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    Fluid Prob 1

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    asaf

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    Fluid Prob 1

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    7 views3 pages

    Fluid Prob 1

    Uploaded by

    asaf

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Topics in fluid mechanics 2022

    Problem sheet 1. B1, B2, A3, C4.

    1. A thin incompressible liquid film flows in two dimensions (x, z) between a solid
    base z = 0 where the horizontal (x) component of the velocity is U (t), and may
    depend on time, and a stationary upper solid surface z = h(x), where a no slip
    condition applies. The upper surface is of horizontal length l, and is open to the
    atmosphere at the ends. Write down the equations and boundary conditions
    describing the flow, and non-dimensionalise them assuming that U (t) ∼ U0 .
    (You may neglect gravity.)
    Assuming ε = d/l is sufficiently small, where d is a measure of the gap width,
    rescale the variables suitably, and derive an approximate equation for the pres-
    sure p. Hence derive a formal solution if the block is of finite length l, and
    the pressure is atmospheric at each end, and obtain an expression
    Rh involving
    integrals of powers of h for the horizontal fluid flux, q(t) = 0 u dz.

    2. A (two-dimensional) droplet rests on a rough surface z = b and is subject


    to gravity g and surface tension γ. Write down the equations and boundary
    conditions which govern its motion, non-dimensionalise them, and assuming the
    depth at the summit d is much less than the half-width l, derive an approximate
    equation for the evolution in time of the depth h. Show that the horizontal
    velocity scale is
    ρgd3
    U= ,
    µl
    and derive an approximate set of equations assuming
    d U
    ε=  1, F = √  1.
    l gd
    Hence show that   
    ∂ 1 3 1
    ht = 3
    h sx − sxxx .
    ∂x B

    Find a steady state solution of this equation for the case of a flat base, assum-
    ing that the droplet area A and a contact angle θ = εφ are prescribed, with
    φ ∼ O(1), and show that it is unique. Explain how the solution chooses the
    unknowns d and l.

    3. A droplet of thickness h satisfies the equation


    ∂ 1 3 
    ht = h hx .
    ∂x 3
    Find a similarity solution of this equation which describes the spread of a drop
    of area one which is initially concentrated at the origin (i. e., h(x, 0) = δ(x)).

    1
    4. A three-dimensional droplet , subject to gravity and resting on a flat horizontal
    surface z = 0, has surface z = h(x, y, t), on which the pressure is given by
    p = γ∇. n, where n is the unit upward normal to the surface. Show that this
    condition can be written in the form
     
    ∇h
    p = −γ∇. ,
    {1 + |∇h|2 }1/2
     
    ∂ ∂
    where now (and below) ∇ is the horizontal gradient , .
    ∂x ∂y
    Use the assumptions of lubrication theory to derive the dimensionless droplet
    equation   
    1 3 1 2
    ht = 3 ∇. h ∇ h − ∇h ,
    Bo
    and define the Bond number Bo.
    Suppose that Bo = ∞ (what does this mean in terms of the surface tension?),
    and that a concentrated dollop of fluid of dimensionless volume 2π is released
    at r = 0 at t = 0. By seeking a similarity solution of the form
    1 r
    h= α
    f (η), η = β ,
    t t
    derive and solve an equation for f , and hence show that the droplet is bounded
    by a moving front at
    r ≈ 1.55 t1/8 .
     5/8
    2
    [Hint: 2 · ≈ 1.55.]
    3
    Now suppose that Bo < ∞. Explain why we may take Bo = 1. Assuming this,
    and a boundary condition that hr = −S where h = 0, show that the steady
    solution satisfies
    1
    hrr + hr − h = −K,
    r
    where K is constant, and deduce that
    S[I0 (λ) − I0 (r)]
    h= ,
    I00 (λ)
    where I0 (r) is the modified Bessel function of the first kind, and r = λ is the
    drop margin.
    Suppose that the dimensionless volume V of the drop is prescribed, so that
    Z λ
    V
    rh(r) dr = .
    0 2π
    We want to show that this determines λ uniquely. By consideration of the
    equation for h, show that
     
    λI0 (λ) V
    L(λ) ≡ λ 0
    −1 = ;
    2I0 (λ) 2πS

    2
    λ will thus be unique if L(λ) is monotonically increasing.
    Try plotting L(λ) on Mathematica, Matlab or some plotting program of your
    choice to confirm that it is in fact monotone increasing.

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