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Introduction

Spatial Vector Data


and Overlay
Computational and RIVAN AJI WAHYU DYAN SYAFITRI
Communication
Planning Transportation and Spatial Analysis Laboratory
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
www.its.ac.id
Vector Data
SPATIAL DATA. VECTOR DATA MODEL
Data with a Geographic Component: • Geographic entities encoded using the vector data model are
called features
• Latitude/longitude • Treats geographic space as populated by discrete objects, which
• Street Address have identifiable boundaries or spatial extent
• Each object in the real-world is represented
• Zip Code as either point, line, or polygon features.
• Country • Useful for representing discrete objects such as roads, buildings,
• State rivers, boundaries, etc.

LOGICAL MODEL.
The two main types of GIS data models are:
• Raster. Study area is divided into regular cells (usually rectangular). Often used
to model field data
• Vector. Geometric primitives (i.e. points, lines, polygons) are used to represent
objects.

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Transportation and Spatial Analysis Laboratory
3 SPATIAL DATA VECTOR TYPE.

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ANOTHER SPATIAL FEATURE

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TOPOLOGY DEFINITION
The Science of mathematics of relationships used to validate the geometry of vector entities, and for
operations such as network tracing and tests of polygon adjacency

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TOPOLOGY DEFINITION

On POLYGON layers the following rules are


available:
• Must contain: Polygon layer must contain at least one point geometry from
the second layer.
• Must not have duplicates: Polygons from the same layer must not have
identical geometries. Whenever a polygon feature is represented twice or
more it will occur in the ‘Error’ field.
• Must not have gaps: Adjacent polygons should not form gaps between
them. Administrative boundaries could be mentioned as an example (US
state polygons do not have any gaps between them…).
• Must not have invalid geometries: Checks whether the geometries are
valid. Some of the rules that define a valid geometry are:
• Polygon rings must close.
• Rings that define holes should be inside rings that define exterior
boundaries.
• Rings may not self-intersect (they may neither touch nor cross one
another).
• Rings may not touch other rings, except at a point.
• Must not have multi-part geometries: Sometimes, a geometry is actually a
collection of simple (single-part) geometries. Such a geometry is called
multi-part geometry. If it contains just one type of simple geometry, we call
it multi-point, multi-linestring or multi-polygon. For example, a country
consisting of multiple islands can be represented as a multi-polygon.
• Must not overlap: Adjacent polygons should not share common area.
• Must not overlap with: Adjacent polygons from one layer should not share
common area with polygons from another layer.

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TOPOLOGY DEFINITION

On LINE layers
• End points must be covered by: Here you can select a point layer
from your project. On POINT layers the following rules are available:
• Must not have dangles: This will show the overshoots in the line layer. • Must be covered by: Here you can choose a vector layer from your project.
• Must not have duplicates: Whenever a line feature is represented Points that aren’t covered by the given vector layer occur in the ‘Error’ field.
twice or more, it will occur in the ‘Error’ field. • Must be covered by endpoints of: Here you can choose a line layer from your
• Must not have invalid geometries: Checks whether the geometries project.
are valid. • Must be inside: Here you can choose a polygon layer from your project. The
• Must not have multi-part geometries: Sometimes, a geometry is points must be inside a polygon. Otherwise, QGIS writes an ‘Error’ for the
actually a collection of simple (single-part) geometries. Such a point.
geometry is called multi-part geometry. If it contains just one type of • Must not have duplicates: Whenever a point is represented twice or more, it
simple geometry, we call it multi-point, multi-linestring or multi- will occur in the ‘Error’ field.
polygon. All multi-part lines are written into the ‘Error’ field. • Must not have invalid geometries: Checks whether the geometries are valid.
• Must not have pseudos: A line geometry’s endpoint should be • Must not have multi-part-geometries: All multi-part points are written into
connected to the endpoints of two other geometries. If the endpoint the ‘Error’ field.
is connected to only one other geometry’s endpoint, the endpoint is
called a pseudo node.

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VECTOR FILE FORMAT

• AutoCAD DXF – It is produced by AutoCAD. DXF is an external format for transferring files between computers or between software packages.
• DWG – DWG is an intern format for AutoCAD. A DWG file is a database of 2D or 3D drawings.
• SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) – It is an XML-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics Any program that recognizes XML can
display the SVG image.
• Arc-Info Coverage – This is a data model for storing geographic features, both spatial and attributes using ArcInfo software. A coverage stores a
set of thematically associated data referred as the item definition.
• Arc-Info Interchange (e00) – An ArcInfo interchange file, is also known as an export file type, this file format is used to enable a coverage, grid or
TIN, and an associated INFO table to be transferred between different machines. This file has the .e00 extension.
• Geodatabase – It can store GIS objects in a large file, such as feature classes, feature datasets, non-spatial tables, and relationship classes. It is
an organized way to store huge GIS Data.
• Digital line graph (DLG) — a USGS format for vector data and are available at 1:100,000 and 1:24,000 scales.
• Geography Markup Language (GML) — It is used in the Open GIS Consortium for storing geographical data in a standard interchangeable
format, It is based on XML.
• GeoJSON — It is based on JSON, GeoJSON is an Open Standard Format designed for representing simple geographical features, along with their
non-spatial attributes, it is used by many open source GIS packages.
• DGN – DGN is an intern format for MicroStation, Can be used for import/export format DGN files contain detailed visualization information
(display).
• Keyhole Markup Language (KML) — XML based file format, used to display geographic data. KML files used to visualize spatial data by storing
locations, image overlays and modelling information like lines, shapes. 3D images and points in an Earth browser such as Google Earth.
• MapInfo TAB format – MapInfo’s vector data format using TAB, DAT, ID and MAP files.
• Shapefile — A shapefile is stored in a set of related tiles and contains one feature class & A popular vector data GIS format.
• ect

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PROXIMITY ANALYSIS
BUFFERING IN DETAIL
Buffering usually creates two areas: one area that is within a specified distance to selected real world features and the
other area that is beyond. The area that is within the specified distance is called the buffer zone.
A buffer zone is any area that serves the purpose of keeping real world features distant from one another. Buffer zones are
often set up to protect the environment, protect residential and commercial zones from industrial accidents or natural
disasters, or to prevent violence. Common types of buffer zones may be greenbelts between residential and commercial
areas, border zones between countries (see figure_buffer_zone), noise protection zones around airports, or pollution
protection zones along rivers.
BUFFERING IN DETAIL
In a GIS Application, buffer zones are always represented as vector polygons enclosing
other polygon, line or point features

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Transportation and Spatial Analysis Laboratory
VARIATION OF BUFFERING
There are several variations in buffering. The buffer distance or
buffer size can vary according to numerical values provided in
the vector layer attribute table for each feature. The numerical
values have to be defined in map units according to the
Coordinate Reference System (CRS) used with the data. For
example, the width of a buffer zone along the banks of a river
can vary depending on the intensity of the adjacent land use.
For intensive cultivation the buffer distance may be bigger than
for organic farming

Buffers around polyline features, such as rivers or roads, do not


have to be on both sides of the lines. They can be on either the
left side or the right side of the line feature. In these cases the
left or right side is determined by the direction from the
starting point to the end point of line during digitising

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MULTIPLE BUFFER ZONES

A feature can also have more than one buffer zone. A nuclear power plant may be buffered with distances of 10,
15, 25 and 30 km, thus forming multiple rings around the plant as part of an evacuation plan

BUFFER WITH INTACT OR DISSOLVED BOUNDARIES

Buffer zones often have dissolved boundaries so that there are no overlapping areas between the buffer zones. In some cases though, it may also be useful for
boundaries of buffer zones to remain intact, so that each buffer zone is a separate polygon and you can identify the overlapping areas

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BUFFERIN IN DETAIL COMMON PROBLEMS / THINGS TO BE AWARE of

Most GIS Applications offer buffer creation as an analysis tool, but the
options for creating buffers can vary. For example, not all GIS
Applications allow you to buffer on either the left side or the right
side of a line feature OR to dissolve the boundaries of buffer zones

A buffer distance always has to be defined as a whole number


(integer) or a decimal number (floating point value). This value is
defined in map units (meters, feet, decimal degrees) according to the
Coordinate Reference System (CRS) of the vector layer.

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OVERLAY ANALYSIS
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
How to do spatial analysis
Analysis Tools / Geoprocessing Tools

Tabular Data

Input Process Output


Steps:
1. Determine key issues/questions
2. Collect and Prepare data
3. Determining analytical methods and tools Feedback
4. Carry out the analysis process
5. Check and improve the results of the analysis.
Vector Data
www.its.ac.id Rivan Aji Wahyu Dyan Syafitri
Transportation and Spatial Analysis Laboratory
Is the process clipping several part from the input using Is the process of selecting a feature by using SQL in the
CLIP another feature
SELECT form of a specified expression (Quary).

input input
Clip feature Output
Expression

Output

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splitaIssheets
split the process of separating one layer into several layers by using a polygon that is fragmented. For example separating one large contour layer into several
or grids

input Split Feature Output


TABEL SELECT Is the process of selecting a table in a layer by using expressions in SQL.

input
Expression Output

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Is the process of removing part of a layer by using another layer as a delimiter of the deleted area.
ERASE/DIFFERENT For example, this analysis process is carried out to reduce the forest area by removing part of the lake.

input Erase Feature Output

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Is the process of merging one main layer with another layer by overlaying it and will
IDENTITY produce the main layer with additional input from the layer to be combined.

input Identity Feature Output

Area rawan
genangan

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Is the process of merging one main layer with another layer by overlaying it and will produce the
INTERSECT main layer with additional input from the layer to be combined.

input Intersect Feature Output

Area rawan
genangan

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Is the process of merging from 2 different
UNION feature and all of the layer and the tabular data

input Union Feature Output

Area rawan
genangan

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It is an analytical process to combine two features and all layers and their tabular data
UPDATE will be combined.

input Update Feature Output

Area rawan
genangan

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SPATIAL JOIN
Is the process of combining tabular data Input Data join Output
with a join function. This process combines
the tabular data of the target feature/layer
to which the data will be added with the
Join feature which is a feature/table that
will be added. This process will generate
new tabular data which is the result of
joining the 2 tables using the merge
process option (eg join_one_to_one).

sebaran Supermarket/Minimarket
sebaran Supermarket/Minimarket per kelurahan
Batas Administrasi Kecamatan Rungkut

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