ALLEN Career Institute Presents A unique Initiative to provide all important information and Career Updates on your mobile SALIENT FEATURES COUNSELLING SUPPORT i ST et @ Important Information regarding different 2 Revision notes of various topics to prepare. rounds of counselling for engineering and medical exams @ Branch wise opening and closing rank Chapter-wise analysis of weightage and details level of toughness ™ Guidance regarding which college, branch Tips & Strategies to score maximum marks to choose and why @_ Registration dates & information regarding Details of other forms that can be filled various exams from class 6th to 12th CI Register at \ www.allen.ac.in/allen-success-mantra = CORPORATE OFFICE : HELPLINE “SANKALP", CP-6, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.), India, 324005 0744-2757575 wwwallen.ac.in Ga [email protected] @jallenkota @/allenkota @/allencareerinstitute3D-COORDINATE GEOMETRY a DISTANCE FORMULA: The distance between two points A (x;, Yj, 2) and B (Xp, Yp, 29) is given by AB = yl(x, 1)? +2 —vi) +(22—21)) SECTION FORMULAE : Let P&x,, yp, 2) and Qlx, vp. 2) be two points and let R (x, y, 2) divide PQin the ratio m, : m,. Then Ris (myx: +Mpx, mMyY2 +m, mM4Zp + M,Z; | bey, 2)—[ Bete tme mast may vest msty \ m, +m, m; tmp m; +mp If (m,/m)) is positive, R divides PQ intemally and if (m,/m,) is negative, then externally. Ro Mt Ve 2° 2° CENTROID OF A TRIANGLE : Let Alxy, ¥;, 21), B&Xs, Vo, 29), CX, Y3, Z3) be the vertices of a triangle ABC. Then its centroid G is given by Mid point of PQ is given by ( Ga| tke +X Vito +¥y 1 tat) 3 3 DIRECTION COSINES OF LINE : If a..B, ybe the angles made by a line with xaxis, y-axis & z-axis respectively then y cosa, cosB & cosy are called direction cosines of a line, denoted by I, m & n co respectively and the relation between ¢, m, nis given by 2 +m? +n? =1 D. cosine of x-axis, y-axis & z-axis are respectively 1,0, 0; 0, 1, 0; 0, 0, 1 Mathematics HandBookMathematics HandBook 5. DIRECTION RATIOS : Any three numbers, b, c proportional to direction cosines ¢, m,n are called direction ratios of the line. je, £-™L “ai boc It is easy to see that there can be infinitely many sets of direction ratios for a given line. RELATION BETWEEN D.C’S & D.R’S: (=> fe ee: ne 2 DIRECTION COSINE OF AXES : Direction ratios and Direction cosines of the line joining two points : Let A&,, y;, 2) and Bix, yp, Z,) be two points, then d.r.’s of AB are 1 1 X_—%y Yo Vp Zz and thed.c.'s of AB are = fx»—x)), — Yp-yih 1 —— + 27 2)) where r= ¥[2(x, —x,))] =I ABI PROJECTION OF A LINE ON ANOTHER LINE : Let PQ be a line segment with P&x,, yy, Z;) and Q&p, Y>, Z,) and let L be astraight line whose d.c.’sare £, m,n. Then the lenath of projection of PQ on the line Lis If (x,—x,) + mY, -y) +n @-2) |* e /ALLEM success Mathematics HandBook 10. 11. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES : Let 6 be the angle between the lines with d.c.'s |, m,,n,and,, my, ny then cos @ = |; p+ mym, + ning. If ay, by, cy and ap, by. cy be D.R.’sof two lines then angle 0 between them is given by 080 = ude +bibs +6162) (af +b; +c; ) yla; +b3 +c) PERPENDICULARITY AND PARALLELISM : Let the two lines have their d.c.’s given by I, m,, n, and ly, my, ny respectively then they are perpendicular if @ = 90°i.e. cos 6 = 0, ie 1, +m, + n,n, =0. Also the two lines are parallel if @ = Oi.e. sin © = 0, i.e. to Mm My Note: If instead of d.c.’s, d.n’s a,, by, ¢,and ap, by, cpare given, then the lines are perpendicular if aa, + b,b, +¢,c, = 0 and parallel if ay/ay = by/by= c4/cp. EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE IN SYMMETRICAL FORM: (a) One point form : Let A(x, y;, 2;) be a given point on the straight line and |, m, nthe d.c’s of the line, then its equation is KOM YOM 2-2 £ m n Itshould be noted that P(x, + lr, y, +m, z, + mr) isa general point on this line at a distance r from the point A(x, v;,2)) i.e. AP =r. One should note that for AP = r; 1, m, n must be d.c.'snot d.r.’s. Ifa, b, care direction ratios of the line, then equation of the line =r (say) x-™ _y-y 2 —— =r but here AP#r c isMathematics HandBook (©) Equation of the line through two points Atx,, yj, 2) and Bx», vp, 22) XOX YoY 2-21 Xp—Xp VeVi 22-2 12. FOOT, LENGTH AND EQUATION OF PERPENDICULAR FROM A POINT TO A LINE : Let equation of the line be is y- (say) -@) and A (a,, B, y) be the point. Any point on the line (i) is Plir + x,, mr + y,, nr + 2,) wvocessel If it is the foot of the perpendicular, from Aon the line, then AP is L to the line, so ¢ (fr + x;-a@) +m(mr+y,—B)+n(nr+z,-y)=0 ie. r=(a—x,) 6+ (B-y,) m+ (7-2) n since (2? +m? 4+n?= Putting this value of r in (i), we get the foot of perpendicular from point A to the line. Length : Since foot of perpendicular P is knowm, length of perpendicular, AP = ilar + x, —a)? + (mr+y, +(nr +2 -}"] Equation of perpendicular is given by xem ye Bey (r+x,-@ omrt+y,-B nrt+z,—-y 13. EQUATIONS OF A PLANE : The equation of every plane is of the first degree ite. of the form ax + by +.cz + d=0, in which a, b, care constants, where a2 +b? + 2# Ofi.e. a, b, c#0 simultaneously). (a) Vector form of equation of plane : If & be the position vector of a point on the plane and fi bea vector normal to the plane then it’s vectorial equation is given by (f —4).a=0=> ¥.A=d where d=4.f = constant. 4Mathematics HandBook () Plane Parallel to the Coordinate Planes : (i) Equation of y-z plane is x = 0. (ii) Equation of zx plane is y = 0. (iii) Equation of xy plane is z = 0. (iv) Equation of the plane parallel to x-y plane at a distance c is 2 =c. Similarly, planes parallel to y-z plane and z-x plane are respectively x = c andy =. (c) Equations of Planes Parallel to the Axes : Ifa =0, the plane is parallel to x-axis i.e. equation of the plane parallel to x-axis is by + cz + d= 0. Similarly, equations of planes parallel to y-axis and parallel to z-axis are ax + cz +d = O and ax + by + d= 0 respectively. (d) Equation of a Plane in Intercept Form : Equation of the plane which cuts off intercepts a, b, c from the x z axes is —+ 7 +2 Equation of a Plane in Normal Form : If the length of the perpendicular distance of the plane from ©) the origin is p and direction cosines of this perpendicular are (I, m, n), then the equation of the plane is Ix + my + nz = p. ( Vectorial form of Normal equation of plane : If A is a unit vector normal to the plane from the origin to the plane and d be the perpendicular distance of plane from origin then its vector equation is F.A=d. (g) Equation of a Plane through three points : ‘The equation of the plane through three non-collinear points x y 2 Ry Vy My Ye te % Ys 2, (1, Yt, 21), Op, Yar 22) (Xa, Yar Za) Is BeeMathematics HandBook 14. 15. 16. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES : Consider two planes ax + by + cz+d=Oandax+b'y+cz+d=0. Angle between these planes is the angle between their normals. aa'+ bb'+ cc" Planes are perpendicular if aa’ + bb’ + cc’ = 0 andthey are parallel ifa/a' = b/b =c/c’ Planes parallel to a given Plane : cos8= Equation of a plane parallel to the plane ax + by + cz +d =Ois ax + by + cz +d’ =0.d' is to be found by other given condition. ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE : ROX _ YY) _ 27% m n ax + by + cz + d = 0 respectively and 6 be the angle which line makes with the plane. Then (2/2 6) is the angle between the line Let equations of the line and plane be and and the normal to the plane. D> af+bm+cn So sin@ = ie (a? +b? +c?) (0? +m? +n?) = Line is parallel to plane if 0 = 0 ie. ifal+ bm+ cn =0. Line is 1 to the plane if line is parallel to the normal of the plane ; a_bic ieif Ss), ¢ min CONDITION IN ORDER THAT THE LINE MAY LIE ON THE GIVEN PLANE : The ine $s 2S 274% willlieon the plane Ax +By +Cz+D=0 mn f(@) Al+Bm+Cn=0 and ()Ax, + By, + Cz,+D=0 6Mathematics HandBook 17. 18. 19. POSITION OF TWO POINTS W.R.T. A PLANE : Two points PfK,, y,, Z,) & Qk,, y,,Z,) are on thesame or opposite sides of a plane ax + by + cz + d = O according to ax, + by, + cz, +d& ax, + by, + cz, + d are of same or opposite signs. IMAGE OF A POINT IN THE PLANE : Let the image of a point P(x,, y,, 2,) ina plane ax + by+cz+d=Ois 7 / Qlxy, yz) Z2) and foot of perpendicular Q of point P on plane is R&x,, y, z)), then _ Bilis +, +4) a+b +c a. (meinen all a+b? +c? CONDITION FOR COPLANARITY OF TWO LINES : Let the two lines beMathematics HandBook 20. 21. 22. PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM THE PLANE : Perpendicular distance p, of the point A(x;, y;, 2;) from the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by _ lax; +by, +¢z, +l (a? +b? +2) Distance between two parallel planes ax + by + cz +d, = 0 & ax+ by +cz+d,=Ois A PLANE THROUGH THE LINE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO GIVEN PLANES : Consider two planes u=ax+by+cz+d=Oandveax+by+czt+d =0. The equation u + Av = 0, a real parameter, represents the plane passing through the line of intersection of given planes and if planes are parallel, this represents a plane parallel to them. BISECTORS OF ANGLES BETWEEN TWO PLANES : Let the equations of the two planes be ax + by + cz + d= Oand axtbytcz+d,=0. Then equations of bisectors of angles between them are given by ax+by+cetd _, axtby+oz+d, la’ +b? +c’) lay +b; +c7) (a) Equation of bisector of the angle containing origin : First. make both constant terms positive. Then +ve sign give the bisector of the angle which contains the origin. (b) Bisector of acute/obtuse angle : First making both constant terms positive, aa, +bb,;+ccy>O = origin liesin obtuse angle aa,+bb,+cc;<0 => origin lies inacute angle 8