SURVEY IN THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE:

PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE UNDER
THE REPUBLIC
PRESENTATION BY GROUP 9
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 2 ISANG DIPANG LANGIT BY
AMADO V. HERNANDEZ

3 ANG DAPAT PANIWALAAN

BY JOSE F.LACABA 4 GABI NG ISANG PIYON BY
LAMBERTO ANTONIO
5 THE WORLD IS AN APPLE BY
ALBERTO FLORENTINO
6 ANOTHER INVITATION OF
THE POPE TO VISIT TONDO
7 VALEDICTION SA 8 MAGANDA PA ANG DAIGDIG
HILLCREST
9 TOP DESTINATIONS 10 THE DAY THE DANCERS CAME
 Lecture Objectives

Analyze the historical context and societal

01 dynamics reflected in Philippine literature
during the Republic era (1946-1985).

Identify and examine the literary

02 characteristics, themes, and motifs prevalent
in prominent literary works from this period.

Explore the significance of Filipino writers'

03 contributions in shaping national identity,
critiquing social injustices, and advocating
for societal change through their literary
expressions.
 I T E R A R Y
L C E S !
DE V I
How to play
Let's Play a Quiz Game on Literary
Devices! Are you ready to put your
figurative language knowledge to the
test? Take part in this engaging and
enjoyable quiz with some exciting
questions.
RO U N D
O N E !

SIMILE
 Which Simile
creates an atmosphere of danger?
The spider crept forward like a
01 stealthy assassin on a mission.

The spider crept forward like a graceful

02 dancer performing a delicate routine.

The spider crept forward like a cautious

03 traveler on an unknown path.
 Which Simile
creates an atmosphere of danger?
The spider crept forward like a
01 stealthy assassin on a mission.
RO U N D
TW O !
METAPHOR
 Which Metaphor
best suggests determination.

01 An ant is a tiny soldier, marching

tirelessly towards its objective.

Ants are busy commuters, rushing to

02 and fro on their daily tasks.

Ants are skilled builders, constructing

03 intricate nests with precision and care.
 Which Metaphor
best suggests determination.

An ant is a tiny soldier, marching

02 tirelessly towards its objective.
RO U N D
TH R E E

PERSONIFICATION
Which Personified Sentence
best sets an angry tone?

01 The gentle breeze whispered calming

secrets to the rustling leaves.

The thunderous clouds growled with fury

02 in the face of the approaching storm.

The wind whispered secrets to the trees,

03 causing them to sway in disagreement.
Which Personified Sentence
best sets a angry tone?

The thunderous clouds growled with fury

02 in the face of the approaching storm.
RO U N D
F O U R

ALLITERATION
Which Alliterated Sentence
best sets a mysterious tone?

The phenomenal fireworks fiercely

01 illuminated the midnight sky.

Joyful jingles and jolly laughter filled the

02 jubilee.

The misty forest echoed with the sound

03 of ominous footsteps.
Which Alliterated Sentence
best sets a mysterious tone?

The misty forest echoed with the sound

03 of ominous footsteps.
RO U N D
F I V E

ONOMATOPOEIA
 Which use of Onomatopoeia
provides rhyme, rhythm and sound imagery.

01 The wind howled, hissed, and

whooshed.

Sally slipped with a whoop and bumped

02 down onto the slide.

The river slushed and rushed, bubbling

03 and gurgling along the rocks.
 Which use of Onomatopoeia
provides rhyme, rhythm and sound imagery.

The river slushed and rushed, bubbling

03 and gurgling along the rocks.
BO N U S
R O U N D

ARE YOUR READY?

Which Sentence Below
uses metaphor to describe spring?

01
The blooming flowers in springtime are
like fireworks exploding with color.

Springtime is a canvas painted with the

02 colors of new life.

As springtime arrives, the sun smiles

03 warmly upon the earth.
Which Sentence Below
uses metaphor to describe spring?

Springtime is a canvas painted with the

02 colors of new life.
Thank you!
For Playing
 P H I L I P P I N E S
TORICAL CONTEX
IS
H ER THE REPUB T
N D E LIC
U
 The aftermath of Japanese occupation
THE HISTORY 01 left the Philippine economy in ruins,
with collaboration becoming a
contentious issue.

Collaboration with the Japanese was

pardoned to maintain the credibility of
02 the ruling elite, crucial for the US
colonialists who relied on them as
intermediaries.

Treaties and agreements were signed

03 to strengthen the alliance with the US,

leading to economic dependencies and
military arrangements.
 PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER THE REPUBLIC

LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS
 Evolution of Literary Traditions
Literature saw a merging of traditions, with a
blend of Taga-bayan (educated, wealthy) and
Taga-bukid (less educated) cultures shaping
political entities.

TAGA-BUKID TAGA-BAYAN

EXERCISED POLITICAL POWER EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

AMERICAN INTELLIGENTIA ULTRANATIONALISTIC

Shift in Literary Focus:
There was a transition from protest-oriented
themes to sentimentality and escapism,
alongside a deeper exploration of indigenous
traditions, leading to existentialist themes
and a quest for national identity.
Engagement with Global Influences
Filipino writers engaged with American literature
and intellectualism, while also grappling with the
challenge of expressing Filipino experiences in
English, resulting in a diverse range of literary works
tackling social, psychological, and political themes.
CONCLUSION
Literature Under The Republic (1946-1985) ―History
is not the story of heroes entirely. It is often the
story of cruelty and injustice and shortsightedness.
There are monsters, there is evil, there is betrayal.
That’s why people should read Shakespeare and
Dickens as well as history—they will find the best,
the worst, the height of noble attainment and the
depths of depravity‖ - David McCullough
 P H I L I P P I N E S
ITERARY PIECES
L HE RE
D E R T H EP U B L
U N IC
Literature Under The Republic

Isang Dipang Langit by

Amado V. Hernandez
Bb. Rance Zopia Sangalang
 Amado V. Hernandez
Amado V. Hernandez, a notable Filipino writer, advocated for
"committed art," believing writers should serve as society's
conscience and uphold the human spirit amid injustice. He
significantly influenced Tagalog prose by simplifying its style to
resonate with colloquial speech, making his works more accessible
to a wider audience. Hernandez's seminal work, "Mga Ibong
Mandaragit," penned during his imprisonment, stands as the first
Filipino socio-political novel, addressing societal issues, particularly
agrarian problems, prevalent in the 1950s.

National Artist for Literature

(September 13, 1903 – May 24, 1970)
Literature Under The Republic

Isang Dipang Langit by

Amado V. Hernandez
SUMMARY
historical background
"Isang Dipang Langit" by Amado V. Hernandez
emerged during the tumultuous mid-20th century
in the Philippines, following independence from the
United States in 1946. The post-colonial era was
marked by economic challenges, political
corruption, and societal inequalities, amidst rapid
urbanization and industrialization. Dominated by
authoritarian regimes and plagued by human rights
violations, the period witnessed social discontent,
labor strikes, student protests, and the emergence
of communist insurgency as manifestations of
widespread dissatisfaction.
 “Isang Dipang Langit”
(An Arm’s Length Piece of the Sky)

Ako'y ipiniit ng linsil na puno I am held by an evil leader hangad

palibhasang diwa ko'y piitin, seeking to cage my thoughts
katawang marupok, aniya'ypagsuko, a body weak, he says, is surrender,
damdami'y supil na't mithiin ay supil. emotions suppressed, advocacy hindered.

Ikinulong ako sa kutang malupit: I am kept in a cruel place: bato,

bakal, punlo, balasik ng bantay; rock, steel, bullets,ferocious
guards; lubos na tiwalag sa buong daigdig isolated from the world
at inaring kahit buhay man ay patay. alive, treatedas dead.
 “Isang Dipang Langit”
(An Arm’s Length Piece of the Sky)

Sa munting dungawan, tanging abot-malas From the little window, my sole consolation
ay sandipang langit na puno ng luha, An arm's length piece of the sky, full of tears,
Apaltry handkerchief to dress a wounded
maramot na birang ng pusong may sugat,
heart,
watawat ng aking pagkapariwara. flag of my misfortune.

Sintalim ng kidlat ang mata ng tanod, Sharp as lightning are the guards' eyes,
sa pintong may susi't walang makalapit; at the gates, with keys,no one can go near;
sigaw ng bilanggo sa katabing moog, the scream from a nearby cell anaki'y
atungal ng hayop sa yungib. resembles a cave animal's howl.
 “Isang Dipang Langit”
(An Arm’s Length Piece of the Sky)

Ang maghapo'y tila isang tanikala Days pass like a chain na kala-
kaladkad ng paang madugo dragged along by bloody feet,
ang buong magdamag ay kulambong luksa the nights are a blanket of sorrow
ng kabaong waring lungga ng bilanggo. in the coffin-like realm of the jail.

Kung minsa'y magdaanang payak na yabag, Sometimes, quiet footsteps pass,

kawil ng kadena ang kumakalanding; with a line of rattling, clinkingchains;
sa maputlang araw saglit ibibilad, to the pale sun momentarily exposed,
sanlibong aninong iniluwang dilim. a thousand shadowsescape.
 “Isang Dipang Langit”
(An Arm’s Length Piece of the Sky)

Kung minsan, ang gabi'y biglang magulantang Sometimes, the night is awakened
sa hudyat - may takas! - at asod ng punlo; by an alarm - an escapee! - gunfire!
kung minsa'y tumangis ang lumang batingaw, sometimes the old bell cries,
sa bitayang moog, may naghihingalo. at the execution den, someone lies `
dying.
At ito ang tanging daigdig ko ngayon - And this is my only world now-
bilangguang mandi'y libingan ng buhay; the prison house,a graveyard of the living;
sampu, dalawampu, at lahat ng taon ten, twenty,and all of my years
ng buong
buhay ko'y dito mapipigtal. my whole life will be here.
 “Isang Dipang Langit”
(An Arm’s Length Piece of the Sky)

Nguni't yaring diwa'y walang takot-hirap But a resolute mind knows not fear noagony
at batis pa rin itong aking puso: and hope still springs in my heart: piita'y
bahagi ng pakikilamas, imprisonment is part of the struggle,
mapiit ay tanda ng di pagsuko. jail, the fate of the embattled.

Ang tao't Bathala ay di natutulog Man and God do not sleep

at di habang araw ang api ay api, the unfortunate won't stay oppressed,
tanang paniniil ay may pagtutuos, tyranny has a price to pay,
habang may Bastilya'y may bayang gaganti. while a Bastille exists,people will resist.
 “Isang Dipang Langit”
(An Arm’s Length Piece of the Sky)

At bukas, diyan din, aking matatanaw And tomorrow, in this very place, I
sa sandipang langit na wala nang luha, will see
an arm's length piece of the sky with no
sisikat ang gintong araw ng tagumpay... more tears,
layang sasalubong ako sa paglaya! The golden sun of victory will shine...
free, freedom I'll embrace!
CHARACTERISTICS:
LITERATURE DURING THAT PERIOD

01 Social Realism and 03 Nationalism

Activism
Empathy for
02 Social critique 04 marginalized groups
THEMES AND MOTIFS
"Isang Dipang Langit" explores themes such as:

1 LOVE FOR THE HOMELAND

2 STRUGGLE AGAINST OPPRESSION
3 HOPE AND RESILIENCE
 Literary Devices
Metaphor Imagery
01 "A Handful of Sky" symbolizes
02 Evocative descriptions of the
restricted opportunities Filipino landscape and its people

Symbolism
03 The sky signifies freedom and
aspirations
imagery

Ang maghapo'y tila isang tanikala na kala-

kaladkad ng paang madugo”
(Days pass like a chain dragged along by bloody
feet)
imagery

“maramot na birang ng pusong may sugat,

watawat ng aking pagkapariwara”

(a paltry handkerchief to dress a wounded

heart, flag of my misfortune).
 SIGNIFICANCE
"Isang Dipang Langit" underscores the potency of literature as a
catalyst for social change and empowerment. It underscores the
diversity of Filipino literary expressions and their capacity to
reflect the multifaceted human experience. Encouraging
exploration of literature from different cultures and epochs fosters
a deeper understanding and appreciation of our shared humanity.
literature under the republic

Ang Dapat Paniwalaan

by Jose F.Lacaba
Bb. Rance Zopia Sangalang
 JOSE F. LACABA
Jose F. Lacaba, born in 1945, was deeply involved in the
anti-dictatorship movement. As a journalist and activist, he
confronted issues of censorship and government
oppression in his writings. Lacaba's poetry, including "Ang
Dapat Paniwalaan," reflects his unwavering commitment to
social justice and democracy. His works are marked by
sharp political critique and a fearless stance against
authoritarianism.
literature under the republic

Ang Dapat Paniwalaan

by Jose F.Lacaba
SUMMARY
historical background
"Ang Dapat Paniwalaan" (What Must Be
Believed) by Jose F. Lacaba emerges from
the latter part of the 20th century, a
tumultuous period in Philippine history
characterized by the authoritarian rule of
President Ferdinand Marcos. Martial law
was declared in 1972, ushering in an era of
censorship, repression, and human rights
violations. The Marcos regime stifled
dissent, leading to the suppression of media
freedom and artistic expression.
 “Isang Dipang Langit”
(An Arm’s Length Piece of the Sky)

Siya’y pinalaki ng lolang palakuwento (He was raised by a story-teller grandma

kaya sa pagtulog ay laging kasiping hence, his bedtime companions were
ang kapre,tikbalang, multo, at maligno the kapre*,tikbalang**, ghost, and evil spirit
sanlibo’t isang panggabing pangitain, a thousand and one nightmares,
Itinuro sa kanya ng butihing lola His kind grandma taught him
(kasabay ng katon) ang lahat ng dasal all the prayers
antanda sa Latin, senyas at pangontra the sign of the cross in Latin, gestures
sa kapangyarihan ng aswang at kulam. and antidotes
the power of the sorcerer and witchcraft.
 “ ANG DAPAT PANIWALAAN”
by Jose F. Lacaba

Subalit pagpasoksa unibersidad, But in the university,

nang ang kanyang lola’y matagal nang patay long after the passing of his grandma,
natutuhan din niya kung ano ang dapat he eventually learned what an educated
person paniwalaan ng isang edukado; should believe in;
na ang dapat niyangkatakutan ay tao, that it is man he shouldfear,
at sa tao’y hindi dasal ang panlaban. and that prayer is not the weapon
againstman.)
CHARACTERISTICS:
LITERATURE DURING THAT PERIOD

01 Social Commentary 03 Satire

Resistance against
02 Persona 04
authoritarianism
THEMES AND MOTIFS
In "Ang Dapat Paniwalaan," Lacaba explores themes
such as:

1 TRUTH AND FALSEHOOD

2 POWER AND OPPRESSION
3 RESISTANCE AND DEFIANCE
 Literary Devices
Metaphor Irony
01 02 "Believe not only in your memory, /
Believe in what you see and
touch, / Not in what you hear" For memory is an echo of the
(excerpt from the poem). past" (excerpt from the poem).

Symbolism
03 The poem paints vivid images of truth
and falsehood, power and oppression.
 SIGNIFICANCE
"Ang Dapat Paniwalaan" stands as a testament to the power of
literature in challenging authoritarianism and advocating for
freedom and justice. Jose F. Lacaba's poem reflects the cultural
context of the Philippines, where beliefs in superstitions and
folklore are deeply ingrained in traditional households. The poem
explores themes of tradition versus modernity, education, and the
evolution of beliefs. The motifs of supernatural entities and rituals
serve as symbols of the protagonist's upbringing and the gradual
shift in his worldview. Overall, the poem offers a commentary on
the complexity of belief systems and the role of education in
challenging and reshaping them.
literature under the republic

Gabi ng Isang Piyon by

Lamberto Antonio
bb. Raven Non
 Lamberto Antonio
Filipino writer

Born on November 9, 1946

He was one of many writers who shared

stories and ideas about Filipino life
during this period.

Gabi ng Isang Piyon by Lamberto Antonio

Gabi ng Isang Piyon by Lamberto Antonio
 Paano ka makakatulog?
Iniwan man ng mga palad mo ang pala,
Martilyo, tubo’t kawad at iba pang kasangkapan,
Alas-singko’y hindi naging hudyat upang
Umibis ang graba’t semento sa iyong hininga.
Sa karimlan mo nga lamang maaaring ihabilin
Ang kirot at silakbo ng iyong himaymay:
Mga lintos, galos, hiwa ng daliri braso’t utak
Kapag binabanig na ang kapirasong playwud,
Mga kusot o supot-semento sa ulilang
Sulok ng gusaling nakatirik.
Binabalisa ka ng paggawa —
(Hindi ka maidlip kahit sagad-buto ang pagod mo)
Dugo’t pawis pang lalangkap
Sa buhangin at sementong hinahalo na kalamnang
Itatapal mo sa bakal na mga tadyang:
Kalansay na nabubuong dambuhala mula
Sa pagdurugo mo bawat saglit; kapalit
Ang kitang di-maipantawid-gutom ng pamilya,
Pag-asam sa bagong kontrata at dalanging paos.
Paano ka matutulog kung sa bawat paghiga mo’y
Unti-unting nilalagom ng bubungang sakdal-tayog
Ang mga bituin? Maaari ka nga lamang
Mag-usisa sa dilim kung bakit di umiibis
Ang graba’t ‘semento sa iyong hininga…
Kung nabubuo sa guniguni mo maya’t maya
Na ikaw ay mistulang bahagi ng iskapold
Na kinabukasa’y babaklasin mo rin.

Gabi ng Isang Piyon by Lamberto Antonio

Characteristics

Realism
Social Commentary
 Themes

Hardship and Struggle

Hope and Resilience
 Literary Devices

Imagery: "kalansay na nabubuong dambuhala" (bones forming into a

giant) to depict the toll of labor on the body.
Symbolism: "night" could symbolize the darkness and hardships
faced by the laborer and the "piyon" (laborer) may symbolize the
struggles of the working class in Filipino society.
Metaphor: "ang mga bituin" (the stars) could represent the laborer's
dreams or aspirations.
 Significance

The significance of "Gabi ng Isang Piyon" lies in its

portrayal of the struggles and resilience of Filipino
laborers, emphasizing the diversity of experienceces
within Filipino society during the post-independence
period.
literature under the republic

The World is an Apple

by Alberto Florentino
bb. Raven Non
 Alberto Florentino
The author and playwright of the famed
“The World is an Apple."
He was born on July 28, 1931
Florentino's writing often explored
social issues and human relationships,
reflecting the struggles and aspirations
of ordinary Filipino people.

“The World is an Apple” by Alberto Florentino

“The World is an Apple” by Alberto Florentino

Characters
Mario : the protagonist of the play, a Filipino man in his thirties who
struggles to provide for his family. Despite facing financial
hardships, Mario is deeply in love with his wife, Gloria, and cares for
their young daughter.
Gloria: Mario's wife and the mother of their daughter. She is depicted
as a caring and supportive partner who stands by Mario despite
their financial struggles.
Jerry: Mario's former boss who reappears in their lives with a
tempting job offer.
Characteristic of the play

Realism
Moral Dilemmas
 Themes

Love and Sacrifice

Betrayal and Redemption
Materialism vs. Morality
 Literary Devices

Symbolism: The apple serves as a powerful symbol throughout the

play, representing temptation, desire, and the consequences of moral
choices.
Foreshadowing: Early hints and suggestions in the dialogue and
actions of the characters foreshadow the eventual conflicts and
dilemmas they will face later in the play.
Imagery: Vivid imagery is used to evoke the setting, emotions, and
atmosphere of the play, helping to immerse the audience in the story.
 Significance

"The World is an Apple" holds significant importance in its

portrayal of the struggles faced by marginalized individuals
and families, highlighting the pervasive impact of poverty and
materialism on society. By focusing on the experiences of
Mario and Gloria, the play emphasizes the diversity of Filipino
narratives and underscores the universal themes of love,
sacrifice, and moral dilemma.
literature under the republic

Another Invitation of
the Pope to Visit Tondo
Bb. Kriselle Dela Fuente
 Emmanuel Torres
01 •Born in April 29, 1932

•poet, art critic, professor of English and

Comparative Literature at the ateneo de
manila

•Curator of the Art Gallery from 1960-2001

•The Poem was set during 1960's

•Originally, the poem was entitled the

"The Poem visited Tondo"
 "Another Visitation of the Pope in Tondo"

Next time your Holiness slums We will show uoi how we pull
through our lives, things together
we will try to make our poverty from nowhere, life after life,
exemplary. prosper with children, whom you
The best is a typhoon month. It love. To be sure,
never fails we shall have more for you to
To find us, like charity, knocking on love.
all sides of the rough
arrangements we thrive in.
Mud shall be plenty for the feet of
the pious.
 We will show you where the
sun leaks on We will show you our latest
child with a sore
our sleep,
that never sleeps. When he
on the dailiness of piece meals
cries,
and wages
the dogs of the afternoon bark
with their habit of slipping
without stopping,
away and evening darkens early on
from fists that have holes for the mats.
pockets.
Stay for supper of turnips on our And lead prayers for the family that
table starves
since 1946 swollen with the same and stays together. If we wear roasries
hard tears. round
The buntings over our one and our nexks
it is not because they never bruise our
only window
fingers,
shall welcome a short breeze. (Pardon if we doze on a dream of
Amen.)
 Shed no tears, please, for the brown
multitudes
But remember to remember to who thicken on chance and feast on
reward us leftovers
with something . . . more lush, as the burning garbage smuts the sky
greener than all of Manila
the lawns of memorial parks pile after pile after pile.
singing together.
Our eyes shall bless the liveliness Fear not. Now there are only surreal
assassins
of dollars.
about who dream of your death in the
shape
of a flowering kris.
CHARACTERISTIC
•Vivid Imagery

•Social Commentary

•Symbolism
THEMES
•Poverty and Struggle

•Faith and Hope

Significance
literature under the republic

Valediction Sa Hillcrest

Bb. Kriselle Dela Fuente

 Rolando Tinio
01
•Born on March 5, 1937, in Gagalangin,
Tondo, Manila

•Filipino poet, dramatist, director,

actor, critic, essayist,educator,
screenwriter and performer in films.
 "Valediction sa Hillcrest"

Pagkacollect ng Railway Express sa aking Strangely absolute ang impression

things Ng hilera ng mga pintong
(Deretso na iyon sa barko while I take the nagpuprusisyon:
plane.) Individual identification, parang mummy
Inakyat kong muli ang N-311, at dahil dead cases,
of winter, De-nameplate, de-numero, de-hometown
Nakatopcoat at galoshes akong address.
Nagright-turn sa N wing ng mahabang Antiseptic ang atmosphere, streamlined
dilim yet.
(Tunnel yatang aabot hanggang Tundo.) Kung hindi catacomb, at least
Kinapa ko ang switch sa hall. E filing cabinet.
Sa isang pitik, nagshrink ang imaginary
tunnel,
Nagparang ataol.
Or catacomb.
 Filing, hindi naman deaths, ha.
Remembrances, oo. Yung medyo At pagkabukas ko sa
malapot kuwarto,
Dahil alam mo na, I’m quitting the Hubo’t hubad na ang
place mattresses,
After two and a half years. Wala nang kutson sa easy
After two and a half years, chair,
Di man nagkatiyempong mag-ugat, Mga drawer ng bureau’y
ika nga, nakanganga,
Siyempre’y nagging attached, Sabay-sabay nag-ooration,
parang morning glory’ng Nagkahiyaan, nabara.
Mahirap mapaknit sa alambreng
trellis.
 Of course, tuloy ang radiator sa Bueno, let’s get it over with.
paggaralgal: It’s a long walk to the depot.
Nasa New York na si Bob and the two Tama na ang sophistication-
Allans, sophistication.
Yung mga quarterbacks across the hall
Pihadong panay ang display sa Des Sa steep incline, pababa sa
Moines. highway
Don ang Cosntance aren’t coming back at Where all things level, sabi nga,
all. There’s a flurry, ang gentle-
Gusto ko nang magpaalam– gentle.
to whom? Pagwhoosh-whoosh ng paa ko,
The drapes? The washbowl? Sa double- The snow melts right under:
decker
Na pinaikot-ikot naming ni Kandaswamy Nagtutubig parang asukal,
To create space, hopeless, talagang Humuhulas,
impossible. nagsesentimental.
Of course, tuloy ang radiator sa
paglagutok.
(And the stone silence,
nakakaiyak kung sumagot.)
Characteristics
•Sentimentalism

•Descriptive Language

•Symbolism
Themes
•Farewell

•Value of Culture and tradition

Significance
literature under the republic

Maganda pa ang
Daigdig
Bb. Hazel Millo
“Maganda pa ang Daigdig” by Lazaro
Francisco
(The World is Still Beautiful)
Francisco’s literacy career began in
1930s. “Maganda pa ang Daigdig” was
published in 1946.
American Colonial Period (1898-1946)
Hacienda System and Land Tenure
Rural Poverty and Social Injustice
 Summary
Lino Rivera - the protagonist, a farmer
who hails from a low-income farming
family
Ernesto - Lino's eleven-year-old son in
grade 4. He lost his mother to Japanese
rape
Bb. Sanchez- A teacher in Pinyahan, she
looked after Ernesto while Lino was
away
 Summary
Padre Amando- a priest and the uncle
of Bb. Sanchez
Captain Roda - He is the long-term
admirer of Bb. Sanchez, the military
chief opposing the Hukbalahap
Commander Hantik- the leader of the
Hukbalahap
CHARACTERISTICS
Realism

Social Commentary

Resistance and Hope

Simplicity and Accesibility

THEMES
LOVE
SACRIFICE
RESILIENCE
SOCIAL INJUSTICE
NATIONAL IDENTITY
RELIGOUS IMAGERY
 SIGNIFICANCE

The significance of "Maganda

pa ang Daigdig" lies in its
message of hope,
perseverance, and resilience in
the face of difficulties.
 Jose Garcia Villa
He was a Filipino poet, writer, and critic
He used the pen name “Devoglion”
He was born on August 5, 1908 in Manila
During his college years, he wrote Man
Songs

“Visiting Poverty ” by Jose Garcia Villa

literature under the republic

Visiting Poverty
Bb. Charlene Abad
 "Visiting Poverty"

"Visiting Poverty" by Jose Vila is a short story that follows

a wealthy woman's eye-opening experience as she visits a
poor neighborhood. Initially detached and curious, she
encounters the stark realities of poverty through
interactions with the residents. Witnessing their struggles
and resilience prompts her to reflect on her own privilege
and ignorance. The story serves as a commentary on
empathy, privilege, and the need for understanding in
addressing socioeconomic disparity.
 INTRODUCTION
"The story begins with a wealthy woman, the
protagonist, deciding to venture into a poor
neighborhood out of curiosity. She approaches
the experience with a sense of detachment and
perhaps even superiority, unaware of the
impact it will have on her worldview.
 RISING ACTION
As the protagonist explores the impoverished
neighborhood, she encounters various individuals
living in poverty. She sees children playing in the
streets, adults struggling to find work, and the overall
dismal living conditions. These encounters gradually
challenge her preconceived notions and prompt her to
confront her own privilege.
 CLIMAX
The climax occurs when the protagonist has a moment of
realization or epiphany, often triggered by a specific
interaction or observation. In "Visiting Poverty," the climax
might occur when the protagonist has a meaningful
conversation with one of the residents, witnessing their
resilience in the face of adversity. This moment marks a
turning point in her understanding of poverty and her own
role in addressing it.
 FALLING ACTION
Following the climax, the story's tension begins
to subside as the protagonist grapples with
her newfound awareness. She may reflect on
her experiences and consider how they will
shape her future actions and perspectives. This
phase is characterized by introspection and
internal conflict.
 RESOLUTION
The resolution of the story involves the protagonist
coming to terms with her privilege and committing to
making a positive change. She may vow to use her
resources and influence to support those living in
poverty, or she may simply resolve to approach the
world with more empathy and humility. The resolution
provides a sense of closure and may hint at the
protagonist's potential for personal growth and
transformation.
 The Characters

A young woman from a weathy family

Poor residents of the slum
 Themes

Poverty
Social Inequality
Limits of empathy
 Important Quotation

"One can't know poverty unless

one is poor, and one can't be poor
unless one wants to be poor."
literature under the republic

Footnote to Youth
Bb. Charlene Abad
 Footnote of Youth is a
Philippine literature written
by Jose Garcia Villa.

This book is about how a boy

and a girl experienced what
real life is at an early age
because of their naiveness
and stubbornnes.

Footnote to Youth
 The Characters

Dodong - A 17-year-old youth wanting to marry his sweetheart.

Teang - The girl whom Dodong wanted to marry.
Dodong's father
Dodong's mother
Lucio - A former suitor of Teang who was nine years older than
Dodong.
Blas - Dodong's eldest son.
Tona - The girlfriend of Blas.
 Themes

The ignorance of youth

Fear and inaction
The phases of life
 Literary Devices

Symbolism
Sensory Imagery
y
 SIGNIFICANCE
Footnote to Youth accentuates
the nature of teenage marriage
to impress upon the youth its
entailing difficulties
literature under the republic

The Day the Dancers

Came
Bb. Angela Tabuno
 Bienvenido N. Santos
- Bienvenido Santos was a
Filipino-American author and
diplomat. He was born on March
22, 1911, in Tondo, Manila,
Philippines, and died on January
7, 1996, in the United States.
Santos is best known for his
literary works that explore the
experiences and struggles of
Filipino immigrants in America.
The Day the Dancers Came
By:
Bienvenido Santos
- is a 1955 short story
- originally published 1955
- a classic work of the Filipino
diaspora.
 The Characters

• Filemon Acayan- was a Filipino immigrant in Chicago who

missed his native country and worked as a special policeman at
the post office

•Tony Bataller- was a retired pullman porter who battles a skin

condition known as tinea flava

• The Philippine Dancers- the group that Fil wants to see dance
and perform in Chicago
Characteristics

• Realism
• Moral dilemmas
 Themes

Cultural Identity and belongingness

Time and memory

Sacrifice and struggle

 Literary Devices
• Symbolism -The dancers signifies the Filipino culture and the s
of longing for homeland.
Incorporates vivid and descriptive imagery.
• Imagery-
"The music flowed through the room like a gentle rive
• Metaphor -
“The bustling city streets were filled with people going about their dail
lives, oblivious to the vibrant celebration happening just a few blocks awa
• Irony -
The Day the Dancers Came
by: Bienvenido Santos
 Significance

The Day the Dancers Came” portrays a man's

struggle for belongingness in a place where he
thought he would finally have a good life. It
focuses on how Fil, a Filipino migrant in America,
tries to be optimistic on his life in America
despite events that show him otherwise.
Pasalaysay
Pangungusap na ginagamit tuwing nagkukuwento.
Karaniwang nagtatapos sa tuldok (.)

Halimbawa:
"Pangarap ni Bb. De Silva na pumunta sa Egypt."
Pautos
Pangungusap na ginagamit para sa mga bagay na
kailangang gawin at sundin.

Halimbawa:
"Magluto ka ng tanghalian."
Pasalaysay
Pangungusap na ginagamit tuwing nagkukuwento.
Karaniwang nagtatapos sa tuldok (.)

Halimbawa:
"Pangarap ni Bb. De Silva na pumunta sa Egypt."
Pautos
Pangungusap na ginagamit para sa mga bagay na
kailangang gawin at sundin.

Halimbawa:
"Magluto ka ng tanghalian."
Pautos
Pangungusap na ginagamit para sa mga bagay na
kailangang gawin at sundin.

Halimbawa:
"Magluto ka ng tanghalian."
Patanong
Pangungusap na ginagamit tuwing nagsisiyasat o
nagtatanong. Nagtatapos sa tandang pananong (?)

Halimbawa:
"Kumain ka na ba?"
Padamdam
Pangungusap na napapakita ng damdamin. Ginagamit
tuwing tayo ay masaya, malungkot, galit, o takot.
Karaniwang nagtatapos sa tandang padamdam (!)
Halimbawa:
"Naku! Sira na a yung sapatos!"