Computer Networks

Mid-term Revision Section

Dr.Emad Raouf
Eng. Mohamed Hatem

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• State network devices and the problem of them if they have?
1) Network Interface Card (NIC): It’s a hardware component
used to enable PCs to connect to a network. There are two types
of it which are wireless and Ethernet.
2) Hub: A hub is a network device that repeats information
received from a host to all other connects hosts.
Problem: A hub has a single collision domain (Network
Degradation)
3) Switch Switches are used to connect hosts in a network, but
switches break up collision domain by providing a single
collision domain for every port. (Breaking down for collisions
domains)
Problem: A switch does not flood out unicast (1 to 1) packets,
but it does flood out a broadcast packet.
4) Router: it is used for breaking down for broadcast domains.
Every port is a independent broadcast domain.
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• How many collision domains exist in the following
network/exhibit?
• Collision domains: no. of hubs + no. of ports set as
switch to PC
• Broadcast: number of connected router ports.
• Collision: 4
• Broadcast: 1

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Example:
How many collision domains exist in the following
network?
• Collision: 5
• Broadcast: 1

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Examples:
How many broadcast domains and collision domains?

• Broadcast domain:2
• Collision domain: 5

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Examples:
How many broadcast domains and collision domains?

• Broadcast domain: 1
• Collision domain:5

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Broadcast domain: 3
Collision domain: 6

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• Reference Models:
Reference models are Host to Host communication
models used to standardize building a network.
There are two of them:
1- OSI Model.
2- TCP/IP Model.

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1- OSI (Open System interconnection) Model:
• It consists of 7 layers.

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Layer 7: Application Layer:
• Protocols:
HTTP: (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): used to browse
web pages.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): used to upload and
download files.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): used to send
mails.
POP 3 (Post Office Protocol): used to receive emails.
Telnet: Remote login.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): used to
assign IP address automatically to hosts (UDP Only).
DNS (Domain Name Server): used to translate the name
with IP address.

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Layer 4: Transport Layer:
Protocols:
1- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
2- UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Layer 3: Network Layer

Internet Protocol
Layer 1 and 2: Physical/Data Link
Ethernet

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• TCP/IP Reference Model – Internet:

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• Data Formats (TCP/IP Reference)
The Terminology of TCP/IP Messages:
• Data encapsulated in; the transport layer is known
as segment. (Add Ports)
• Data encapsulated in; the network layer is known
as packet. (Add IP)
• Data encapsulated in; the Data-link layer is known
as frame. (Add MACs)
• Data in physical layer is known as bits.

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• TCP Connections
- connection Establishment (3-way Handshake)
- connection Termination (4-way Handshake)

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TCP 3 Way Handshake: To establish the connection

A needs to establish communication with B

B ready to receive data from A

TCP flags
SYN
ACK
FIN

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TCP 4 Way Handshake: To terminate the connection

Finish packet

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Transport layers add post numbers
Application Port Number Transport Protocol.
HTTP 80 TCP
FTP 20 (data), 21 (control) TCP
SMTP 25 TCP
POP3 110 TCP
Telnet 23 TCP
DHCP 67, 68 UDP
DNS 53 TCP, UDP

• IP + Port number = Socket number 17

• What are the ranges of each IP class?

255 > are used for Subnet Mask

How do we divide octets among classes:

A > 1 Network + 3 Hosts
B > 2 Network + 2 Hosts
C > 3 Network + 1 Hosts
D > Multicasting (1 to many + many to many)
E > Research
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• What is the default subnet mask of each of the IP
classes?

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• Using IP address 172.16.25.44:
• Find the following:
• 1) Class > Check range of the first octet
• 2) Network IP > Put 0 for Hosts, Leave Net ID as it is
• 3) Host IP > Net ID is 0, Leave host at it is
• 4) Broadcast IP > Net IP leave as it is, Host > 255
• 5) First Valid IP > Net IP + 1
• 6) Last Valid IP > BC IP - 1
• 8) Default Subnet Mask > Net 255, Host 0
• 9) Number of Host Bits > Check Class
• 10) Number of Network Bits > Check Class
• 11) CiDR Notation > / Count 1s in Subnet Mask
• 12) Number of Networks > = 216−2 (by 𝑑𝑒𝑓) = 214 = 16384
• 13) Number of Hosts > 216 − 2
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• Class: Class B (since the first octet falls within the range
128-191)
• Network number: 172.16.0.0
• Host number: 0.0.25.44
• Broadcasting IP: 172.16.255.255
• First valid IP in the network: 172.16.0.1
• Last valid IP in the network: 172.16.255.254
• Default subnet mask: 255.255.0.0
• Host Bits: 16
• Network Bits: 16
• CiDR Notation: /16
• Number of networks = 216−2 = 214 = 16384
• Number of hosts = 216 − 2 = 65534
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Steps Custom Subnet Mask:
1. Find host bits > No. hosts
2. Write 32 (1) and put ZEROs by number host bits
3. To decimal

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Subnetting:
Example: (Class C)
You have a 195.5.20.0/24 IP network address and want
to design a network consists of 2 routers R1, and R2 are
connected to each other by point-to-point networks.
Each router on the other side is connected to ethernet
network, assume the number of needed hosts 50 for
each. Distribute the IP address for all subnets and
demonstrate the range of hosts and broadcast addresses
for each subnet.
Solution:

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Solution Cont.
1. Number of host bits = 6 bits ( 50 ≅ 26 )
2. Subnet Bits = 8 – 6 = 2 bits
3. Default Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0
4. New custom subnet mask = 255.255.255. 1100 0000
5. # of subnets = 22 = 4
6. # of hosts /subnet = 26 − 2 = 62 (Subnet BC IP/Sub
Network IP)
3. Subnet 1:
Net IP: 195.5.20.0
BC IP: 195.5.20.63
First Usable: 195.5.20.1
Last Usable: 195.5.20.62
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192 24
• Subnet 2:
• Net IP: 192.5.20.64
• BC IP: 192.5.20.127
• First usable: 192.5.20.65
• Last usable: 192.5.20.126
• Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192
• Subnet 3:
• Net IP: 192.5.20.128
• BC IP: 192.5.20.191
• First Usable: 192.5.20.129
• Last Usable: 192.5.20.190
• Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192
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• Subnet 4:
• Net IP: 192.5.20.192
• BC IP: 192.5.20.255
• First usable: 192.5.20.193
• Last usable: 192.5.20.254
• Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192

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Solution: You only subnet you have asked for.
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192
Subnet 50/R1 50/R2
Network ID 195.5.20.0 195.5.20.64
Broadcast ID 195.5.20.63 195.5.20.127
Range of hosts 195.5.20.1 – 195.5.20.65 –
195.5.20.62 195.5.20.126

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NAT Concept:

Inside Local (Private Address) Inside Global (Registered Address)

192.168.1.2 67.210.97.1 28
Static NAT (1
to 1)

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2 - Dynamic NAT (many to many):

registered IP pool
3- PAT “ Port Address Translation” (many to 1):

One registered IP only with

different ports number.

3 different IPs 3 different ports 31

MAC Address:
• MAC address is 48 bits (6 bytes) long.

• It is written in hexadecimal format.

• Each LAN interface card has a globally unique MAC address.
• To keep addresses unique, each manufacturer of LAN cards is
assigned a code called the organization unique identifier
(OUI).
• The first half of every MAC address is the OUI of the
manufacturer. The manufacturer assigns the second half of the
address while ensuring that the number is not used for any
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other card.
MAC Address:
• MAC address is represented in hexadecimal and dotted
between each 4 hexadecimal digits or each 2 hexadecimal
digits.
Example:
 5022.ab5b.63a9
50:22:ab:5b:63:a9
Broadcast MAC Address:
• This address has a value of FFFF.FFFF.FFFF and means that
all devices in the network should process the frame.
Multicast MAC Address:
• Multicast addresses are used when a frame needs to go to a
group of hosts in the network.
• When IP multicast packets need to travel over Ethernet a
multicast address of 0100.5exx.xxxx is used where xx.xxxx
can be any value.
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Ethernet at the Physical Layer:
• 8 wires.

• Twisted Cable (4 pairs) to avoid the internal

electromagnetic interference.
• Connector: RJ 45 (RJ: Registered Jack).

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Ethernet at the Physical Layer:
Ethernet cable has 2 types:
1) UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair).
2) STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
UTP STP
Advantages Cheap Immune the external
electromagnetic interference
disadvantages Not immune the external More expensive
electromagnetic interference

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Ethernet Cabling:
2) Crossover cable:

Crossover cable is used to connect:

• Host to Host
• Switch to Switch
• Hub to Hub
• Switch to Hub
• Router to a host
• Router to Router 36
• STP is used to reduce the effect of the broadcast frames
in LAN networks. This protocol block some ports on
switches to prevent the broadcast frames to move in two
opposite directions ( i.e move in one
direction only )

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• Assume three switches in a LAN network are connected
in triangular form as shown :

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