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Research and Analysis Skills Lecture 3

The document discusses different types of sampling methods used in scientific research. It covers population, sampling frame, sample, probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling and stratified sampling, as well as cluster sampling. It also discusses non-probability sampling methods like available sampling, volunteer sampling and quota sampling. The document provides details on how to select representative samples and determine adequate sample sizes.

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36 views20 pages

Research and Analysis Skills Lecture 3

The document discusses different types of sampling methods used in scientific research. It covers population, sampling frame, sample, probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling and stratified sampling, as well as cluster sampling. It also discusses non-probability sampling methods like available sampling, volunteer sampling and quota sampling. The document provides details on how to select representative samples and determine adequate sample sizes.

Uploaded by

ahmedehab1772002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Scientific Research
Sampling– Lecture 3
Sampling
Creating A Sample 3

• The usual procedure in these instances is to select a


sample from the population.

• A sample is a subset of the population that is taken to


be representative of the entire population.

• A sample that is not representative of the population,


regardless of its size, is inadequate for testing
purposes: the results cannot be generalized

Researchers make choices


• Who to collect data from?
• What to collect data about?
Creating A Sample 4
Sampling Concept 5

Population
• All units, people or things, possessing the
attributes and characteristics of interest

Sampling frame
• Set of units that have a chance to become part of
the sample

Sample
• Subset of a population
Sampling Concept 6

Sample is representative to the degree that all units


had the same chance for being selected

Representative sampling eliminates selection bias

Representativeness can only be assured through


random sampling

Researchers study the


sample to generalize back
to the population
Types of sampling 7

Probability Samples
• selected according to mathematical guidelines
whereby the chance for selection of each unit
is known.
• Allows researchers to calculate the amount of
sampling error

Non-Probability Samples
• Does not follow the guidelines of
mathematical probability.
Probability sampling 8

• The probability of any unit being included in the


sample is known and equal

• When probability for selection is equal, selection


is random

• Also known as random sampling

• Sampling error will always occur


Probability sampling 9

Simple random sampling


• Simplest and quickest

Systematic sampling
• If used on a randomly ordered frame, results in a truly random
sample

Stratified random sampling


• Random sampling within all subgroups

Cluster sampling
• Random sampling within known clusters
Simple Random 10

• Each subject or unit in the population has an


equal chance of being selected.

• Sampling without replacement - the most widely


used random sampling method.

• Random sampling with replacement involves


returning the subject or unit into the population
so that it has a chance of being chosen another
time

• Ex. Telephone sampling


Simple Random 11
Systematic Sample 12

• used in social research. They often save time,


resources, and effort when compared to simple
random samples

• Ex. Select 1..10 and increase 10 every time


Stratified Sample 13

• In some projects, researchers want to guarantee


that a specific sub-sample of the population is
adequately represented.

• include almost any variable: age, sex, religion,


income level, or even individuals who listen to
specific radio stations or read certain magazines.
Cluster Sample 14

• Select the sample in groups or categories; this


procedure is known as cluster sampling.

• For example, analyzing magazine readership


habits of people in Mansoura would be time-
consuming and complicated if individual subjects
were randomly selected.

• With cluster sampling, one can divide the state


into districts, counties, or zip code areas and
select groups of people from these areas
Non-Probability sampling 15

• Does not rely on random selection

• Weakens sample-to-population
representativeness

• Used when other techniques will not result in an


adequate or appropriate sample

• Used when researchers desire participants with


special experiences or abilities
Available sampling – Non-Probability 16

• Available samples do not represent the


population and therefore have no external
validity

• Isn’t preferable
Volunteer sampling – Non-Probability 17

• It is another type of non-probability samples,


since the individuals are not selected
mathematically.

• tend to exhibit higher educational levels, higher


occupational status, greater need for approval,
higher intelligence, and lower authoritarianism.
Quota sampling – Non-Probability 18

• Subjects are selected to meet a predetermined


or known percentage.

• For example, a researcher interested in finding


out how VCR owners differ in their use of
television from non-VCR-owners may know that
10% of a particular population owns a VCR.
Sampling size 19

q Number of people from whom you need to


collect data

q Determined prior to selecting the sample

q Less than the number you ask to participate

q The larger the sample relative to the population,


the less error or bias
Thank You
Any Questions ??

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