zi Ri 1 + jωC f R f
Rf 1
= −
Ri 1 + jω ωc
Rf 1
= −
Ri 1 + s ωc
1
ωc =
Rf C f
13. Frequency Response 44 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Active First-Order High-Pass Filter
1
Zi =
Ri + Zf =
Rf
jωCi
Zf Rf
H (ω ) =
− =
−
Zi Ri + 1 jωCi
jω R f Ci
= −
1 + jω Ri Ci
Rf jω ωc
= −
Ri 1 + jω ωc
Rf s ωc
= −
Ri 1 + s ωc
1
ωc =
Ri Ci
13. Frequency Response 45 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Active Band-Pass Filter

ωc = ω 2 ωc = ω1 Gain

13. Frequency Response 46 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Active Band-Pass Filter

Vo  1   jω ω1   R f  1 1
H (ω ) = =  − ×
  − ×
  −  ω = ω =
Vi  1 + jω ω2   1 + jω ω1   Ri 
1 2
RC2 RC1
d H (ω ) R f ω2 ω
=0 ⇒ ω0 = ω1ω2 K =H (ω0 ) = B =ω2 − ω1 Q = 0
dω Ri ω1 + ω2 B
13. Frequency Response 47 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Band-Reject (Notch) Filter

13. Frequency Response 48 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Band-Reject (Notch) Filter

Vo  1 jω ω1   R f  1 1
H (ω ) = =− − × −  ω1 =ω2 =
Vi  1 + jω ω2 1 + jω ω1   Ri  RC2 RC1
Rf R f 2ω1
K = H (0) = H (∞=
)= ω0 = ω1ω2 H (ωo )
Ri Ri ω1 + ω2
13. Frequency Response 49 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu
 Magnitude Scaling
Magnitude scaling is the process of increasing all impedances in a network by a factor,
the frequency response remaining unchanged.

 1 
Z1  R, ω L,
 ωC  C
=
H (ω ) Scaling →= R′ K m × R= L′ K m × L= C′
 1  Km
Z 2  R , ω L,
 ωC 
 ′ ′
1   1   1 
Z1  R , ω L ,  Z1  K m R, K mω L, K m  K m × Z1  R, ω L, 
 ω C ′   ω C   ω C
H=′(ω ) = =
 1   1   1 
Z 2  R′, ω L′, × ω
ωC ′  2
ωC  2
ωC 
Z K m R , K m L , K m K m Z R , L ,
  
= H (ω )

13. Frequency Response 50 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Frequency Scaling
Frequency scaling is the process of shifting the frequency response of a network up or
down the frequency axis while leaving the impedance the same.

 1 
Z1  R, ω L,
 ωC  L C
H (ω )= Scaling → R′= R L′= C ′=
 1  Kf Kf
Z 2  R , L,
 ωC 
 
 
ω 1
Z1  R, L, 
 ′ 1   Kf ω 
Z1  R , ω L′,  
C
K f 
 ωC ′   ω
H′(ω ) = = H (ω ′ ) ω′ =
 1    Kf
Z 2  R′, L′,
 ωC ′  
ω 1

Z 2  R, L, 
 Kf ω 
C
 K 
 f 

13. Frequency Response 51 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Magnitude and Frequency Scaling
 1 
Z1  R, ω L,
 ωC  Km C
ω)
H (= R′ K m R =
Scaling → = L′ C′
L =
 1  Kf Km K f
Z 2  R , L,
 ωC 
   
   
ω 1 ω 1
Z1  K m R, K m L, K m  K m × Z1  R, L, 
 ′ 1   Kf ω   Kf ω 
Z1  R , ω L′,  
C
 
C
K f 
 ωC ′   Kf  
H′(ω ) = =
 1     
Z 2  R′, ω L′,
 ωC ′  
ω 1
 
ω 1

Z 2  K m R, K m L, K m  K m × Z 2  R, L, 
 Kf ω   Kf ω 
C C
 Kf    K f 
 
ω
= H (ω ′ ) ω′ =
Kf

13. Frequency Response 52 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Scaling Example

10k
A fourth-order low-pass filter == 104
Km
1
ωc = 1 rad/sec 2π × 50k
=Kf = π ×105
1
Want to scale so that
ωc π × 50 krad/sec ( f c 50 kHz )
2= R′ = K m × R
R = 10 kΩ Km 1
L′= × L= ×L
Kf 10π
1 1
C′
= ×=
C ×C
Km K f π ×10 9

13. Frequency Response 53 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Radio Receiver

13. Frequency Response 54 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 A Tuner Circuit for an AM Radio

13. Frequency Response 55 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Touch-Tone Telephone – Frequency Assignments

13. Frequency Response 56 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Touch-Tone Telephone – Tone Detection

13. Frequency Response 57 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

 Crossover Network

V1 jω R1C
H1 (ω=
) =
Vs 1 + jω R1C
V2 R2
H 2 (ω=
) =
Vs R2 + jω L
13. Frequency Response 58 Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu