Chapter 1

Concept Math English

Principle of Let Pi P2 P3 be a list of

Induction statements or propositions If
P is true
Pn is true Put is the
then all the statements
P1 P2 P3 are the

Absolute
value 1a1

Triangle
Inequality tat ble tal t bl

tial Ibl la bl
Reverse triangle inequality

supremum
it s is bounded above then
M sup S if and only if
SEM SES
if M cm then s.ES s t
s M
infimum If s is bounded below then
m infs if and only if
i
sa m t se s
if mis m then F s ES 5 t
Siam

Archimedean If
a o and b o then forsome
Property positive integer n we have
na b In particular
as t for some positive integer n

Denseness If a b ER and acb then

of ℚ F r e Q sit a crab

injective
f A B is injective if for
each x EX
y
fl 4 fly say

surjective
bijective
f is bijective if it is both
injective and surjective

same A and B have the same

cardinal cardinal if F bijective
A NB F A B

finite set A is finite it A 0 or

A l 2 3 n to some
ne N

infinite set a set is infinite if it is

not finite

infinite set iff A setX is infinite if and

only if I a bijective function
between X and a proper
subset of X
countably A is countably infinite
infinite if AN N

countable
A is countable if A is finite
or countably infinite

uncountable or set is uncountable if it

is not countable

subset /
AEB
(un)countable
relation B countable A countable
A uncountable
B uncountable

injective / f A B
surjective /
(un)countable surjective and A countable
B countable
relation
injective and A uncountable
B uncountable

countable if I is a countable index set the countable union of

union (thm) and Aa is countable for each countable sets is countable
at I As is
then
I countable
Chapter 2
Concept Math English

Convergence A sequence of real numbers

an converges to at R if
Is a
V E O F N sit
n N Ian al c e
an a

Bounded A sequence is bounded if

I a constant M s t
I Snl EM for all n

convergent/ bounded
bounded
convergent
relation
not bounded above or
not bounded below
not convergent

Squeeze
If an Ecn E bn for all n
theorem
and an x and bus x
then a x
Four “basic
if
examples” of
lim
I 0 p o

convergence
Iim a 0 if 1914

him n l

Iim a if a o

lim = ∞ lim an D if for each

M O F N St n N an M

lim = −∞ lim an p if for each

Mao I NS.t n N anc M

Limit of If l im an D and tim bn 0

product of then lim anbu
sequences is
∞
lim = ∞ iff Suppose an 0 for all n
Iim an p if andonly if
Cim at O

Increasing Sn is increasing if
Sn t Say for all n

Decreasing Sn is decreasing if
Su 2 Sht for all n

Monotone Sa is a monotonic sequence

if it is increasing or
decreasing

convergent/
bounded and monotonic
monotone
convergent
relation
lim sup

lim inf

Cauchy An is Cauchy sequence

a a sequence s Candy if all
O F N st
if f e the terms in the tail are
close to each other
Mn N Ian amice
Cauchy/
convergent E Cauchy
convergent
relation

subsequence If an is a sequence and

his naan c are natural
numbers then the sequence

an is a subsequence of an

subsequence F monotonic If tea then there exists a

converging
to t In of
tgg then an that
subsequence monotonic subsequence of an
that converges to t if andonly if
if and only if y Eso the set there are infinitely manypoints
in the tail that are sufficiently
ne N Ian tf E is infinite
close to t

subsequence If an is unbounded above

converging
then F monotonic subsequence
to ∞ ante St Iim any D
subsequence
If an is unbounded below
converging
then F monotonic subsequence
to −∞
auk sit Iim any 0

lim of
It an a then an a
sequence /
for
lim of every subsequence an
subsequence of an
relation

sequence/
monotonic Every sequence has a
relation monotonic subsequence

Bolzano- Every bounded sequence

Weierstrass has a convergent subsequence
Theorem
subsequential A subsequential limit or limit
limit point is any real number or
I that is the limit of some
subsequence of An

monotonic/ If An is a sequence then

subsequence F monotonic subsequence
/lim sup/lim whose limit is limsup an
inf relation
F monotonic subsequence
whose limit is liminfan

limit points / Let an be a sequence and

supremum / let A denote the set of
infimum / subsequential limits of an
limit relation A has at least one element
sup A lim sup A
inf A him in f A
him an exists if andonly if
A has exactly one element

sequence If Iim an a 0
limit / lim sup
then lim sup anbu
product
relation
a lim supbn
Chapter 3
Concept Math English

continuous at Let f A R A ER Let In be a sequenceof points in A

a point f is continuous at x EA if f is continuous at x EA if
In 710 f ka f Xo
Iim f Xn f Xo for every
sequence IntA that converges

EIE.IE iiE i iis.a

continuous
on a set Is io s t u sea
if f is continuous at eachpoint
in s

continuous Let f A R A R
f is continuous if it is
continuous on A

ε−δ Let f A R
definition of f is continuous at Io EA
continuous if and only if E 0 5 0
St KEA
1 201 8 If x floco
 bounded is bounded if
f A R
7m70 Sit IFC M
for all XEA

continuous Let f R be continuous

a b
on closed Then f is bounded
interval / Additionally No a b
y
bounded / S t floco fill flyo
max and min
for all kt Carb
values f assumes its map and min
values on a b

Intermediate Let f I R be continuous on

Value some interval IER
Theorem Then whenever a b E I and
y lies between fsa and f b
there exists at least one
KE a b such that floc y

image of f on if
f I R is continuous on contffhagen Tittena or
interval some interval I then the
set f I
one point
f x XE I is
also an interval or a
single point

strictly Let I and J be intervals strictly monotonic

increasing on and I be continuous
an interval g J
strictly increasing Then g is
continuous on J
way
I 3pm
continuous Let I and J be intervals continuous strictly monotonic
and strictly R is a continuous image is interval and
If f I
increasing on
strictly increasing function inverse function is
an interval and strictly
then FII J Coffee
Additionally f is a
continuous strictly increasing
function on J

strictly Let f be an injective continuous continuous

injective
monotonic / function on I Then f is strictly monotonic
injective
strictly monotonic
relation

uniformly Let S E The function the images of any two

R
continuous
R is uniformly continuous points in the domain
are
f S
on S if 0 8 0 sufficiently close together
sit sizes lx y as
If I pick an interval for 8
x fly a and move it around the
image of that interval should
not be unbounded

uniformly Let f S R SER

continuous
Then f is uniformly
(sequence
continuous on S if
def)
xn yn ES Iim an gut 0
Iim f xn flyn D
continous /
Uniformly continuous
uniformly continuous
continuous
relation a b
continuous on
continuous
uniformly
on a b

uniformly If f S R is uniformly
continuous /
continuous and Sue S is
Cauchy
a Cauchy sequence then
relation
f sa is a Cauchy sequence

accumulation
point
Let s R and aeruzt 9 Eemie.IE EgPiI
a is an accumulation the
points in neighborhood
point of S if ants
of a
of distinct points sit
lim Xu a

limit of a let f S R and all c Ru In

function where a is an allumulation
(sequence point of S.fi aFCX L
def) it a In E S and In a
f xn L
characteriza- f is continuous at aes
tion of f
if and only if
continuous
Ma f x f a

limits / limits of functions are

uniqueness
unique
relation

two functions Let f and g be functions

equal except and let J be an open
at a point interval containing a
If f x KE JI 393
g x
then find fix 2 961

limit Let f g S R be functions

theorems and find f x L and
(+ - * /)
IIa x M
g MILER U to

If L and M are defined

2 f g LIM

15h f g L M

In f In if M o
limit theorem let f S R be a function
for for which
composition exists If
Yafix LED
a function
Mag fee g Ifa text
g is
defined on f S ul that is
continuous at L then

IIa g Ifc exists and

equals g L

limit of a Let f S R be a function

function and s LER where s is
(ε − δ def) an allumulation point on S
Then his fin L if andonly if

Lefinite
70 sit 1160 4 E

so sit Fca M
L D
MSO sit f x M

80 s os Ix a as
If a so x ago
x at
ax a 8
sit 3 a x as

so x a o
and If x d k ca
8 0 sit Ke Cia
a sexca gax aco
a
a six
IN os.tw and

IN 0 sit
I