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Quick Review Chap 4

This document provides a summary of key concepts in quadratic equations. It defines quadratic equations and discusses techniques for solving them like factorization, completing the square, and the quadratic formula. It also covers properties of roots, forms of radical equations, and properties of polynomials.

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Zaid Babar
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39 views2 pages

Quick Review Chap 4

This document provides a summary of key concepts in quadratic equations. It defines quadratic equations and discusses techniques for solving them like factorization, completing the square, and the quadratic formula. It also covers properties of roots, forms of radical equations, and properties of polynomials.

Uploaded by

Zaid Babar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Suppose Math, session 2024

(Preparation for Lecturer Test)


Course: Quick Review

Chapter # 04 Quadratic Equations

These notes are the summary of the whole chapter which can be helpful
to prepare the objective as well as subjective part of paper.

1. A quadratic equation in x is an equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ̸= 0, b and c


are real numbers. Another name of quadratic equation in x is 2nd degree polynomial in x.

2. Three basic techniques for solving a quadratic equation are:

ˆ by factorization,
ˆ by completing squares,
ˆ by applying the quadratic formula.

3. The solutions of a quadratic equation are called its roots.

4. The solutions of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by


√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
which is called the quadratic formula.

5. An equation in which the variable occurs in exponent (power), is called an exponential


equation. For example, 22x − 2x + 4 = 0.

6. An equation which remains unchanged when x is replaced by x1 , is called a reciprocal equation.


For example, x4 − 3x3 + 4x2 − 3x + 1 = 0.

7. An equation involving radical expressions of the variable is called a radical equation.

8. The solutions of radical-free equation which are not solutions of original radical equation are
called the extraneous roots.

9. Some forms of the radical equations are


p
l(ax2 + bx) + m ax2 + bx + c = 0
√ √ √
x+a+ x+b= x+c
p p p
ax2 + bx + c + px2 + qx + r = lx2 + mx + n
p p
ax2 + bx + c + px2 + qx + r = mx + n
√ √
−1+ 3i −1− 3i
10. Three cube roots of unity are 1, ω and ω 2 , where ω = 2 and w2 = 2 .

11. Properties of three cube roots of unity are:

Notes by: Akhtar Abbas (M.Phil QAU), Lecturer at University of Jhang. 0332-6297570
Mathematics Mathematics — Mathematics Page 2 of 2

ˆ Each complex cube root of unity is square of the other.


ˆ The sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero. i.e., 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0.
ˆ The product of all the cube roots of unity is unity. i.e., ω 3 = 1.
ˆ For any n ∈ Z, ω n is equivalent to one of the cube roots of unity.

12. Four fourth roots of unity are 1, −1, i, −i.

13. Properties of four fourth roots of unity are:

ˆ The sum of all the four fourth roots of unity is zero.


ˆ The real four fourth roots of unity are additive inverses of each other.
ˆ Both the complex roots of unity are conjugate, additive inverses and multiplicative inverses
of each other.
ˆ The product of all the fourth roots of unity is −1.

14. A polynomial in x of degree n is an expression of the form an xn + an−1 xn−1 + ... + a1 x + a0 ,


where n is a non-negative integer and an (̸= 0), an−1 , ..., a0 are real numbers.

15. The Division Algorithm is stated as

Dividend = (Divisor)(Quotient) + Remainder.

16. If a polynomial f (x) of degree n ≥ 1, is divided by x − a, then the remainder is f (a).

17. The polynomial x − a is a factor of the polynomial f (x) if f (a) = 0.

18. For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, we have


coef f icient of x
Sum of the roots S = − ab = − coef f icient of x2
and Product of the roots P = c
a = costant term
coef f icient of x2
.

19. If the roots are α, β, then the equation is (x − a)(x − b) = 0, or x2 − Sx + P = 0.

20. For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, we define the Discriminant = b2 − 4ac.

21. If b2 − 4ac = 0, then the roots will be real and repeated (equal).

22. If b2 − 4ac < 0, then the roots will be complex and unequal.

23. If b2 − 4ac > 0 and a perfect square, then the roots will be rational and unequal.

24. If b2 − 4ac > 0 and not a perfect square, then the roots will be irrational and unequal.

Do not settle for less than an extraordinary life. Anon

Best Of Luck

Notes by: Akhtar Abbas (M.Phil QAU), Lecturer at University of Jhang. 0332-6297570

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