Human Body Systems

Warm Up

1. How do muscles
& bones work
together?

2. Why do they work

together?
 Skeletal System
• Functions:
1. Provides shape & support
2. Helps you move
3. Protects organs
4. Produces blood cells
5. Stores certain materials
 Skeletal System
• Protects internal organs:
– Skull-The skull is made up of cranial bones (bones
that surround and protect the brain) and facial
bones (bones that form the eye sockets, nose,
cheeks, jaw, and other parts of the face). An opening
at the base of the skull is where the spinal cord
connects to the brain. Also called cranium.
– Ribs … protect the heart & lungs
– Vertebrae … protects the spinal cord
– Femur … produces blood cells in the leg
– Humerus … produces blood cells in the arm
 Organs of the Skeletal System
Bone types
• There are four different types of bone in the human body:
• Long bone – has a long, thin shape. Examples include the bones
of the arms and legs (excluding the wrists, ankles and kneecaps).
With the help of muscles, long bones work as levers to permit
movement.
• Short bone – has a squat, cubed shape. Examples include the
bones that make up the wrists and the ankles.
• Flat bone – has a flattened, broad surface. Examples include
ribs, shoulder blades, breast bone and skull bones.
• Irregular bone – has a shape that does not conform to the above
three types. Examples include the bones of the spine
(vertebrae).
 Organs of the Skeletal System

• Cartilage
– Connective tissue that is
more flexible than bone
– Ex: nose, tops of ears, ends
of bones
Organs of the Skeletal System

• Ligaments
– Hold bones
together to form
joints
 Organs of the Skeletal System

• Tendons
– Hold bones and
muscles together
 Bone Marrow
• Marrow – soft connective tissue found in
spaces in the bone
– Red marrow
• Produces the body’s blood cells
– Yellow marrow
• Stores fat (energy reserve)
Bone Marrow
 Bone Facts and Trivia
•The adult human body has
206 of them.
•There are 26 bones in the
human foot.
•The human hand, including
the wrist, contains 54 bones.
•The femur, or thighbone, is
the longest and strongest
bone of the human skeleton.
Bone Facts and Trivia
•The stapes, in the middle
ear, is the smallest and
lightest bone of the human
skeleton.
•Arms are among the most
commonly broken bones,
accounting for almost half
of all adults' broken bones.
The collarbone is the most
commonly broken bone
among children.
 Bone Facts and Trivia
•Bones stop growing in length during puberty. Bone density and
strength will change over the course of life, however.
•The only bone in the human body not connected to another is the
hyoid, a V-shaped bone located at the base of the tongue.
 Bone Facts and Trivia
•Bones are made up of calcium,
phosphorus, sodium, and other
minerals, as well as the protein
collagen.
•Bones function as the skeleton
of the human body, allow body
parts to move and protect
organs from impact damage.
They also produce red and
white blood cells.
Touch Me!
 Muscular System
• Some functions:
1. Helps the body move
2. Moves food through
the digestive system
3. Keeps the heart
beating
Muscle Action
• Involuntary muscle
– Muscles not under your
conscious control
• Ex: muscles used for breathing
& digesting food
• Voluntary muscles
– Muscles that are under your
conscious control
• Ex: Smiling, turning the pages
in a book, walking to class
 3 Types of Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal
– Attached to bones & move bones using tendons
• Connective tissue attaching muscles to bones
– Striated, or banded
– Voluntary
• Smooth
– Inside many internal organs
– Involuntary
– Ex: Stomach
• Cardiac
– Found only in the heart
– Involuntary
– Never gets tired (unlike skeletal muscles)
 How do
muscles work?
 How do muscles work?

• Muscles move by contracting, or becoming

shorter
• Must work in pairs
– One contracts, the other returns to its original length
 Muscle Facts
Masseter
The strongest muscle based
on its weight
is the masseter. With all
muscles of the jaw working
together it can close the
teeth with a force as great
as 55 pounds (25 kilograms)
on the incisors or 200
pounds (90.7 kilograms) on
the molars.
Muscle Facts
The Sartorius Muscle

The sartorius muscle is the

longest muscle in the human
body. It is strap-like, up to 600
mm in length, and contains
five to seven neurovascular
compartments, each with a
neuromuscular endplate
zone.
Muscle Facts
 Muscle Facts

The Gluteus Maximus

The largest muscle in the
body is the gluteus maximus.
Located at the back of the hip,
it is also known as the
buttocks.
Muscle Facts
The stapedius
The stapedius is the
smallest skeletal muscle in
the human body. At just
over one millimeter in
length, its purpose is to
stabilize the smallest bone
in the body, the stapes or
stirrup bone of the middle
ear.
Muscles in the Human Body
 Summary
• Explain how these two body systems work
together to support homeostasis in humans:

and
 Integumentary System (Skin)
• Functions:
1. Covers and protects the body to prevent
water loss and keep out foreign particles.
2. Keeps you in touch with the environment
(nerve endings)
3. Regulates your body temperature
4. Gets rid of wastes (sweat/perspiration)
 Skin
• Protection against
microorganisms,
dehydration, ultraviolet
light, and mechanical
damage; the skin is the
first physical barrier that
the human body has
against the external
environment. Sensation
of pain, temperature,
touch, and deep pressure
starts with the skin.
 Layers of the Skin
• Epidermis
– Outermost layer
– No nerves or blood vessels
– Surface is made of dead cells
(provide protection)
• Dermis
– Lower layer of the skin
– Contains nerves, blood
vessels, sweat glands, hairs &
oil glands
 Layers of the Skin
• Subcutaneous layer
– is the deepest layer of your
skin. It's made up mostly of
fat cells and connective
tissue. The majority of your
body fat is stored here. The
subcutaneous layer acts as a
layer of insulation to protect
your internal organs and
muscles from shock and
changes in temperature.
 The Nail
A nail is a protective plate characteristically found at
the tip of the digits (fingers and toes) of all primates,
corresponding to the claws in other tetrapod animals.
Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough rigid
protein called alpha-keratin, a polymer also found in
the claws, hooves and horns of vertebrates.
While nails are composed of dead cells, they
are not entirely lifeless. “The nail plate, which
is the visible part of the nail, is formed by
specialised cells at the base of the nail —
known as the matrix. The matrix produces new
cells that push the older ones forward, causing
the nail to grow.
The Nail Matrix
 The Hair/s
Hair is derived from the epidermis but grows its roots
deep into the dermis. Its structure divides into the
externally visible hair shaft and the hair follicle within
the skin. The hair follicle has an intricate structure that
contains the hair bulb that actively divides to extend
the hair shaft vertically.
Tiny blood vessels at the base of every follicle
feed the hair root to keep it growing. But once
the hair is at the skin's surface, the cells within
the strand of hair aren't alive anymore. The
hair you see on every part of your body
contains dead cells.
Hair Anatomy
How quick are you?
Nervous System
• Functions:
1. Receives information
about what is happening
inside & outside of the
body.
2. Directs the way your body
responds to this
information. (stimulus and
response).
3. Helps maintain
homeostasis.
 Organs of the Nervous
System
• Brain
• Nerves (neurons – nerve cells)
• Spinal Cord
 Central and
Peripheral
Nervous System
 Central Nervous System
• Brain - controls most functions in the body
– Cerebrum
• Interprets input from the senses
• Controls movement of skeletal muscles
• Complex mental processes (learning)
– Cerebellum
• Coordinates muscle actions & balance
– Brainstem (medulla)
• Controls involuntary actions (ex: breathing)
• The brainstem takes in, sends out, and
coordinates the brain's messages. It also
controls many of the body's automatic
functions, like breathing, heart rate, blood
pressure, swallowing, digestion, and blinking.
 Central Nervous System
• Spinal cord - link between brain &
the rest of the body
 Peripheral Nervous System
• Neurons
– nerve cell that is specialized to transfer messages
in the form of fast-moving electrical energy
– electrical messages are called impulses
 Peripheral Nervous System
• How does message travel to the brain?
Peripheral Nervous System
 Peripheral Nervous System
• Path of nerve impulse:
sensory neuron

spinal cord

brain

spinal cord

motor neuron
 Summary
• Explain how your nervous system might work
with your muscular system when you touch a
hot pan on the stove.
The Banana Song
 Digestive System
• Functions:
1. Breaks down food into
molecules the body can use.
2. Molecules are absorbed into
the blood & carried
throughout the body (by the
circulatory system).
3. Wastes are eliminated from
the body (by the excretory
system)
 Roles of Organs
• Mouth – mechanical & chemical digestion
starts here
– Mechanical – physically breaking down food
(teeth)
– Chemical – breakdown of molecules of food
(saliva)
• Esophagus – muscular tube connecting the
mouth to the stomach
– Peristalsis (muscle contraction) moves the food
 Roles of Organs
• Stomach
– Most mechanical digestion takes place
– Some chemical with the help of digestive juices
(enzymes & acids)
• Small Intestine
– Most of the chemical digestion takes place
– Absorption of nutrients from digested food into
the bloodstream
 Roles of Organs
• Large Intestine
– Water is absorbed into the bloodstream
– Remaining material is readied for elimination from
the body
• Rectum
– Waste material is compressed into solid form
 Path of food through Digestive System

mouth

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

rectum

eliminated from body

 Writing Activity
• R (role) = cheeseburger
• A (audience) = travel guide readers
• F (format) = travel log journal entry
• T (task) =
– Describe your journey as you travel through the
digestive system. What path do you take? What
happens at each stop along the way – ending with
the large intestines. No need to share your trip
about the excretory process (TMI)…that’s another
journey!
 Summary
• How does the digestive system work with the
respiratory system to provide energy for the
body?
 Respiratory System
Why the body needs oxygen…
 Respiratory System
• Function:
– Moves oxygen from the
outside environment
into the body.
– It also removes carbon
dioxide and water from
the body.
 Path of Air into the Body
• Path of air into the body:
nose pharynx trachea bronchi alveoli
 How you breathe:

Diaphragm – large dome-shaped muscle used

in breathing.
Structure of the Lungs
Transfer Between the Lungs and the Blood
Circulatory System
(aka Cardiovascular System)

Function:

Carries needed
substances to cells
and carries wastes
away from cells.
 Organs
• Heart
– Hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood
throughout the body.
Path of Blood Through the Heart
 Organs – Blood Vessels
• Arteries
– Blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away
from the heart and to the body parts.
• Capillaries
– Small blood vessels where materials are
exchanged between the blood and the body’s
cells (oxygen & carbon dioxide)
• Veins
– Carries oxygen-poor blood (w/carbon dioxide)
back to the heart (to be pumped out to the lungs)
Flow of Blood Through the Body
Blood Vessels
 Blood
• Blood is made of 4 components (parts):
1. Red blood cells – take up oxygen in the lungs
and deliver it to cells
-contain a protein called hemoglobin,
which carries oxygen from the lungs to all
parts of the body
- also called erythrocyte and RBC
- checking the number of red blood cells
in the blood is usually part of a
complete blood cell (CBC) test. It may
be used to look for conditions such as
anemia, dehydration, malnutrition, and
leukemia.
 Blood

2. White blood cells – the body’s disease fighters (part of immune system)
-a type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found
in the blood and lymph tissue. White blood cells are part of the
body’s immune system.
- also called leukocyte and WBC.
- they help the body fight infection and other diseases.
Checking the number of white blood cells in the blood is
usually part of a complete blood cell (CBC) test. It may be used
to look for conditions such as infection, inflammation,
allergies, and leukemia.
 Blood
3. Platelets – cell fragments used in forming blood clots (that make scabs)
-a tiny, disc-shaped piece of cell that is found in the blood and
spleen. Platelets are pieces of very large cells in the bone marrow
called megakaryocytes.
-also called thrombocyte
-they help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding and to help
wounds heal. Having too many or too few platelets or having
platelets that don’t work as they should can cause problems.
-checking the number of platelets in the blood may help diagnose
certain diseases or conditions
 Blood
• Blood is made of 4 components (parts):
4. Plasma – liquid part of blood
-The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the
blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in
plasma.
 Summary
Demonstrate the functions of platelets, white
blood cells, red blood cells, and plasma
through a play. Make sure it would be
understood by an elementary grader.
 Excretory System
• Function:
– Collects wastes
produced by cells
and removes the
wastes from the
body.
 Organs
• Kidneys
– Eliminate urea,
excess water, &
some other waste
materials
– Filter wastes from
the blood
– Produce urine
 Organs
• Anus
– Removes solid wastes from digestive system
• Lungs
– Remove carbon dioxide produced during cellular
respiration
• Skin
– Removes perspiration (dissolved waste materials)
 Summary:
Respiration & the Human Body Systems
The formula and illustrations must be aligned exactly as shown below.
Oxygen + Food Energy + Wastes

ATP + Carbon dioxide +

Oxygen + Glucose
(Energy) Water

All Body
Respiratory Digestive Circulatory Cells Excretory
 Immune System
• Function:
1. Provides a barrier against pathogens (disease
causing agents).
2. Defends the body against pathogens.

• First line of defense: barrier

• Second line of defense: inflammatory
response
• Third line of defense: immune system targets
specific pathogens
 First Line of Defense (Barriers)
• Skin
– Chemicals in oil & sweat
– Pathogens fall off with
dead skin cells
• Mucus & cilia
– Trap and remove
pathogens that enter
the respiratory system
• Sneezing & coughing
– Force pathogens out of
the body
• Saliva
– Destructive chemicals
 Second Line of Defense
• An inflammatory response that uses
phagocytes (white blood cells) to engulf &
destroy the pathogen.
 Third Line of Defense
• The immune system
targets specific pathogens.
– B-cells
• Type of lymphocyte (white
blood cell) that produces
chemicals called antibodies to
destroy each kind of
pathogen.
– T-cells
• Identify pathogens & tell
them apart using the
pathogen’s antigens (marker
molecules)
 Preventing Infectious Disease
1. Active immunity
– Occurs when a person’s own immune system
produces antibodies in response to a pathogen;
remembers how to “fight” the pathogen
• Two ways to gain active immunity:
– Infection with pathogen
– Vaccine – weakened or killed pathogen
» Ex: chicken pox vaccine

2. Passive immunity
– Antibodies are given to the person to fight a
disease; their own body did not make them
– Ex: rabies
 THINK…

• Describe how this system works with one

other system to perform a specific function.