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Lect 1 - 2021

The document provides an introduction to a course on wind turbine performance, control, and design. It covers the history of wind turbines from ancient times to modern developments in the 1980s and challenges facing the wind power industry. Key topics include wind regimes, aerodynamic modeling, rotor design, control systems, and improving efficiency.

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agmedii000
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51 views32 pages

Lect 1 - 2021

The document provides an introduction to a course on wind turbine performance, control, and design. It covers the history of wind turbines from ancient times to modern developments in the 1980s and challenges facing the wind power industry. Key topics include wind regimes, aerodynamic modeling, rotor design, control systems, and improving efficiency.

Uploaded by

agmedii000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wind Turbine Performance,

Control and Design

Lecture #1 Introduction
Course Description
p This course will present the fundamental concepts
and theories that can be used to design an
efficient wind turbine.
n Introduction
n Wind regimes
n Aerodynamic modeling of wind turbines
n Rotor design considerations
n Wind turbine control
n Technology to improve wind turbine efficiency
n Wind Farms
Learning Objectives
p Understand how to characterize the
properties of the wind resource from
which the power is to be extracted.
p Understand how to predict the
performance of a wind turbine using Blade
Element/momentum theory.
p Understand the blade design features and
aerodynamics that yields an efficient rotor.
Learning Objectives Continued
p Understand how to use distributed active control
to enhance turbine performance.
n For increased energy capture.
n For reducing unwanted blade loading.
n To allow blade weight reductions.
p Understand how rotor design considerations
influence the wind turbine performance.
p Understand technical and economic issues related
to wind turbines and wind farms.
Lecture # 1 Outline

p Brief History of Wind Turbines.


p Modern Wind Turbine Development 1980s
to present day.
p What are the Challenges facing the Wind
Power Industry.
History of the Wind Turbines
p Transforming the kinetic energy of the wind to
useful mechanical power dates back to antiquity.
n Wind energy using a wind turbine along with the energy
of flowing water and a water wheel are two of the oldest
power sources used by humankind.
n It is difficult to determine a precise historical date for
the earliest use of wind energy. There is however
evidence that the Persians used vertical axis wind
machines in 1700 B.C. in the region of Iraq and Iran
with wind powered scoops to irrigate farm land.
n In 700 AD the Persian vertical axis wind mill was widely
use in the Middle East and Central Asia and they spread
to China.

Ref. 1
Persian Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Top View

Ref. 1
VAWT in
Afghanistan
Ref 3

Ref. 1
History - Continued
p Wind Turbines.
n The first evidence of windmills in China is
found in a document in 1219AD. The windmill
was similar to the Persian design and was
used for grinding corn and pumping water.
Chinese Vertical Axis Wind Mill
Chinese Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
used for Irrigation
Wind Sail
History - Continued
p Wind Turbines.
n One difference between the Persian and
Chinese windmills was the use of sails that
adjusted themselves to the wind direction.
n Horizontal axis windmills were widely used in
the southeastern area of China in 1368-1644
AD.
History - Continued
p Wind Turbines.
n In 1185 the first historical references to a
horizontal axis windmill appears in Europe
(Yorkshire, England). It is thought that the
Roman water wheel provided the insight to
change from a vertical to horizontal axis wind
turbine.
History - Continued
p The Post mill (Horizontal axis windmill)
n The first post mill design appears in 1270 AD
in Canterbury, England. This design
incorporated blades attached to a horizontal
shaft that used a wooden cog-and-ring gears
to translate the motion of the horizontal shaft
to a vertical rotation of the grindstone.
Post mill
This design incorporated
blades attached to a
horizontal shaft that used a
wooden cog-and-ring gears
to translate the motion of
the horizontal shaft to a
vertical rotation of the
grindstone. The miller
could manually rotate the
post mill into the wind.
History - Continued

p The Smock and Tower mill


n The smock mill was named for its resemblance
article of clothing called a smocking. These
mills were mainly found in the Netherlands.
n Improvements in the design includes a fixed
base that held the milling equipment and a
rotatable cap the held roof, sails, windshaft
and brake wheel.
n This design allowed taller mill than the post
mill.
In the 1750s John
Smeaton was the first
scientist to develop
mathematical models to
predict wind mill efficiency.
He also showed that the
wind turbine blades had to
be twisted to get the best
efficiency.

John Smeaton
James Blyth

The first Vertical Axis wind


turbine used to produce
electricity was in 1887.
Scottish Professor James
Blyth from Glasgow,
Scotland designed a 12kW
turbine with a 17m diameter
and was 18m in height
History of Wind Energy
p One of the founders of the
American electrical Industry.
p Invented:
n Wind turbine for Electric Power
n an efficient DC dynamo used in a
public grid,
n an efficient method for
manufacturing lead-acid batteries
p Brush Electric merged with
Edison Electric under the
Charles Brush (1849-1929) name of General Electric Co.
(GE)
Brush Windmill (U.S. 1887)
First automatically
operating wind
turbine for
electricity
generation.
50 ft. diameter
144 blades made
of cedar
Operated for 20
years
12kW power
rating
Paul la Cour (Denmark 1897)
p Originally trained as a
meteorologist
p One of the pioneers of
modern aerodynamics
n Built his own wind tunnel
p Concerned with the
storage of energy
n Used electricity from his
wind turbines for electrolysis
to produce hydrogen for gas
lights
p Founded Soc. Wind
Electricians (1905)
Paul la Cour (1846-1908)
La Cour Wind Turbines 1897
Two test wind turbines
at Askov Folk High
School, Askov Denmark

Had to replace the


windows of several
buildings several
times when the
hydrogen exploded.
Johannes Juul (Denmark 1950s)
p One of the first students of la Gedser wind turbine (1956)
Cour in 1904 course on “Wind
Electricians”
p Pioneer developer of world’s first
AC wind turbine (Vester
Egesborg, Denmark)
p 200 kW Gedser wind turbine
(1956) was pioneering design
for modern wind turbines
n Stall control
n Emergency braking
p Operated for 11 years without
maintenance
p Refurbished in 1975 at request
of NASA to provide data for U.S.
wind energy program.
In 1941 the first
megawatt wind turbine
connected to an
electrical distribution
system was installed
in Vermont. Wind
turbine only operated
for 1,100hours before
a blade failed.

Smith-Putman
Wind Turbine
Growth of Wind Power in the USA
1980 - 2012
Challenges For Wind Energy Industry
n The major challenges of this century will be to provide
enough energy, water and food without harming the
environment and depleting these resources for future
generations.
n Renewal energy sources such as wind and solar energy
must play a more important role in our energy future.
n Today wind power only contributes about 2% of the
electrical power generated in the United States, however
our country has excellent wind resources that potentially
could provide up to 20% our electrical power need.
n The next generation wind turbines must improve their
efficiency, lower the acquisition cost, improved reliability
and have a cost /kWh that is competitive with fossil fuel
electric power plants.

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