eS LINEAR BLOCK CODES, Syl bite n-K pit block is colled oF a code -towd, Lip £ ™-D The mn Adcly contains ~ kK’ mange chock bits. Th te wage Lit appear at tis beginning or at He ond coda —txosd, thor suclv cody ost colle an Saystemotic coden" Faarthermore, bw aie Cv, ) block code, tf pool. of He F” esda -teorvels Can be expres an the d Rinse eombinotions of ‘/ code veckbes, ar a diner fron such code is block. coda Steps Sansa block eweodiny SS" @ The mage Saquonct is sogmentad into blocks, gach block comnisting- of ~b! iwfo. bits, Each msg: block is tacamrfowmad who a Jasegg block of ‘in’ bite, bY qurokingg (m-k) check - bits , OA Jincowcombinations af the “k’ may, bite, bok w onparsik te msg block as oO wos- vector of dato—bito or k-tuple a, p= (A, de-s- de) Lok the code-rsoel be presente a, C= ce %& Spay On) crhia coda-veetor containa Gn-) check bib ot the wd, & hince te vate edticumey” of thia (ak) block code fs Kf, Thee (nk) clack bits ose gorurabid according #0 & predeberrinscl wulte, — Coa = Pr @ HO -- + Ore - Cetra = Padi OF a @ ae ® fea ag En = Riya Ofyn ete ® °° Or pktk The corficiunts py at 08 and 1's, edchy Osh prcdstermined , we te addition operation is performed, wsinge modulo-% arithmetic.sphere fort, tht matix fore for tht 4) code—vectovs fs vittn ar 2 Tecm--- Gr.) = [A aw ade] 100-.00F fia--fn-k 010 += 20 Pay Parr’ ym 90 ++ ON Pes feather el k pels or, Lel= [ICs] phe Is] = [tl P] kun matrix of oder (Kx) nr OX of- order (kx) of oder (Kx n-k) Jum, G= Guwcter Teo Tdartity P= Poxit? onoberix hen He paxity matrix iS speci fiel, ut (jE) block code is full dasfined.. Ex @: for systematic GD) Liner block. code, the pacity matrix ts given | a — o.l | p= {ol trad find oll te possible -vectors, Am. Gt b=3, 136, “TH Genprattor |matrix fs isrithn ar — 10 0|0Ol\)} Ge o\ol|101 oolliit Is F We have, ge BR masaged, Aor O00 AU The coda- vector for [ooe] is obtomedl %, O10 C= ood|Tlooe 1 ool | i =[eocoed ul Sn 2 COTTE eal! =[oois Beil Paoesadings In the Same O72 the other codg. -vectdws ack obtained A — Gg = oj\olo) Cy 2 oli ole Ce = loo OV! Ce = jo) |Oo Co = {Vo lo Cy = V1 ool Th eam be Sem thot, all the cede—Leords On systematic, iu to for of Ge me | beNote: @ Modulo-2 axithmibic is nothing és) buk Ex-oR operation, spmbolized an @), Lt com be verified that te modulo — 2 addition of Gn tiso cody - ods renuly iw amother codt -uovl porsok jn te code sobs hence te block code (s Unter Encoding ekt for (mk) bneor block code: Wwe knee thot, ¢,=d, Gs de Cpodk Ce m RAO yea! + OF ai. Cen = Fach® hade® -- Oftade OP eA £ Of nolized QA— Cn =F The oncoder cht cow bethe witiw dota is shifted wito the Kbit shift wegistear Pa, Pa, oo «Pay k aoe he sisiteher trot commick fre mig. bit te He modulo-2 adder, dapencing— on the valut of pyr The onodulo-2 adders gurevote the chack— bibs , thick ore fod to the comeutotor, of tre and of tne mage bite, - Fay sak wan (9D; Ta ponte motrin te utilized far te encodingg operakion, by wing tre stod subrtrix, PF Tr a similar fasbion , tht soeelver -sequires a. motrix foe decoding» 4dich ts called ax pority check ameter, He This matvin — is defined ar — rn Pay to Hey | 00+-+090 H = ]Ra fas Pex 91° iF OO yee Rance Finn ke pool av om He [PIS] A en » st Tha matsix is also called an S Homageoaks x, and the fs und fer ervor ) deta ction £ correction, ot the -esiver, Syndrome £& Error conection Lat c be the code vector) tramamatid 2 Ut be fe Coole.—veckor metivid, Due wise tw ta oh, te vector Romany ds fperect Porm tht Valid vectow C, Shree, fhe LOCOS vector ts, —E=RreC. The errer vector cow be capri suck aA — Ee = (2, Q, v0 Sn) The exvor- veto fs O ntuple there eek Of HS awk HHO if eer Homee, tee q's presexk iw € vaprestk He braver coud by noise In tHe th, te oder fed E, atiizes am (n-k) vector S dafined 04, S=RW HG, sa---Sr*) As 2 is. i¥n ond His nx G-k) 5 te yuulonk vector, S is 1% (-b), The veckor og" is colled ar Exo S obiof K, adicdy is wed to obtain &; S=(e@ee)H = cH @eH" =so@en” (1 cH") As both Set HT one From, Ho CRUE cam compute €, sire theo egpation. - Whom E Is sbtained, C Com be sanily obtaimd ar, c= eel Nott Th R=c, How BE =O, Ex: @: Tr te previous xeveise, if te asgetivacl code - vector \ - is 110010, dxtact £ coerect tr Singh Ow trot has ocemrstd, Prat Be kro thot, re vel] Ag 4\ Lot 1 ob Loo o1o Oo 0 1, i2, S=[lo ¢] As s#o, vopaesedo om urwor, The an Vos veekow [lo 6} ts presuk iw of HT Honce, E=-feoo1e SL The cowed l coda -vador (5, R@®E = [1.0 01 6] @B oo tog =[llo (1 0] ne Notes The wor in adie the syncrowe ts preamk tn HT indicates tH bit posi tiow in the vecat ved vector, Wide vs uncley eres, Tn this example, He errr is in te A bit position, Rk hence trek parti ooo bit con be derectly fippd, fr per fyemng correction,Syncwome calerlation ckt: Lot R= (CH H--- mH) RS = (8 H+ Sak) we breur that, S= BHT " [3 ®: eeSy-k] = [1 G- On Pu fia - nls Par Pas va nok fe fg °°" Fle,n-k 1 @ s* 0 1 ? 4 O aaa I S=7T 2G TR®D.. - O% fey © “er Sg =a ® Gha® +--+ OF fg @rere =r G i rt Ow Bip kO- OE Fen tO “Th okt. cam be seri then onEe @: Comider a. systimatic G4) ® Binreor blek code for ticle the pavily molttix ts 5 ! ge by, P= 14d 1 0 o} id Find all possiblt code verde i) A sing bit eyvor han occured iw gad of He follousirg- code waetls- ®) Re = orliiio, Rp = loli lee pete 2 correct frost ervess. ii) Dras omcocling— ckt. ww) Draw the syrctromt Comprtotion coke Aw. The gprerrkow maki is given by- . —_— er ' | AKF Qo--a Parity check watvix is given by ~ w= PPS] ~jrrror1ee ~ lt ol E10 totloot) a) For Ra = [ori ti lo] fe syndvome fs, ? T Sp =Ra HH =feovivtiadfi ts - 1 lo (071 oll loo ol|o ool =Ti 9g Ths is presnd in tHe a wis of HT Hiner, the art bit ww Ra is nh tron. Covredasd Ly ts Loollit Oo]. b) For Ke = fien loo], He syrdvome ts, Sg =fioliog 14 As thin ts tha 27% au of HD tee 2% Lattm Rg ts under covnckd Rg error, .. the # is, [foo11 00) Note Exevor veetows Can be. asvittenn an— Eq, = [2 10000 9) E, =[2 010000) > Ch = Ba@OEn & Ce = Re @Eg , rich is divectly ovidet above. ~ ny) From th yasvodom mobsix, 1s observe — Ce = A@BLOds Ce =A Md Ody CL = A a da @ d4 ‘| The wmeoding- ekt. is tvitker a, tv) Frm S\= Hi), ue cam observe that, FO %OES %E S=-FOLOGUZON $2=%OGEO4OGThe synchome calelotio ckt. fs [3 [= % | %& |e ]% S3 So s) STEPS: © Wek G = [hI P] @ Compe e= 0G @ Writ H= PID] @® Compote s=RH" Locoke te vos im H iG) Flap tot bit in R @ Wee G dor the okt, of © @ ure H" dow the cht. of S The order of the vavloes: +r @® Message vetor, D= ixk @ Codd vector, @C=atxn =R ® Pawity motsix, P = Kx@-h) @ Gentrator motvin, G = Kan @ Hamming motvix, H = M-b) x ~ © Syndome vedo S = 1xln-b)To prove fro CHT=0 + en i Ie rou that, CHT = DGH" No, G = [tel F] Eom & H = [Pl Bek] @ Wen He [z.) Tek nea “GT [tlt] [E. ——® The} fe x(@-k) Conidae om olgmuct Py ed submatrix P im the above sqnation, [hin th portions vor iw G ls mmubipliad ete tht poe ticw har Column in HT dis to He tdontity matrices in both of ther, Cx py) @ Cry xt) = 2. Hine, ta oundt iso null mabeix . 1.2, gH" =[0] kx(n-k) ttwltiplynge beth sidto by D of sine (ok), pout =o a TeHteo] of sie txO-b,Th veesiver is abk to detect 2 correct a Single bit ervor by follouing- fae proceckucres teovked out so far But tro jwelligenca Dts not in the procelures, but in the choice of the powity matsix, SHumce, now ise shall Adours the Concepts that axe requitd for choosing the port ty mots x, Hoonming— sett: Tt is defined ar te no. of non-zero componttta iw a Code vector, @-y: Tf G_=o0lolo, the its Homing eight, Hues = 3: Homing: dita: Te te afr any tio code — vectors, an He 1 oF components in idich te tro cods- vectors differ. a4. TE Cy =lolloro & Cg = 000K! thm, fhe Hormeming dlistOnor be a R Cg = 2. Minkruunm distonee? Ang. of a blockcoda jis define ax ti smallest Hamming distance im th given coda —cet Theovun —1: for a Linear block code, th yninionum dlistamce is equal te th annie —JHoomming— isvight of a ron- Zexr cody - veetow. Throvem—-2+ A Lrtar block code: woth oo winimum distance COwen) Cor Agtect upto Cokes ol) errors in each codd— isorl, ond. com coved upto ce Uy Cwsores, hore Anion Aerie! | ie taker as the nearest hentia! integer thet is (ee ms cis) Ex:®. Find ot) He ewrow- dattecting € covrecting- capebi ition of te 6,3) code pith the parity mobvix, pa Let aN frat The qpnvraitor motrin Te giew by- The cods-vedbors ove tapulatd ar—w tPF © oo HF ~ Lal ~ duan = tin, (He) = 3 ‘, Ervow dutectirg- capability =3-1= 2% Exar correcting— capability, t= [8] oi. Ex-@: The. parity chock bits of a (84) block code ave gerexated by - Cc = dt at de ty = A tate e, = A to + d4 Cg = At dat dy a) Ev fae gperevokor matsixn & the parity chock matrix, W) Find fie minim tstight of the coda, ¢) Find fhe Seror date ching capa bi btite Of tin code.da) Pex form tne eewoxr coceection, ef fhe R= ololiolo. 2) Dror te meodis £ syndrom calutotion eruitr , fivas — 2) From th gi expressions, the pority wetelx is isrithe ar, rrr o P=livol owil 10 1 0000 0000 ooo) 1Olt ootooill oo 1! tloe ©100110l o10lol\lo O19 jole ol)! 00°) jooo 1110 foo1olel jojo lool Jo 1, 0010 Woo OOll pot ooo {0 O100 |4 > Ap HRPtPO Whab) From te table, Amin = Minimum Howmaning ccvdght =4, 2) The cod can dtack (41) =3 errors, lw 2ach cock - vector, and com correct upto ot = [=] = 1 &rrox, A) bee B= o1ollolo, = [nodal Thi syndsore vector is Then mama thak {12 mo, of errers Iw He veneeivid Codla-torel is moe thon Ort , amd once duo ovvor is Astected, but cannot be cornvctid, Then fost, te soceiver hao to me ARG method, for such errors, adhtch msaws to say trak, fe receiver has te vrequest the teams iter, to sod te eoda— Vietor onc’ again.Q) The encoder cht can be divectly & tsi thn ‘ : t wring tht giver expressions, a4 — ctha symdrome calenletion kt com be obtoimd from H™ A, B= HAG tH Is Qahra terse & =e Tat ATF Sq = Ht Mt Met! ~The ckt. com be agsithe aa — e1 4] 2 1 a) % Sa cm 4,Singlt —evvor corsecking- Hamming codes ; We knoe thet, ta TP Ty-k nx (n-k) As thee ave (rele) colromna In Ht thee cam be 2K opsctinct combination, of He wos, Out of thre sows, ee have to dkscard the vorr of all o's, an it op resents HX spr coome of no arror, Hone, wear bdt vile (fp wos. “There ave “n” Tres bw WT £ te condition for oll of thew te be distinct, is — Thne equations become weful iw dnciding Upor the pacity matrix, P.Ex: @: Doign a (a,b) Homaning- a4 att omtstage Ming of + bite. Ame: Giver k=4, n+ codt bongh, n Sa —i for n=S, Ss £3-1 for n=6, 6 £4-l Por net FSR 2 nat Bre PR | LIE Trk| | t 443 The posity malta x | P should not contour the combinations (000, 100, 010, ool), (000) communes to null syndrome, owl suey combination axe part of Ts, Hines ie ont (SE sith (ol, lol, W10, ti). Himes, we cow have the parity moti x AA,ond, G- lf] = [The code-vedlors ave foun an — ©000 000 | © 3 cool til [4 | too! Loe z polo Lia |S lore tol 4 coll ec) Z io p) CLO [4 joo tol| > jroo 1lo/+ opol oto, > \iyor ool|t 0110 O11) + |i 10 e000 | 3 oli LooL4 lui tii | t As Amin = 35 12 code com dvtect A evens, and com correct t=[] = 4 aren Notes The 2ffictney of thin code Is — =a = Liem F > Shit. Th k=64, ten n=Fl € Y= = 90% Homce, iter tre block size increarea , the Coda- efficiemey alao ncreares, Ex.® Ee @: Tha syndrome vectors for a lwar “Block coda axe givin by - Soa Ht + MH TS Sy= Ot Gt +% $3 = H+ +H 177Find the code-veetors & Ainin . Cowseet the veeived vectors lolloll & oll0 000. Prove that Ga = a, for 4s axecise , fro As te ~edved vector Is peal, w=¥. As only thee syndwort bita axe given, the order of the syrdvort 1s Dix ad. te, n-k=3- “ KS 4-2 =4. Fam tar giv syndrome proper ties, HT ts isvitbe a - GHT js evil. aa— ou" = [12] -fes4 5 4 000 = (4x4) Gx3) (x3)The c4eda-veetors ave evithn wig C= DG, a0- it. Hos & He oo0o 000 |O }1000 110 3 ooo! tol |3 lootowl |* polo Wl [4 {10 10 ool \3 ool! ol0{3 \to ll 100 |4 ooo oll|s 11, 00 190! 4 o1ol Viola 1101 00° |> 10 Wools jrt to ole oY viool]4 fit t ti) |F oy in = = [2] = dnine 3 £ t= he 4. 7 phn R= lolol), s=—y shin syndotme ts ie te at wen of HE Corvvcbhd LK = loo lol. — phim R= 0110 000, S=[loo]. win saqndcarmk, Ye fe tae Bwwe ob OE “ Coencktid R= pLroie® - O fer all the singlt-evror patherms, tre syndrom gemsradad acre Unigul. @ The syndvomA gererated for double-trros patterns awe di ffermnt foore those of singli— err patturna,® Depnding— upon the fongth of the onde, © tho syndrom — of. doubk- error patterns may mot be adiqne , istich tans to say trot, tit Same syncdyomt can be gonad. for tio differnt coda-vectors ~recelvecl, @ Th te synctomes axe not ania, How te ever is detected, but it com not be corrected, HAMMING BOUND: We have son from tha previous extwersts thet, for axres covrction, the matrix H” must contain the syrdvome gentvateds, so that the postion of tht error bit ts Located. As the order of +2 symdrome is 1x (a-k) , fore owe a © syndromws possible, Th “t’ is tha mo. of maximum Pv FORS, tion the ro. of possibl avoow pollens is- z "Gs . AM thre error pathesws must be ‘prangt ie HE fw the vaquvembt of exvor correction,n-k t a2 Be" (=o C ThA condition is colbd an Homming 0 hound , Lis stated ow Aollovs — Sof am (a,b) Enter block coda is be capable of commechingy upto ‘4’ ervors, throw tht tstal no. of syndromes shah | mot be dear thom the total no. of prwor pathesws, athe cody which sotkis fy this condition at ealled ar S per fack ends, Epample: For te GA onde wh tH, { a *G, = Te + te, =\+t=3 (=0 = amd gorak =8. As 8>% fro pastiewlor code. is @ per feck code, For tea GD code , ot? = gta 1678 Hance, 4) code is alno | a pee fect code.Tolle Lookwp Decocling= wring std. Awvay ; & At the -recolver's sida, tie Competation of H amal s=fH™ TAQaT —% lavage computation offort. Hence, te wake te dteoding- faster, the veeviver caw adopt oa tabl lookup Arco ding approach, nw ttich all the valid code —veclors are stowed iw a ctomdord. avvay. In addition, all th possible ictvidd vudeers | Gith 41-bit ener oe also stored jn the Same aveay, byhenevey veetor is veccived, ts weviver ill starch for ta Some, in th standard array, amd obtain tia conrectad codt form te table itself, psithowt per forming te large computations. Horseves, th arrayiertone te here is thot, oth te possible veckves cat be stoned Iw the corvay, men tis RUS loorge Ornowd of memory, The adv. ic He faslex docoding process.For txomple, @ G2) Unraw block code. ha go =e codt-ords, and Ht has G@-3) = 3 bit syrdvore vectors , totally 6. dimer, all te sprcvomer ove stored in the first colonn of tH std. avvay ond alk tte valid codt-vectors Ave stored in the first vow. As R= C@E, oh te otur columns are stored pith the veetors with on bit exvor, rshich covrenponds to te syrolvomt lw fo partiodax yo, fer the (63) Codg, Ha first glemenk tn te fist vos of fro stol. array is [ooo], rach corsesponal to wll syndrome, Hyner, loker tH feast wos ¢ortoiny AL tHe volte _ Codt—ts0rdr. Later, in the fivst Column, a fa 6 Syndaort vectors axe stored, the veeelvact vectors fe we stead + 6x8 = 48. At tare vectors will have tete CormApon ding syndvomir in fe Firstcolumn, avd hence tht corseaponcling Codk— vectors sill be preaot ot the top, iw ta wpective column, The method is an shorn belors— [Synctroms] Serie [--: S,, Ga Cp | Ce fees] Cok Sx | Ex |es@Cs|Ex@Ce)* - * Ex@C,e Su Ey fen @Cs|En@ Ce] *” En®S,) Hore, the syndrome SA corresponco to ok vestry, amd homce Cy is alse a mull vector; thet ts why Eq ts absent tm te tab. Es fu En ove te ervor- veetors comet spor ing to the syndeornts, For a (nk) Lintar block code, Bee axe Sak code vectors , z ‘yw’! syndore, Secluding- Sa- Homer, ft 0. of ayvor veckors =n’ excluding EnThe ot of oll erxvor— vectors [Is called on the “co-set" se the first ntuple of ene co-sek is called a» “coset leader! he stowelarel oorvay ths forme hor the following properties — @ Each clement in te sta. owvay is clistinct. @ Th tha error potkern dow anal mate wih th coset rade, tor the dtcoding toll be incorrect, ® AL te F netupls of a cos pave {he SOme syndrome.