INDEX ACTIVITY:1

S.NO. ACTIVITY DATE SIGNATURE AIM: To measure the resistance and check the continuity of the circuit
1 TO MEASURE RESISTANCE AND using multi-meter.
CHECK CONTINUITY OF CIRCUIT
APPARATUS: A multi-meter, a cartridge fuse, a cell, a carbon resistance
USING MULTIMETER

ACTIVITY FILE 2 TO ASSEMBLE THE COMPONENT

OF A GIVEN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
THEORY:
MULTI-METER: It is a single measuring device acting on a voltmeter, an
ammeter and an ohmmeter. It can measure alternating as well as direct
3 TO DRAW THE DIAGRAM OF A
current and voltage.
GIVEN OPEN CIRCUIT
COMPRISING AT LEAST A PROCEDURE:
SESSION: 2020-21 BATTERY, RHEOSTAT, RESISTOR
AND A VOLTMETER MARK THE
1. Take a carbon resistance and record the colours marked on it in proper
COMPONENTS THAT ARE NOT order. Find the resistance using the colour code.
CONNECTED IN PROPER ORDER 2. Set the multi-meter to proper resistance range according to the value of
AND CORRECT THE CIRCUIT AND the resistance to be measured. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter
ALSO THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM directly and adjust the two pointers to zero reading by adjustor knob.
4 TO IDENTIFY A DIODE, A LED, A
SUBMITTED TO RESISTOR AND A CAPACITOR
3. Touch the two loads of the multi-meter to the given resistance and record
the reading of the resistance.
FROM A MIXED COLLECTION OF
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY SUCH ITEMS. 4. Repeat the above step with other resistors.
5 USE OF MULTI-METER TO SEE
EDUCATION THE UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF
5. colour code of the carbon resistor

CURRENT IN CASE OF A DIODE Colour Number

OR LED AND CHECK WHETHER A Black 0
GIVEN DIODE IS IN WORKING Brown 1

CONTINUITY CHECK:
1. Set the multimeter to measure resistance. Connect the two terminals of the ACTIVITY:2
multi-meter directly and adjust the reading to be zero. ARRANGEMENT DIAGRAM
AIM: To assemble the component of a given electrical circuit
2. Touch the ends of the cartridge fuse a with leads of the multimeter. If the
resistance values drop to very low, it indicates continuity of the fuse.
If the resistance is infinite i.e. the multi-meter is not affected by the cartridge APPARATUS: A voltmeter, an ammeter, battery, rheostat, one-way key,
fuse, it indicates discontinuity. unknown resistance, connecting wire, piece of sand paper.

OBSERVATION:
CONTINUITY CHECK: The resistance value is zero, it indicates continuity DIAGRAM:
of the fuse.
Resistance value by multi-meter: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
METER MULTIPLE
S.NO. RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
READING FACTOR
1 R1 995 103 995 K
2 R2 14.9 103 14.9 K

Resistance value by colour method:

COLOUR CODE
MULTI-METER

DIFFERENCE
RESISTANCE

VALUE BY
RESISTOR
CARBON

BODY END DOT TOLERANCE

 Procedure:
ACTIVITY:3 ACTIVITY:4
AIM: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator. AIM:TO identify a diode, a LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed
least a battery, rheostat, resistor and a voltmeter mark the Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor. collection of such items.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with
components that are not connected in proper order and correct the battery eliminator. APPARATUS: A multi-meter and a collection of the items to identify.
the circuit and also the circuit diagram Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat). THEORY: The different devices in the collection are identified on the basis
APPARATUS: A battery eliminator or a battery, rheostat, resistance box, One-way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator. of their appearance and their operational working as explained below.
two- or one-way key. D.C. ammeter and a D.C. voltmeter.
DIODE: It is a two terminals device. It conducts while forward biased and
THEORY: Correct circuit diagram: does not conduct when reverse biased.
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit
in a such a manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the
battery.
DIAGRAM:
LED (light emitting diode): It is also a two terminals device. It conducts
while forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. When it is
kept under forward bias, it emits the radiations in the wavelength range of
visible spectrum.
RESISTOR: It is two terminals device which conducts whether the bias is
forward or reverse. If either of the terminals of resistor is at high potential,
the current through it remains steady and constant.

(Components connected in proper order)

ACTIVITY: 5 PROCEDURE:

AIM: Use of multi-meter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OF CURRENT IN DIODE / LED: Touch
a diode or led and check whether a given diode is in working order. the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each diode / LED to notice the
deflection and note the deflection and then interchange the position of two
APPRATUS: A multi-meter diode / LED. probes and note the deflection again If the multi-meter shows the deflection
PROCEDURE: Touch the probes of multi-meter to the two ends of each THEORY: in one case only, the given diode/LED shows the unidirectional flow of
device to notice the deflection and notice the deflection again on current. It is so in case of diode as well as LED
interchanging the position of two probes. A p-n junction diode is a two terminals device which when under forward
biased then it conducts the electricity. The majority carriers of p-section and
n-section diffuse into the other sections. Due to concentration gradient the
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: recombination of electrons and holes in two sections takes place and hence a
forward current flows as shown in the diagram.
(i) If there is unidirectional current but no light is emitted then the device is
‘DIODE’.
(ii) If there is unidirectional current but the light is emitted then the device is TO CHECK WHETHER A DIODE IS IN WORKING PROCESS: To
‘LED’. check the working of a diode properly, touch the probes of multi-meter in
turn with the two ends of diode and observe the flow of current through it.
(iii) If the device is not conducting to dc even after interchanging the probes
then it is ‘CAPACITOR’ (i) If the multi-meter shows deflection in one case and no deflection in other
case, then the diode is in working order.
(iv) If there is a steady current before and after interchanging the probes
(conducts from both sides equally) then the device is a ‘RESISTOR’ (ii) If the multi-meter shows deflection in both cases, then the diode is
LED is a diode which when forward biased due to the recombination of
spoiled.
majority carriers at the junction am amount of energy is released in the form
of photons. The wavelengths of these photons lie in the range of visible
spectrum. In short, an LED emits light when forward biased.
 PROCEDURE:
ACTIVITY: 6 (i) Fix a sheet of white paper on the board and draw its boundary by sharp
pencil.
AIM: To observe the refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light
incident obliquely on a glass slab. (ii) Remove the glass slab and draw incident ray PE and normal at point of
incidence.
APPARATUS: A glass slab, a sheet of white paper, drawing board, all-
pins, drawing pins, ruler and the carbon pencil etc. (iii) Fix two pins P and Q vertically and two more pins R and S on opposite
side such that all four pins are collinear.
DIAGRAM:
(iv)Remove the glass slab and join RS and join EF. EF is refracted ray. Now
extend incident ray with dotted line as shown in diagram. It is observed that
the emergent ray is deviated laterally.
(v) Repeat the experiment with different sides of glass slab. It is found that
the lateral deviation is directly proportional to the thickness of slab t.
CONCLUSION:
(i) The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but it deviates laterally.
(ii) The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of
glass traversed by the light.

THEORY: When a ray of light is incident from air to glass, it suffers

refraction and bends towards normal such that the angle of refraction r is
less than the angle of incidence i. The refracted ray suffers refraction at
opposite face from denser to rarer medium and hence deviates away from
the normal as shown in the diagram. It is concluded from the diagram that