CHAPTER 4 Biometry
CHAPTER 4 Biometry
Factorial Designs
What is Factorial Design Mean?
Factorial Experiments
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Cont..
Many experiments involve the study of the effects of
two or more factors. Factorial designs are most efficient
for this type of experiment.
In a factorial design, all possible combinations of the
levels of the factors are investigated in each replication.
If there are a levels of factor A, and b levels of factor B,
then each replicate contains all ab treatment
combinations.
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Advantages of Factorial Designs
They are more efficient than one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) experiments.
Tests the equality of two or more (p) population means when several
independent variables are used.
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Factorial Experiment
It is an experiment in which the response variable is measured at
all possible combinations of the levels of the factors (independent
variables).
The goal of factorial experiment is to determine which factors
have the largest effects on the response, and whether there are
interactions between factors.
In the one-way ANOVA; we look for the effect of one “factor”.
In the two-way ANOVA; we look for the effects of “two-factors”.
A further complication arises because of the possibility of
“interactions” between the factors.
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Main effect and Interaction effects
Main effect is the effect of independent variable
(factor) on a dependent variable (response).
Interaction effect may arise when considering the
relationship among three (one for response variable
and the other two for factors) or more variables.
It describes a situation in which the simultaneous
influence of two variables on a third which is not
additive.
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Example: Factorial Experiments
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Factorial Experiments
No Interaction Interaction
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Two-Factor Factorial Design
This design only considers two-factors and it may consider
the interaction of two-factors.
Two versions of two-factor factorial design models:
– Two factor design with interaction and
– Two factor design without interaction.
Assume the number of observations in each cell are equal.
Let yi
jkbe the obse r
v edre spons ew h
en
• Factor A is at ith level (i = 1, 2, …, a)
• Factor B is at jth level (j = 1, 2, …, b)
A two-factor factorial design has abn observations which
are taken randomly so that it can also be called as
Completely Randomized two-factor factorial design.
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The data layout of a two-factor factorial design
Level i
Factor A
Y i
j
k
Observation k
Level j
Factor B 10
a levels of factor A; b levels of factor B;
Statistical Analysis of the Fixed-Effects Model
We may describe the linear statistical model by:
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Two-factor ANOVA
Consists of three significance tests:
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Two-Way ANOVA: Hypothesis Testing
1. The first hypothesis (main effect of factor A ): Row effect
looks at the mean response for each level of A
• No Difference in Means Due to Factor A
H0: 1.= 2
.=.
..= a
.
2. The second (main effect of factor B) : Column effect
looks at the mean response for each level of B
• No Difference in Means Due to Factor B
H0: .1= .
2=...= .
b
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Two-Way ANOVA:Total Variation Partitioning
Total Variation
SS(Total)
SSA SSB
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ANOVA partitioning of total variability:
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Two-Factor Factorial Experiments with Interaction
Two-Way ANOVA Table: Summary Table
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Two-Way ANOVA: Assumptions
1. Normality
• The populations from which the samples were
obtained must be normally or approximately
normally distributed.
2. Homogeneity of Variance
• The variances of the populations must be equal.
3. Independence of Errors
• The samples must be independent.
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SOLUTION
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CONT.………
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Example: Two-Factor Factorial Experiments
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Example: Two-Factor Factorial Experiments
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Solution:
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Cont’d
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ANOVA TABLE
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Cont’d
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Cont’d
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General Factorial Experiments
Model for a three-factor factorial experiment linear
statistical model:
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Three-Factor Factorial Experiments
Three-Way ANOVA: Summary Table
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The 2k Factorial Design
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22 Factorial Designs;
“-” and “+” denote the low and high
levels of a factor, respectively.
Low and high are arbitrary terms.
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Estimation of Factor Effects
For manual calculations: The effect estimates are:
A y A y A
A = 8.33, B = -5.00, AB = 1.67
ab a b (1)
Practical interpretation?
2n 2n Thesign and themagnitude of the factors determine
1
2n
[ ab a b (1)] which variables are likely to be important.
B yB yB For instance, if the effect of A is positive, then this
suggests that increasing A from low level to high level
ab b a (1)
will increase the value of the response variable.
2n 2n
If the effect of A is negative, then this suggests that
1
2n
[ ab b a (1)]
increasing A from low level to high level will decrease
ab (1) a b
AB the value of the response variable.
2n 2n
1
2n
[ ab (1) a b ]
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Chemical Process Example
Consider an investigation into the effect of concentration of the
reactant and the amount of the catalyst on the conversion (yield) in a
chemical process. Let the reactant concentration be factor A, and let
the two levels of interest be 15 and 25 percent. The catalyst is factor B,
with the high level denoting the use of only 1 pound. The data is given
below:
Temperature Level
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The above data can be displayed as follows:
Factor Replicate
Treatment
A B combination I II III Total
- - (1) 28 25 27 80
+ - a 36 32 32 100
- + b 18 19 23 60
+ + ab 31 30 29 90
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Figure 4.1: Amount of catalyst and reactant
concentration factor experiment.
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A ( 90 100 60 80 ) 8 . 33
2 ( 3)
1
B ( 90 60 100 80 ) 5 . 00
2 ( 3)
1
C ( 90 80 100 60 ) 1 . 67
2 ( 3)
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Consider the sum of Squares for A, B and AB.
Contrast A
ab a b (1)
Contrast B
ab b a (1)
Contrast AB
ab (1) a b
2
Contrast
SS
4n
a b (1) b a (1) 1 a b
2 2 2
ab ab ab
SS A SS B and SS AB
4n 4n 4n
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Consider Example (*):
a b (1) b a (1) 30
2 2 2 2
ab 50 ab
SS A 208 . 33 SS B 75
4n 4 ( 3) 4n 4 ( 3)
1 a b
2 2
ab (10 )
and SS AB 8 . 33
4n 4 ( 3)
a b n 2 2
y ... ( 330 )
y ijk 28 2 25 2 ... 29 2 323
2
SS T
i 1 j 1 k 1 4n 4 ( 3)
SS E SS T SS A SS B SS AB 31 . 34
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Table 4.6: Analysis of variance for the Experiment in figure 4.1
Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean Square F0 P-Value
Variation Square Freedom
A 208.33 1 208.33 53.15 0.0001
Total 323.00 11
F 0 . 05 , 1, 8 5 . 32 Based on this and the p values , we conclude that the main effects are statistica ly
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Table 4.7: Algebraic signs for calculating the Effects in 22 Design
Treatment Effects
combinations I A B AB
(1) + - - +
a + + - -
b + - + -
ab + + + +
The column headings are the main effects (A and B), the AB
interaction, and I, which represents the total or average of the
entire experiment.
Notice that the column corresponding to I has only plus signs. The
row designators are the treatment combinations.
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The 23 Factorial Design
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Effects in The 23 Factorial Design
A y A y A
B yB yB
C yC yC
etc, etc, ...
Analysis
done via
computer
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An Example of a 3
2 Factorial Design
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Table of – and + Signs for the 23 Factorial Design
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Properties of the Table
Except for columnI , every column has an equal number of + and – signs
Multiplying any column byI leaves that column unchanged (identity element)
AB AB
Orthogonal design.
AB BC 2
AB C AC
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Estimation of Factor Effects
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ANOVA Summary – Full Model
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The General 2k Factorial Design
k
tw o - f ac to r i n ter ac ti o n s
2
k
th r ee- f ac to r i n ter ac ti o n s
3
1 k f ac to r i n ter ac ti o n
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The Split-Plot Designs
What is a Split-Plot Design?
• A split-plot design is a special case of a factorial
treatment structure.
• It is used when a factorial treatment structure has
two levels of experimental units.
• Basically a split-plot design consists of two
experiments with different experimental units of
different “size”. i. whole-plot
e subplot
&
• E.g., in agronomic field trials certain factors require
“large” experimental units, whereas other factors
can be easily applied to “smaller” plots of land.
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End of Chapter
Thank you!
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