Aircraft Structures & Design

Name: Nuevo, Jayvee C. Date: 30/04/2022 Score:________

1. A common wing design structure especially for large commercial aircraft that uses the wing as fuel storage.
(a) dry wing design (c) wet wing design
(b) fuel wing design (d) central fuel storage

2. Are kinds of designs that incorporate various techniques to mitigate losses due to system or component failures
which includes redundancy and multiple load paths?
(a) fail safe design (c) safe life
(b) fail proof design (d) reliable design

3. Which of the following is not a primary control surface?

(a) Aileron (c) Flaps
(b) Elevators (d) Rudder
4. In aircraft zoning, zone 400 is?
(a) Left wing (c) Engine
(b) Right wing (d) Doors

5. Which of the following statement is true

(a) during straight level unaccelerated flight lift = drag.
(b) during straight level unaccelerated flight lift = thrust.
(c) during straight level unaccelerated flight lift = weight.
(d) all forces are equal.
6. It is the ability of an aircraft to maintain its flight path without the help or being controlled by the pilot.
(a) stability (c) controllability
(b) maneuverability (d) operability

7. A 500 kg load is acting in the center of a 300 ft long beam. What are the values of the reactions at both ends of the
beam?
(a) 250, 250 kg (c) 100, 400 kg
(b) 300, 200 kg (d) 200, 300 kg
8. It is type of deformation in which the material does not anymore return to its original shape.
(a) plastic deformation (c) elastic deformation
(b) yield deformation (d) fracture

9. In the stress strain diagram, the constant of proportionality E stands for?

(a) Hooke’s Law (c) Modulus of Turbidity
(b) Modulus of Rigidity (d) Young’s Modulus

10. Which of the following category is not covered by FAR Part 23?
(a) Normal (c) Commuter
(b) Utility (d) Transport
11. It is a rotational force produced on an axis by a linear force applied at a distance away from the axis.
(a) Inertia (c) Moment
(b) Equilibrium (d) Couples

The moment of a force about a point is a measure of the tendency of the force to rotate a body about
that point.

12. Which of the following is not an advantage of conventional landing gear arrangement?
(a) good pilot field of view (c) better propeller clearance
(b) lighter than modern design (d) automatic positive angle of attack

Conventional landing gear aircraft generally suffer from poorer forward visibility on the ground,
compared to nose wheel aircraft. Often this requires continuous "S" turns on the ground to allow the
pilot to see where they are taxiing.

13. It reduces the force required to move the primary control surfaces.
(a) Servo Tab (c) Anti-servo tab
(b) Trim Tab (d) FBW

Typically found on the outer edges of the ailerons, rudders and elevator, they live up to their namesake
by allowing the pilot or pilots to control the airplane's trim during the flight.

14. States that the moment of the resultant is equivalent to the moment sum of its components
(a) State postulate (c) Varignon’s Theorem
(b) Pascal’s principle (d) Hooke’s Law

Varignon's theorem is a theorem by French mathematician Pierre Varignon, published in 1687 in his
book Projet d'une nouvelle mécanique.

15. The CG of a helicopter is ideally located at?

(a) Aft location of its Main rotor hub (c) forward the hub
(b) Directly in the line of axis of the hub (d) near the tail

Balance is determined by the location of the CG, which is usually described as a given number of inches
from the reference datum. The lateral reference datum is usually located at the center of the helicopter.

16. The 16-ft wing of an airplane is subjected to a lift which varies from zero at the tip to 360 lb/ft at the fuselage
according to ω = 90 x lb/ft where x is measured from the tip. Compute the resultant and its location from the wing
1/2

tip.
(a) 3840 lbs & 5.6 ft (c) 3040 lbs & 5.6 ft
(b) 3840 lbs & 9.6 ft (d) 3040 lbs & 9.6 ft
17. A given truss structure had been found to have three unknowns, which of the following best describes the
solution.
(a) the problem is unsolvable (c) use method of joint
(b) we must make 3 independent equations (d) It is a type of indeterminate structure

Since there are 3 components of force for the given truss, this means there are 2 equations for the force
components. These are independent equations.

18. It is the measure of the intensity of an internal load acting on a cross section of an object.
(a) force (c) strain
(b) stress (d) pressure

When a structural member is loaded, deformation of the member takes place and resistance is set up
against deformation. This resistance to deformation is known as stress.

19. What force is required to punch a 20 mm diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength is 350
MN/m2
(a) 345 kN (c) 221 kN
(b) 550 kN (d) 566 kN
20. It is the ratio of the lateral to the longitudinal deformation.
(a) Euler’s ratio (c) Poisson’s ratio
(b) stress to strain ratio (d) fines ratio

In mechanics, Poisson’s ratio is the negative of the ratio of transverse strain to lateral or axial strain. It is
named after Siméon Poisson and denoted by the Greek letter ‘nu’, It is the ratio of the amount of
transversal expansion to the amount of axial compression for small values of these changes.

21. A design having their elevators in ahead of the wings and at the same time contributes to lift.
(a) Sweptback design (c) Control Canard
(b) swept front design (d) lifting canard

A lifting canard generates an upload or positive lift which is opposite to a conventional horizontal stabiliser which
generates negative lift. A lifting-canard configuration is one in which the weight of the aircraft is shared between the wing
and the canard.

22. A type of design that uses skin as the primary source of structural strength.
(a) monocoque (c) cantilever
(b) semi-monocoque (d) semi-cantilever

Monocoque , also called structural skin, is a structural system in which loads are supported by an object's external skin, in
a manner similar to an egg shell. The word monocoque is a French term for "single shell".

23. The primary purpose of wing dihedral is to improve?

(a) longitudinal stability (c) vertical stability
(b) lateral stability (d) overall stability

Wing Dihedral is the upward angle of an aircraft's wing, from the wing root to the wing tip. The amount of dihedral
determines the amount of inherent stability along the roll axis
24. During take-off roll V1 stands for?
(a) initial speed (c) decision speed
(b) take off speed (d) cruise speed

V1 is the maximum speed at which a rejected takeoff can be initiated in the event of an emergency. V1 is also the
minimum speed at which a pilot can continue takeoff following an engine failure. V1 stands for decision speed during take
off

25. In biplane wing design, stagger means?

(a) longitudinal offset of the two wings relative to each other
(b) lateral offset of the two wings relative to each other
(c) vertical offset of the two wings relative to each other
(d) angle between two wings relative to each other

In aviation, stagger is the relative horizontal fore-aft positioning of stacked wings in a biplane, triplane, or multiplane. An
aircraft is said to have positive stagger, or simply stagger, when the upper wing is positioned forward of the lower
(bottom) wing, Examples include the de Havilland Tiger Moth or Stearman.
26. In biplane wing design, decalage means.
(a) longitudinal offset of the two wings relative to each other
(b) lateral offset of the two wings relative to each other
(c) vertical offset of the two wings relative to each other
(d) angle between two wings relative to each other

Decalage on a fixed-wing aircraft is the angle difference between the upper and lower wings of a biplane, i.e. the acute
angle contained between the chords of the wings in question. Decalage is said to be positive when the upper wing has a
higher angle of incidence than the lower wing, and negative when the lower wing's incidence is greater than that of the
upper wing.

27. Which of the following wing geometry and/or design is best to reduce the adverse effect of supersonic and
transonic flow.
(a) wing dihedral (c) anhedral
(b) swept back (d) taper
The sweep back design of the free-wing creates the ability to reduce the area of the control surface. By sweeping the free-
wing, the control surface is shifted further aft of the free-wing pivot axis. With the resultant increase in moment arm
length and proper sizing of the control surface, the moments needed for stability are maintained.

28. Under FAR part 23, the Gust velocity at 50,000 ft is?
(a) 20 fps (c) 15 fps
(b) 25 fps (d) 30 fps

29. One way of reducing radar detection in most military aircraft is?
(a) reducing RCS (c) using composite materials
(b) Flying at higher altitudes (d) using enamel paints

The concept of stealth or radar cross section (RCS) reduction and control has been a topic of interest since World War II.
Attempts were initially made to reduce the detectability of the aircraft by employing wood and other composites as aircraft
materials since they were less reflective to the radar waves than a metal. Following the initial systematisation, one realised
that shaping and coating [by radar-absorbing materials (RAMs)] emerged as the primary techniques for the RCS reduction
(RCSR).
30. The CG of an aircraft must be located at?
(a) Aft of its Center of pressure (c) aft of the aerodynamic center
(b) forward of its center of pressure (d) forward the aerodynamic center

The CG is the point at which the total weight of the aircraft is assumed to be concentrated, and the CG must be located
within specific limits for safe flight (usually forward of the aerodynamic center). Both lateral and longitudinal balance are
important, but the prime concern is longitudinal balance; that is, the location of the CG along the longitudinal or
lengthwise axis.

31. It is the engine whose failure would most adversely affect the performance or handling abilities of an aircraft.
(a) engine inoperative (c) critical engine
(b) left engine (d) ETOPs

The critical engine of a multi-engine, fixed-wing propeller-driven aircraft is the one whose failure would result in the most
adverse effects on the aircraft's handling and performance. the critical engine is commonly defined as the engine whose
failure would cause the greatest negative performance impact.
32. It is also known as asymmetric blade effect.
(a) critical mass effect (c) C-Factor
(b) P-factor (d) engine inoperative

P-factor, or asymmetric propeller loading, causes a left turning tendency in propeller-driven planes when the aircraft has a
high angle of attack. This is caused by the propeller angle on the right side of the aircraft experiencing a larger angle of
attack (and therefore more thrust) than the left.

33. A wing design of monoplane where it is raised clear above the top of the fuselage.
(a) mid wing (c) parasol
(b) sesquiplane (d) inverted parasol

A parasol wing monoplane is an aircraft design in which the wing is not mounted directly to the fuselage, but rather, the
fuselage is supported beneath it by a set of struts, called cabane struts. Parasol wing designs resemble biplanes lacking
their lower set of wings.
34. Vmu stands for?
(a) maximum unstick speed (c) maximum upturn speed
(b) minimum unstick speed (d) minimum upturn speed

Vmu means minimum unstick speed. It is the calibrated airspeed at and above which the airplane can safely lift off the
ground and continue the takeoff. Vmu speeds must be selected by the manufacturer throughout the range of thrust-to-
weight ratios to be certified. These speeds may be established from free air data if these data are varified by ground takeoff
tests. Taken from FAR Part 1 and Part 25.107

35. Assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120
MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine the minimum thickness of each
plate.
(a) 6.5 mm (c) 7.85 mm
(b) 7.22 mm (d) 8.32 mm

36. The most efficient way to create lift on a fixed wing is to use?
(a) wing taper (c) elliptical wing
(b) wing tip (d) vortex generator
Aerodynamically, the elliptical planform is the most efficient as elliptical
Span wise lift distribution has the lowest possible induced drag
(as given by thin airfoil theory).

37. To counter torque of the helicopter main rotors, the following design can be used except?
(a) tail rotor (c) coaxial rotor
(b) tandem rotor (d) meshing rotor

They need an anti-torque device (tail rotor or other anti-torque system) to counteract the twisting momentum produced by
the main rotor, which is powered by one or more engine(s). A meshing rotor isn’t usually referred to as used in helicopter
instead it is supposed to be intermeshing rotor

38. VS0 stands for

(a) stalling speed clean configuration (c) stalling speed specific configuration
(b) stalling speed landing configuration (d) minimum landing speed
Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable in landing configuration: engines at
idle, props in low pitch, usually full wing flaps, cowl flaps closed, CG at maximum forward limit (i.e., most unfavorable
CG) and max gross landing weight.

39. VY stands for?

(a) best rate of climb speed (c) best angle of climb speed
(b) best angle of attack speed (d) best landing speed

It is the air speed at which an aircraft will gain the greatest amount of altitude for a given distance.

40. ATA 28 is?

(a) Hydraulic Power (c) Flight Controls
(b) Fuel (d) Landing gears
ATA 100 contains the reference to the ATA numbering system which is a common referencing standard for commercial
aircraft documentation.

41. The Federal Aviation Regulations are under what CFR?

(a) 12 CFR (c) 15 CFR
(b) 14 CFR (d) 13 CFR

Title 14 is the principal set of rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) issued by the Department of
Transportation and Federal Aviation Administration, federal agencies of the United States regarding Aeronautics and
Space.

42. One way of reducing radius of turn is to?

(a) increase airspeed (c) decrease bank angle
(b) increase bank angle (d) increase thrust
If the speed increases without changing the bank angle, the radius of turn increases
If the speed decreases without changing the bank angle, the radius of turn decreases

43. The maximum take-off weight of commuter category under FAR 23 is?
(a) 12,500 lbs (c) 22,000 lbs
(b) 19,000 lbs (d) 17,500 lbs

The commuter category is limited to propeller-driven, multiengine airplanes that have a seating configuration, excluding
pilot seats, of 19 or less, and a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 19,000 pounds or less.

44. One hand fire extinguisher must be located on the following except?
(a) pilot compartment (c) lavatory
(b) galley (d) baggage compartment
The baggage compartment is inaccessible during flight.

45. The following are phases of design except?

(a) conceptual (c) detailed
(b) preliminary (d) specific

The designing phase of an aircraft only has a 3 stage process. This consists of the conceptual design phase, the preliminary
design phase, and finally the detail design phase.
46. It is an axis in the cross section of a beam (a member resisting bending) or shaft along which there are no
longitudinal stresses or strains.
(a) axial axis (c) lateral axis
(b) neutral axis (d) vertical axis

If the section is symmetric, isotropic and is not curved before a bend occurs, then the neutral axis is at the geometric
centroid.

47. During takeoff in a space ship, an 80-kg astronaut is subjected to an acceleration equal to 5 times the pull of the
earth's standard gravity. If the takeoff is vertical, what force does he exert on the seat?
(a) 4707 N (c) 3500 N
(b) 5000 N (d) 4325 N
48. A stone is dropped down a well and 5 sec later, the sounds of the splash is heard. If the velocity of sound is 1120
ft/sec (341.376 m/s), what is the depth of the well?
(a) 254 ft (c) 287 ft
(b) 353 ft (d) 422 ft

49. A stone is thrown from rest vertically upward and return to earth in 10 sec. How high did it go?
(a) 122.6 m (c) 111.6 m
(b) 134.6 m (d) 104.6 m
50. Determine the resultant of the concurrent force shown.
(a) 422 lbs (c) 512 lbs
(b) 486 lbs (d) 499 lbs