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Advanced Mathematics 1 + 2

The document discusses advanced mathematics topics including matrices, determinants, linear systems, vector spaces, functions, derivatives, integrals, and finding extrema of functions. Matrices are defined as rectangular arrays of numbers and matrix operations are introduced. Determinants are defined recursively for square matrices. Systems of linear equations and Cramer's rule for solving them are covered. The concepts of vector spaces, subspaces, and linear combinations are explained. Functions, graphs of functions, inverse functions, and functions of multiple variables are defined. Derivatives are introduced as measuring sensitivity to change, and differentiation and integration processes are outlined.

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16 views7 pages

Advanced Mathematics 1 + 2

The document discusses advanced mathematics topics including matrices, determinants, linear systems, vector spaces, functions, derivatives, integrals, and finding extrema of functions. Matrices are defined as rectangular arrays of numbers and matrix operations are introduced. Determinants are defined recursively for square matrices. Systems of linear equations and Cramer's rule for solving them are covered. The concepts of vector spaces, subspaces, and linear combinations are explained. Functions, graphs of functions, inverse functions, and functions of multiple variables are defined. Derivatives are introduced as measuring sensitivity to change, and differentiation and integration processes are outlined.

Uploaded by

phamtra241998
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Advanced mathematics 1

I. Matrices
1. A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. If a matrix has m rows and and n
columns, then the size of the matrix is said to be m×n. If the matrix is 1×n or m×1,
it is called a vector. Finally, the number that occurs in the ith row and jth column is
called the (i, j)th entry (phần tử) of the matrix.
Matrices are usually designated by capital letters.
A zero matrix is a matrix whose every entry is 0. We shall denote such matrices by
the symbol 0
2. Two matrices A=(aij) and B=(bij) are said to be equal if these matrices have the
same size, and for each index pair (i, j), aij = bij, that is, corresponding entries of A
and B are equal.
3. Special matrices
a. Square matrix: A matrix with the same number of the rows and columns. If a
square matrix has the size of n×n, it is called a square matrix of order n (ma trận
vuông cấp n).
The entries aii form the main diagonal (đường chéo chính)
b. Triangular matrix:
If all entries outside the main diagonal are zero, A is called a diagonal
matrix. If only all entries below (above, respectively) the main diagonal are zero, A
is called an upper triangular matrix (a lower triangular matrix, res.)
c. Identity matrix:
is a square matrix in which all entries form the main diagonal are 1, and all
entries outside the main diagonal are 0. It is denoted by E
4. Matrix operations
a. Matrix addition
Let A = (aij) and B = (bij) be m×n matrices.Then the sum of the matrices,
denoted as A+ B, is the m×n matrix defined by the formula A + B = (aij + bij)
b. Scalar Multiplication (Tích vô hướng)
The scalar multiplication of a matrix A with a scalar k gives another matrix
kA of the same size as A. The entries of kA are defined by
kA = (kaij)
c. Product of matrices (Tích của 2 ma trận)
The product AB is defined if and only if the column number of A is equal
to the row number of B. In this case, we say A is conformable with B. If A is
conformable with B, it is hardly probable that B is conformable with A. For
instance, if A is a 2×3 and B is a 3×1, then we obtain the product AB, but we
cannot obtain the product BA.

II. Determinants (Định thức)


The determinant of a square matrix n×n matrix A = [aij] is the scalar quantity
det(A) defined recursively as follows: if n = 1 then det(A) = a11; otherwise, we
suppose that determinants are defined for all square matrices of size less than n and
specify that
det(A) = a11M11(A) − a21M21(A) + ... + (−1)n+1 Mn1(A)
where Mij(A) is the determinant of the (n−1)×(n−1) matrix
obtained from A by deleting the ith row and jth column of A.
Tính định thức: cấp 1, cấp 2, cấp 3,…

II. Systems of linear equations


1. A linear equation: A linear equation in the variables x1,x2,...,xn is an equation of
the form
a1x1 + a2x2 + ... + anxn = b
where the coefficients a1,a2,...,an and right hand side constant term b are given
constants.
2. A linear system of m equations in the n unknowns x1,x2,...,xn is a list of m
equations of the form
a11x1 + a12x2 + ... + a1jxj + ... + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + ... + a2jxj + ... + a2nxn = b2
.........
ai1x1 + ai2x2 + ... + aijxj + ... + ainxn = bi
.........
am1x1 + am2x2 + ... + amjxj + ... + amnxn = bm

3. Cremer’s rule
Nghiêm duy nhất (unique solution) của một hệ pt Cramer n ẩn số x1, x2,
…,xn được xác định theo công thức:
(x1 = d1/d, x2 = d2/d,… xn = dn/d)

III. The vector space


1. Given a positive integer (số nguyên dương) n, we define the standard vector
space of dimension n over the reals (trên tập số thực) to be the set of vectors
Rn = {(x1,x2,··· ,xn)|x1,x2,··· ,xn ∈R}.
together with the usual vector addition and scalar multiplication
2. The following laws hold where u, v and w are vectors in Rn and scalars a, b.
- Commutativity of addition: u + v = v + u.
- Associativity of addition: u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w.
- Additive identity: There exists a vector θ such that u + θ = u = θ + u.
- Additive inverse: There exists a vector −u such that u +
(−u) = θ = (−u) + u. 5.
- Distributive law: a(u + v) = au + av
(a + b)u = au + bu.
- Associative law:
(ab)u = a(bu).
- Monoidal law
1u = u.

Subspace: Không gian con


Linear combinations: Tổ hợp tuyến tính của các vector
Coordinate: tọa độ của một vector
Base and dimension: Cơ sở và chiều của một vector
Advanced mathematics 2
I. Functions
1. Definition:
a function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible
outputs with the property that each input is related to exactly one output.
An example is the function that relates each real number x to its square x 2.
The output of a function f corresponding to an input x is
denoted by f(x) (read "f of x"). In this example, if the input
is −3, then the output is 9, and we may write f(−3) = 9.
Likewise, if the input is 3, then the output is also 9, and we
may write f(3) = 9. (The same output may be produced by
more than one input, but each input gives only one output.) The
input variable(s) are sometimes referred to as the argument(s) (tham số) of the
function.
Or we shall refer to x as the independent variable and y as the dependent
variable
2. Graph of a function
The graph of a function is its set of ordered pairs ( tập hợp các cặp có thứ
tự) F. This is an abstraction of the idea of a graph as a picture showing the function
plotted on a pair of coordinate axes (hệ trục tọa độ); for example, (3, 9), the point
above 3 on the horizontal axis and to the right of 9 on the vertical axis, lies on the
graph of y = x2.
3. Inverse function
f is a function with domain X and codomain Y: Y = f(X)
An inverse function for f, denoted by f−1, is a function
in the opposite direction, from Y to X: X = f-1(Y)
Inverse function is not always a function.
4. Functions of two or more independent variables
Given a function
z = g(x, y)
a given pair of x and y values will uniquely determine a value of the dependent
variable z. Such a function is exemplified by
z = ax + by or z = a0 + a1x +a2x2 + b1y + b2y2

II. Derivative, differentiation, integral


1. Derivative
The derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to
change of a quantity (a function value or dependent variable) which is determined
by another quantity (the independent variable).
When x changes from an initial value x0 to a new value (x0 + ∆ x ), the value
of the function y = f(x) changes from f(x0) to f(x0 + ∆ x ). The change in y per unit
of change in x can be represented by the difference quotient
∆y f (x 0+ ∆ x )−f (x 0)
∆x
= ∆x

∆y
If as ∆ x -> 0, the limit of the difference quotient ∆ x exists and equal = k, that limit
is identified as the derivative of the function y = f(x) (and equal k)
2. Differentiation
The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation
Ví dụ: Tìm vi phân của các hàm số sau:
a) y = x3 - 5x + 1 ;
b) y = sin3x.
Giải:
a) y = x3 - 5x + 1, y' = 3x2 - 5.
Vậy dy = d(x3 - 5x + 1) = y'dx = (3x2 - 5)dx
b) y = sin3x., y' = 3sin2x cosx.
Vậy dy = d(sin3x) = y'dx = 3sin2x cos xdx.
3. Integral
The term integral may also refer to the related notion of the antiderivative, a
function F whose derivative is the given function f. In this case, it is called an
indefinite integral (tích phân bất định) and is written:
❑

F(x) = ∫ ❑ f (x)dx
❑

If f is a continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval [a, b],


then, once an antiderivative F of f is known, the definite integral (tích phân xác
định) of f over that interval is given by
b

F(x) = ∫ ❑ f (x)dx = F(b) – F(a)


a

III. Extreme value of a function


An extreme value, or extremum (plural extrema), is the smallest (minimum)
or largest (maximum) value of a function
The simplest way to find extrema of single variable functions is to take the
derivative and find the stationary points, or the points at which the derivative is
equal to zero.

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