Chapter 3

STRAIN ANALYSIS And HOEK’S LAW

 Strain is a measure of the deformation of a body and is the same type of Mathematical
quantity as stress: a – second order tensor.
 Types of the change of length are unit shortening of length, unit elongation of length and
dilatation (in 3D space).
 Unit shortening of length: (ε) unit  Unit elongation of length : (ε ) unit
reduction of length (positive (+) change in propagation of length (negative(-) change
length) under the normal compressive in length) under the normal tensile stresses
stresses ( σc ) acting on a plane. ( σT ) acting on a plane.

∆𝑳
ΔL = ( L – L΄ ) ε=
𝑳
( σc ) positive ( ε ) ( + ) ( σT ) negative ( ε ) ( - )
Note that normal stain is taken
to be positive when it signifies
Shortening, and negative when
it is lengthening.

Dilatation is the total change in length under

the three dimensional normal Stresses in
the x – y – z Cartesian coordinate system.

σ1 iÇin : εx1, εy1, εz1

σ2 iÇin : εx2,, εy2, εz2
σ3 iÇin : εx3,, εy3, εz3
Σεxi , Σεyi , Σεzi

- 32 -
-Angular change ( γ ) is the
deflection of an angle due to shear stress,
which is right angle at the beginning

γ=π/2-α

-Strain Analysis

This is negative shear strain: p‫ ׳‬Q’ Is longer than PQ,

and extension is negative. For small angles to a good
Approximation we have
du = dy sin α + dx cos α - dx

The definition of shear strain is the change in angle

between two Lines originally perpendicular to each other
-2 α = β- π/2= γxy
𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐯
𝛆𝐱 = − , 𝛆𝐲 = −
𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲

- 33 -
 𝛛𝐯 𝛛𝐮 𝟏 𝛛𝐯 𝛛𝐮
𝛄𝐱𝐲 = − ( + ), 𝛂 = ( + )
𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲

-Strain Equations:
the expressions for strains in a plane and in three dimensions are similar to those for stresses
in two and three dimensions for normal stresses in two dimensions we had:
𝟏 𝟐𝝉𝒙𝒚
σ = σx cos2 θ + σysin2 θ + 2τxy sin θ cos θ θ = artctan
𝟐 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝜸𝒙𝒚
ε =εx cos2 θ + εysin2 θ + γxy sin θ cos θ 2 θ = arctan
𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚

Correspondingly normal strain system defined by strain components:

𝛆𝐱 + 𝛆𝐲 𝛆𝐱 − 𝛆𝐲 𝜸𝒙𝒚
ε= + cos 2θ + sin2θ
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
−(𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚 )
τ= sin2θ + τxy cos 2 θ
𝟐

𝜸 −(𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚 ) 𝛄𝐱𝐲
= sin 2 θ + cos 2θ
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
The only difference for expressions of stress and strain is the factor 1/2 in the term of
describing the shear strain this is explained by the fact that two shear stress couples τxy and
τyx are required to produce the strain of γxy .
-Transformation of Strain from one coordinate system to another:
𝛆𝐱′ = 𝛆𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝛉 + 𝛄𝐱𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝛆𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉
𝛆𝐲 ′ = 𝛆𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉 − 𝛄𝐱𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝛆𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉
𝛄𝐱′𝐲′ = (𝛆𝐲 − 𝛆𝐱 )𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛉 + 𝛄𝐱𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝛉
 Note that they can be written as :
𝟏 𝟏 𝛄𝐱𝐲
𝛆𝐱′ = 𝟐 (𝛆𝐱 + 𝛆𝐲 ) + 𝟐 (𝛆𝐱 − 𝛆𝐲 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛉
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝛄𝐱𝐲
𝛆𝐲′ = (𝛆𝐱 + 𝛆𝐲 ) − (𝛆𝐱 + 𝛆𝐲 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛉
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
-Principal Strains and Direction θ:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝛆𝟏 = (𝛆𝐱 + 𝛆𝐲 ) + √(𝛆𝐱 − 𝛆𝐲 ) + 𝛄𝟐𝐱𝐲
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝛆𝟐 = (𝛆𝐱 + 𝛆𝐲 ) − √(𝛆𝐱 − 𝛆𝐲 ) + 𝛄𝟐𝐱𝐲
𝟐 𝟐

- 34 -
 𝛄𝐱𝐲
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝜽 =
(𝛆𝐱 + 𝛆𝐲 )

𝛆𝐧 = 𝛆𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 + 𝛆𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉

𝟏 𝟏
𝛆𝐧 = (𝛆𝟏 + 𝛆𝟐 ) + (𝛆𝟏 − 𝛆𝟐 )𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝛉
𝟐 𝟐

𝜸𝒏𝒎 = −(𝜺𝟏 − 𝜺𝟐 )𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽

-Maximum Shear Strain :

𝟐 𝛆𝐱 − 𝛆 𝐲 𝟐 𝛄𝐱𝐲 𝟐
𝛄𝐦𝐚𝐱 = √( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟐

- Strain Equations :
If the direction of εx and εy are directions of principal strain or Longitudinal strain only
( ε1 , ε2 , ε3 ) , the equation are simplified to :

𝛆𝟏 + 𝛆𝟐 𝛆𝟏 − 𝛆𝟐 −(𝜺𝟏 − 𝜺𝟐 )
ε= + cos 2 θ γ/2 = sin2 θ
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

ε 1 = Maximum principal strain,

ε 2 = minimum principal strain.
εx, εy = normal strain components
γxy = shea strain component
γ / 2 = shear strain

Notice that strain formulae are the

Same with stress formulae

- 35 -
-Strain Rosettes :
o we are supposed to determine the stresses around the underground openings and
excavations. One of the useful apparatus of measuring stress Underground is strain gauge
rosettes relating to stress measurements by using elastic Constants. Typical strain gauge
rosette patterns are 0 – 90 – 45 and 0 – 60 – 120 degrees. Measurements of magnitudes and
directions of the principal strains from strain Rosette can be determined by the following
diagrams and formulae.

0 – 45 – 90 degree rosette

𝟏 √𝟐
𝜺𝟏,𝟐 = (𝜺𝟎 + 𝜺𝟗𝟎 ) ± √(𝜺𝟎 − 𝜺𝟒𝟓 )𝟐 + (𝜺𝟒𝟓 − 𝜺𝟗𝟎 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝜺𝟒𝟓 − 𝜺𝟎 − 𝜺𝟗𝟎
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝜽 =
𝜺𝜽 − 𝜺𝟗𝟎

0 - 60 – 120 degree rosette

𝟐
+ 𝛆𝟐 = (𝛆 + 𝛆𝟔𝟎 + 𝛆𝟏𝟐𝟎 )
𝛆𝟏 𝟑 𝟎

𝟒 𝟒
(𝛆𝟏 − 𝛆𝟐 )𝟐 = (𝛆𝟔𝟎 − 𝛆𝟏𝟐𝟎 )𝟐 + (𝟐𝛆𝟎 − 𝛆𝟔𝟎 − 𝛆𝟏𝟐𝟎 )𝟐
𝟑 𝟗

√𝟑(𝛆𝟔𝟎 −𝛆𝟏𝟐𝟎 )
tan 𝟐𝛉 =
𝟐𝛆𝟎 −𝛆𝟔𝟎 −𝛆𝟏𝟐𝟎

- 36 -
-Strain Rosettes Equations :
In order to calculate normal strain : For ε45, this equation reduces to
𝟏 𝟏 𝛄𝐱𝐲
𝛆𝐧 = (𝛆𝐱 + 𝛆𝐲 ) + (𝛆𝐱 − 𝛆𝐲 )𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝛉 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛉
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Replacing εx and ε y by εo and ε90, respectively in principal strain equations and then
substituting the shear strain equation given above, we obtain :

𝟏 𝟏
ε1 = (𝜺𝟎 + 𝜺𝟗𝟎 ) + √(𝜺𝟎 − 𝜺𝟗𝟎 )𝟐 + (𝟐𝜺𝟒𝟓 − 𝜺𝟎 − 𝜺𝟗𝟎 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
ε2 = (𝜺𝟎 + 𝜺𝟗𝟎 ) − √(𝜺𝟎 − 𝜺𝟗𝟎 )𝟐 + (𝟐𝜺𝟒𝟓 − 𝜺𝟎 − 𝜺𝟗𝟎 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝟐𝛆𝟒𝟓 −𝛆𝟎 −𝛆𝟗𝟎

tan 2θ =
𝛆𝟎 −𝛆𝟗𝟎

-Problems – Strain:
The strain components at a point in a body are given as
εx = 12ms εy = 4 ms and γxy = - 6 ms where ms is micro-strain. Determine;
a ) the principle strains and direction of the maximum strain.
b) the maximum shear strain and its direction,

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
a)- 𝜺𝟏 = (𝜺𝒙 + 𝜺𝒚 ) + √(𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚 ) + 𝜸𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝜺𝟏 = 𝟐 (𝟏𝟐 + 𝟒) + 𝟐 √(𝟏𝟐 − 𝟒) + (−𝟔) = 𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝒔

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝜺𝟐 = (𝜺𝒙 + 𝜺𝒚 ) − √(𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚 ) + 𝜸𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝜺𝟐 = 𝟐 (𝟏𝟐 + 𝟒) − 𝟐 √(𝟏𝟐 − 𝟒) + (−𝟔) = 𝟑 𝒎𝒔

𝛆𝐱 −𝛆 𝐲 𝛄𝐱𝐲𝟐 𝟐
b)- 𝛄𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟐 √( ) +( )
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟐 −𝟔 𝟐
𝛄𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟐 √ ( ) + ( ) = 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐬
𝟐 𝟐
𝜸𝒙𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝜽 =
(𝜺𝒙 − 𝜺𝒚 )
𝟏 −𝟔
θ = 𝟐 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝟏𝟐−𝟒) = −𝟏𝟖. 𝟒°

- 37 -
 𝟗𝟎−𝟏𝟖.𝟒×𝟐
θτmax = = 26.8°
𝟐

-Problems:
A rectangular rosette gives the following strain readings
εθo = 0 . 0008 ε45o = 0.0011 ε90o =- 0.0015
Determine the magnitude and orientation of the principal strains
𝟏 √𝟐
ε1.2 = (𝜺𝟎 + 𝜺𝟗𝟎 ) ± √(𝜺𝟎 − 𝜺𝟒𝟓 )𝟐 + (𝜺𝟎 − 𝜺𝟗𝟎 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝟐𝜺𝟒𝟓 −𝜺𝟎 −𝜺𝟗𝟎

tan 2θ =
𝜺𝟎 −𝜺𝟗𝟎
𝟏
ε1 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓) +
𝟐

√𝟐
√(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏)𝟐 + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓
𝟐

= 0.0015

- 38 -
 𝟏
ε2 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓) −
𝟐

√𝟐
√(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏)𝟐 + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓
𝟐

= -0.0022
θ = 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝟐×𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏+𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓
(𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖+𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓)
)= 25.8°

-Problems :
The figure below shows the Cartesian components of the state of stress At a point around a
circular hole an elstic elastic medium . Show that the Polar components of this stress state

σx = 5 MPa
σx = 6 MPa
τrθ = - 0.0965 MPa

-stress equation
σr = σx cos2 θ + 2τxy sin θ cos θ + σy sin2 θ

σθ = σx cos2 θ - 2τxy sin θ cos θ + σy cos2 θ

𝟏
τrθ = (𝝈𝒚 − 𝝈𝒙 ) sin 2θ + 2τxy cos2θ
𝟐

σr = ( ( cos ( 30 ) )2x 5 ) + ( 2x ( - 0.965 ) x sin ( 30 )xcos (30 ) ) + ( 6 x (sin (30 ))2 )

σr = 6.27 MP a

σθ =( ( sin ( 30 ) )2x5 ) – ( 2x ( - 0.965 ) x sin ( 30 )xcos (30 )) + (6x (cos (30 ))2 )

σθ = 4.73 Mpa

- 39 -
-Problems:
Two gauge marks 3 cm apart are made along the axis a cylindrical Rock specimen; 6cm long
and 7cm2 cross – sectional area. The specimen then subjected to a compressive force of 100
KN. Find stress, strain, Contraction between gauge marks. Take E = 60Gpa, v = 0.3

𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑲𝑵
σ = normal stress [ ] σ= = 142.9 Mpa
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟐

𝝈 𝟏𝟒𝟐.𝟗 𝑴𝒑𝒂
ε1 = = =0.00238 ε2 =- vε1 = 0.3 × 0.00238 = - 0.00071
𝑬 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝒑𝒂

How do you know if a material is elastic?

a martial is elastic if, after deforming, it returns to its original shape and size and all the
mechanical energy used in deforming the material can be recovered .

-Example 1:
A strain gauge rosette of 45 – 90 – 135 in illustration below is set up in an Excavation face of a
tunnel to define stress level. Then unit strains on the legs have been recorded as 6 ms, 2 ms
and 5 ms respectively. Find the principle Strains and their orientations given in xy surface
below if elasticity modulus is 10 GP a and Poisson ratio is 0.2

-Solution:
εx' = εx cos2 θ + γxy sin θ cos θ + εy sin2 θ
εy' = εx sin2 θ - γxy sin θ cos θ + εy cos2 θ
γx'y' = ( εy - εx ) sin 2θ + γxy cos 2θ

If we rearrange strain equations for leg 1, 2 and 3, according to figure above And data
given .
For leg 1 εx' = 6 ms ,θ = 45 o 6ms = εx cos 2 45 + εy Sin 2 45 + 2εxySin45Cos45

For leg 2 εx' = 2 ms, θ = 90 o 6ms = εx cos 2 90 + εy Sin 2 90 + 2εxySin90Cos90

For leg 3 εx' = 5ms , θ = 135 o

- 40 -
 5ms = εx cos 2135 + εySin 2 135 + 2εxySin 135 Cos 135
We can find unit strain components;
εy = 2ms
6 = 0.5εx + 1+ εxy εx = 9 ms
5 = 0.5εx + 1 - εxy εxy = 0.5ms γxy = 2εxy = 1 ms

According to these components, we Will find principle strains:

ε1,3 = [ ( εx + εy ) /2 ] ± [ ε2xy + 1 / 4 ( εx + εy )2 ] 1/2

ε1,3 = [ ( 9 + 2 ) /2 ] ± [ ( 0.5 )2 + 1 / 4 ( 9 + 2 )2 ] 1/2 =5.5 ± 3.54

Or
ε1,3 = [ ( εx + εy ) /2 ] ± 1/2 [ γ2xy + ( εx + εy )2 ] 1/2

ε1,3 = [ ( 9 + 2 ) /2 ] ± 1/2 [ 12 + ( 9 + 2 )2 ] 1/2 =5.5 ± 3.54

Note that if ε is lower than Zero, basement enumerations of ε will change, but here it must be:
ε1 = 9.04 ms ε2 = 1.96 ms ε3 = 0

-Components of stress and strain in polar coordinates:

the use of polar coordinate system is usually more convenient for stress and strain analysis
around circular excavations such as shafts and ore passes than Cartesian coordinate system.
The stress and strain components in Cartesian coordinate ( x – y ) system , which are given in
the figure and equations below, can be expressed in polar coordinate ( r – θ ) system.

- 41 -
-Stress equations:
𝛔𝐫 = 𝛔𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉 + 𝟐𝛕𝐱𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝛔𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉

𝛔𝛉 = 𝛔𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 − 𝟐𝛕𝐱𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝛔𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝛉

𝟏
𝝉𝒓𝜽 = (𝝈 − 𝝈𝒙 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝟐𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝒚

-Strain equations:
𝛆𝐫 = 𝛆𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉 + 𝛄𝐱𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝛆𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉

𝛆𝛉 = 𝛆𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 − 𝛄𝐱𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝛆𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉

𝜸𝒓𝜽 = (𝝈𝒚 − 𝝈𝒙 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝜸𝒙𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽

-STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIP (HOOKE’S LAW):

In order to calculate the resulting strains or displacements in the Material from given stresses,
material properties need to be known. Generally materials may be classified into
elastic and inelastic Materials. After the forces that deform material are removed,
material will return precisely to its original geometry. Hooke’s law is only Applicable
when strains are directly proportional to the applied stress so That linearity exists between
applied stress and resulting strain. Consider a rectangular element of linearly elastic material
subjected to a uniaxial stress in the vertical direction as shown in the figure below.
E = elastic modulus [𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 /𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏]

𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
σ = normal stress [ ]
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
∆𝒍
ε = strain
𝒍

ν = poisson Ratio

-STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONSHIP (HOOKE’S LAW):

Additional the compression in the vertical direction, there will be Expansion in the
lateral direction. For linearly elastic materials, the Magnitudes of the lateral strains are
found experimentally to be a Constant times the vertical strain, I. e.
For most rock, V is a constant Within the Elastic range, called poison's ratio.

- 42 -
 𝜺 𝜺
ε2 = - νε1, ν = | 𝟐|= | 𝟑|
𝜺𝟏 𝜺𝟏
𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 ( 𝛆𝐥𝐚𝐭 )
Poisson's ratio (ν) =
𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐝𝐮𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 ( 𝛆𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 )

Under triaxle loading of a cube, the total strain in a given direction is the sum of the strains
induced along this direction by the stresses in all three directions. To illustrate this concept
mathematically, we can Write the strains induced only by the major principal stress along the
Three orthogonal directions as
𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟏
𝜺𝟏𝟏 = 𝜺𝟏𝟐 = −𝒗 𝜺𝟏𝟑 = −𝒗
𝑬 𝑬 𝑬
𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟐
𝜺𝟐𝟐 = 𝜺𝟐𝟏 = −𝒗 𝜺𝟐𝟑 = −𝒗
𝑬 𝑬 𝑬
𝝈𝟑 𝝈𝟑 𝝈𝟑
𝜺𝟑𝟑 = 𝜺𝟑𝟏 = −𝒗 𝜺𝟑𝟐 = −𝒗
𝑬 𝑬 𝑬

The superscripts show the direction of the principal stress inducing the strains; subscripts
show the other two principle directions.

-STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIP (HOOKE’S LAW):

The total strain along each of the Principal directions in triaxial Loading is, then, given as;
𝛔𝟏 𝛔𝟐 𝛔𝟑
ε1 = 𝛆𝟏𝟏 +𝛆𝟐𝟏 +𝛆𝟑𝟏 = −𝒗 −𝒗
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄

𝛔𝟏 𝛔𝟐 𝛔𝟑
ε2 = 𝛆𝟏𝟐 +𝛆𝟐𝟐 +𝛆𝟑𝟐 = −𝒗 + −𝒗
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄

𝛔𝟏 𝛔𝟐 𝛔𝟑
ε3 = 𝛆𝟏𝟑 +𝛆𝟐𝟑 +𝛆𝟑𝟑 = −𝒗 −𝒗 +
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄

They can be re – arranged for stress as:

𝟐𝐆
σ1 = [(1-𝒗)ε1 + 𝒗(ε2 + ε3)]
𝟏−𝟐𝒗

𝟐𝐆
σ2 = [(1-𝒗)ε2 + 𝒗(ε1 + ε3)]
𝟏−𝟐𝒗

𝟐𝐆
σ3 = [(1-𝒗)ε3 + 𝒗(ε1 + ε2)]
𝟏−𝟐𝒗

Or they can be written as ;

- 43 -
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
ε1 = [σ1 – 𝒗 (σ2 + σ3 )] ε2 = [σ2 – 𝒗 (σ1 + σ3 )] ε3 = [σ3 – 𝒗 (σ1 + σ2 )]
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄

Where the constant G is a Constant Known as shear modulus ( or modulus of rigidity ),

𝐄
G=
𝟐(𝟏+𝒗)

-Generalized Hooke's Law:

It has been considered only the relationships between the principal Stresses and the principal
strains until now. be The general case can Derives using the stress and strain formulations.
The two dimensional Case will be handled.
The normal component of strain In terms of principal stresses:
εx = ε1cos2 θ + ε2 sin2 θ
It can be re – arranged using principal stress – strain equations if σ3=0:
𝟏
εx = [(σ1cos2 θ + σ2 sin2 θ ) - 𝒗 (σ1sin2 θ + σ2 cos2 θ )]
𝑬
The normal stress Component are substituted in formulae above :
𝟏 𝟏
εx = ( σx - 𝒗 σy ) εy = ( σy – 𝒗 σx)
𝑬 𝑬

The normal stress Component are:

σx = σ1cos2 θ + σ2 sin2 θ
σy = σ1sin2 θ + σ2 cos2 θ
Shear strain are substituted In formulae right by using Principle strain equations:
𝟐( 𝟏+𝒗 )
γxy = -( ε1 - ε2 ) sin2θ γxy = τxy
𝑬
𝟏 𝟏
γxy = - [( σ1 - 𝒗 σ1 ) – ( σ2 - 𝒗 σ1 )]sin2θ γxy = τxy
𝑬 𝑮

-3D HOOK’s Law:

By simple extension of the two dimensional analysis, we can derive the following three –
dimensional stress – strain relationship known as generalized Hook's Law equations;
𝟏 𝟐𝑮
εx = [( σx – 𝒗( σy + σz)] σx = [(1-𝒗)εx + 𝒗(εy + εz)]
𝑬 𝟏−𝟐𝒗

𝟏 𝟐𝑮
εy = [( σy – 𝒗( σx + σz)] σy = [(1-𝒗)εy + 𝒗(εx + εz)]
𝑬 𝟏−𝟐𝒗

- 44 -
 𝟏 𝟐𝑮
εz = [( σz – 𝒗( σx + σy)] σz = [(1-𝒗)εz + 𝒗(εx + εy)]
𝑬 𝟏−𝟐𝒗

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
γxy = τxy , γyz = τyz , γzx = τzx τxy = Gγxy , τyz = Gγyz, τzx = Gγzx
𝑮 𝑮 𝑮

It is easy to see that the equations given above transform to those of given for principal
directions if all of the shear stress ( or strain ) Components are Zero
Strain Equations:
Volumetric Strain
The volumetric dilatation (e) expressed as negative strain is defined as
V V 'V
e 
V V

V’ = Final volume
V = Original volume
Before straining : V = a.b.c,
after straining : V’ = a’.b’.c’

Contractio n in volume
Volumetric strain = e = Original volume
a  a'
x   a’ = a ( 1 - x )
a
b  b' b’ = b ( 1 - y )
y  
b
c  c' c’ = c ( 1 - ez )
z  
c
V’ = a’.b’.c’
V’ = a.b.c ( 1 - x ) ( 1 - y ) ( 1 - z )

Continue Example 1

- 45 -
-Principal stresses:

σ1 = [ ( σx + σy ) /2 ] + [τ2xy + 1 /4 ( σx – σy )2]1/2
σ1 = [ ( 105.6 + 4702 )/2 ] + [ 4022 + 1 / 4 ( 105.6 – 4702 )2]1/2 = 105.9Mpa
σ3 = [ ( σx + σy )/2 ] - [ t2xy + 1 / 4 ( σx – σy )2 ]1/2
σ3 = [( 105.6 + 4702 )/2 ] - [ 4.22 + 1/4 ( 105.6 – 47.0 )2 ]1/2 = 46.9Mpa

- 46 -