Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur
ISO 9001:2015 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies that have been examined by

the researchers. The information was gathered from various sources, including books,

journals, internet resources, and unpublished materials such as theses and dissertations.

The researchers thoroughly considered the similarities and differences between the

related studies and the present study.

Related Literature and Studies

The review of related literature and studies served as a foundation and guide for

the researchers in undertaking their study. It provided knowledge that contribute to the

understanding of the research topic. The following sections will highlight the key

findings and contributions of the reviewed related literature and studies.

Flood. Floods are usually caused by heavy precipitation and intense storms that

produce more runoff than an area can store, or a stream can carry within its normal

channel. This often happens over flat or low-lying areas. A drainage system is a system

of natural or artificial channels through which water flows or drains for carrying off

excess water. To prevent flooding, an efficient drainage system is therefore essential to

allow water to flow off and away from the ground as quickly as possible (Ylaya R. n.d.).

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service

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CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
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Administration (PAGASA) defines “flood” as progressive abnormal increase in the

elevation of the surface level of a stream that may result in the overflowing of water on

its normal confines with the subsequence of continuous and excessive rainfall brought

about by monsoon or a typhoon. The sequence described takes place within a certain

period. Floods commonly occur in low-lying areas that serve as natural depositional

environments.

According to Earth Networks, no matter what causes a flood, it can have

devastating effects on the community. There are many dangerous flooding effects.

Besides physical danger, floods also cause economic and social problems. The quite

common effects of flooding are loss of life, property damages, economic losses, and

psychological flooding effects (Earth Networks 2021).

Drainage System. Poor drainage can lead to flooding, resulting in property loss,

and people may even be forced to move to escape floodwaters. Flooding may also

damage water supply infrastructure and contaminate domestic water sources. In areas

where drainage and sanitation are poor, water runs over the ground during rainstorms,

picks up feces and contaminates water sources. Community members responded well to

friendly inspectors who provided support for clearing the drains. Maintaining the drains

soon became part of the daily routine for responsible community members (Surface

Water Drainage for Low-Income Communities 1991).

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CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
ISO 9001:2015 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

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According to Yazdanfar, Z., et.al. (2015) Urban drainage systems are in general

failing in their functions mainly due to non-stationary climate and rapid urbanization. As

these systems are becoming less efficient, issues such as sewer overflows and increase in

urban flooding leading to surge in pollutant loads to receiving water bodies are becoming

pervasive rapidly. A comprehensive investigation is required to understand these factors

impacting the functioning of urban drainage, which vary spatially and temporally and are

more complex when weaving together. It is necessary to establish a cost-effective,

integrated planning and design framework for every local area by incorporating fit for

purpose alternatives. Carefully selected adaptive measures are required for the provision

of sustainable drainage systems to meet combined challenges of climate change and

urbanization.

Bhadiyadra et al. (2015) conducted a study on stormwater drainage problem of

Surat city. Their research showed that the stormwater backflow problem under high flood

situation in river Tapi was the major problem when drainage outlets were closed in Surat

city. It indicates that the stormwater drainage system of Surat city during flooding

condition was not effective at some low-lying areas of Surat city. The feasible solution of

this problem is achieved in this case study by designing some general as well as

systematic drainage solution and appropriate design of storm water drainage system.

Asfaw (2016) made a study on the assessment of storm water drainage system in

Kemise town. According to the results obtained, the storm drainage facility was

inadequate to convey the peak discharge for the required design period and the drainage
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CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
ISO 9001:2015 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

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system was filled by sediment and other rubbish materials. Based on the results of the

study, open drainage ditch type was a practice. Due to the drainage system open, it is

simply filled by solid materials and storm water. Improperly aligned drainage system

results to different negative impacts for the community. According to the study, there was

lack of awareness concerning the impact of disposing solid materials in drainage systems.

The concept paper of Chandrasena et al. (2017), "Physical Degradation of the

Storm Drainage System in a Compact City," describes the behavior of a clogged drain in

an event of a heavy rainfall. Solid waste accumulates in drainage systems, heavy rainfall,

increased runoff volume and stagnation of runoff flow could collectively lead to sudden

flash floods in compact cities. Stormwater runoff control is the crucial purpose of any

urban drainage system. On the other hand, solid waste leads to street floods and it will

again generate a massive stock of solid waste as flood debris. Drainage network is a key

element that manages the stormwater circulation of a city. Blocked drains physically

degrade the drainage infrastructure and put the compact city into an unprecedented

danger.

The study of Islam & Mowla (2013) entitled "Natural Drainage System and Water

Logging in Dhaka" found out that water logging in Dhaka city is the consequence of

unplanned development. Due to rapid urbanization with unplanned construction, most of

the storm water drainage have been encroached, filled up, diverted, and caused

obstruction to the smooth flow of water to the outfall rivers, creating severe water

logging in the city every year during monsoon, incurring huge loss in terms of adverse
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CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
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social, physical, economic, and environmental costs. Sustainable drainage system can

form a key part of sustainable development by reducing the impacts that might otherwise

occur to surface water runoff and water resources. A close coordination among urban

authorities and agencies and collaboration between public and private sectors is needed

for effective management and sustainable development/restoration and operation of the

natural drainage system to improve water logging situations.

According to Okuda et al. (2015) agricultural productivity in Central Asia has

increased with the development of irrigation. In some regions, continuous agricultural

land use without adequate maintenance of drainage systems, despite using abundant

water in the fields, has led to an increase in groundwater levels and soil salinization rate.

Important countermeasures practiced in Uzbekistan include lowering high groundwater

levels through open drainage, sub-surface drainage, and vertical drainage systems. The

results clarify that the functioning of the drainage system should be monitored because

(1) the bottoms of the open drainage are too undulated to allow smooth discharge, (2)

some outlets of the sub-surface drainage are under drainage water level or covered with

soil, and (3) the current operation style of the vertical drainage is different from the

conventional one.

In the study of Kalpanapriya et al. (2018), "An Analysis on the problems caused

by open drainage," concludes rapid population growth and urbanization have aggravated

the drainage problem. The main purpose of this paper is to solve some of the drainage

problems of different streets in Vellore, which is the second most populous districts of
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CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
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Tamilnadu, India. Everyday thousands of residents pass through the open drainage area

and hence are open to various kinds of diseases and have an adverse effect on their

studies. In this regard, the presence of efficient drainage and sewerage system is a major

factor in the prevention of spread of waterborne diseases in major cities.

A study conducted by Ganiron et al. (2015) titled "Flood Control and Drainage

System of Espana Boulevard in Metro Manila" highlights the rapid expansion of project

areas in recent years. This project aims to address issues faced by Espana Boulevard

through infrastructure development efforts. Specifically, it focuses on enhancing the

existing drainage system by implementing regular cleaning and desilting activities. These

actions aim to increase the capacity of the drainage and estuary leading to the pumping

station, thereby improving its ability to handle floodwaters during rainy days and

emergencies. The significance of this project lies in its potential to reduce flood damage

in the area and contribute to overall improvement.

In the study conducted by Perez et al. (2016), the performance of Phase 1

drainage system on Boracay Island was analyzed. Data from the Detailed Engineering

Design (DED) and rainfall data from the PTA were utilized to simulate the existing

conditions. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) version 5.1 software was

employed to simulate the flow of rainwater throughout the system. The validated flood

model revealed that the drainage system was unable to adequately manage the flow under

25-year and 50-year rainfall events. This analysis of the drainage system's performance

underscores the need for improvements to address flooding issues in Phase 1 of Barangay
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CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
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Balabag, Boracay Island, in the municipality of Malay, Aklan province. This study offers

valuable insights for the local government to review the drainage system's reliability and

identify areas for enhancement.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The various related studies reviewed by the researchers helped them highlight the

current research as an original undertaking. Provided by the related studies for the

improvement of the drainage system, the present study manifests some similarities and

differences considering the design, efficiency, and possible applications of the drainage

system.

The present study concentrates on flood-prone areas in Poblacion, Baao, aiming

to enhance the existing drainage system. Drawing inspiration from prior research, such as

from Islam & Mowa (2013), and Guillem (2011), the study acknowledges common

challenges related to drainage system obstruction and waterlogging. Unlike Guillem's

focus on comprehensive rehabilitation in Pavia, the current research limits its scope to

improving the drainage within Poblacion. In the study of Kalpanapriya et al. (2018), the

investigation into open-lined canals aligns with the present study's concern for health

risks associated with flooding. The literature review demonstrates diverse approaches to

environmental protection, with the present study emphasizing localized drainage

improvements influenced by varying perspectives presented in prior research.