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Quantum

The document discusses quantum machine learning and how quantum computers could be used as accelerators for machine learning. It covers new quantum machine learning models being studied, the need for specialized algorithms and software, and how quantum circuits can be trained using techniques like variational circuits and quantum-aware backpropagation.

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Shivanjali Kumari
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39 views27 pages

Quantum

The document discusses quantum machine learning and how quantum computers could be used as accelerators for machine learning. It covers new quantum machine learning models being studied, the need for specialized algorithms and software, and how quantum circuits can be trained using techniques like variational circuits and quantum-aware backpropagation.

Uploaded by

Shivanjali Kumari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quantum Machine Learning

Nathan Killoran
Quantum computers are good at:

Quantum physics Linear algebra Sampling Optimization


Quantum Machine Learning papers
Quantum Machine Learning
• AI/ML already uses special-purpose processors: GPUs, TPUs, ASICs

• Quantum computers (QPUs) could be used as special-purpose AI


accelerators

• May enable training of previously intractable models


New AI models
• Quantum computing can also lead to
new machine learning models

• Examples currently being studied are:


- Kernel methods
- Boltzmann machines
- Tensor Networks
- Variational circuits
- Quantum Neural Networks
LESSONS FROM
DEEP LEARNING
Why is Deep Learning successful?

● Hardware advancements (GPUs)

● Workhorse algorithms
(backpropagation, stochastic
gradient descent)

● Specialized, user-friendly software


What can we leverage?

● Hardware advancements (GPUs + QPUs)

● Workhorse algorithms
(quantum-aware backpropagation,
stochastic gradient descent)

● Specialized, user-friendly software


TRAINING
QUANTUM CIRCUITS
Key Concepts for QML
● Variational circuits

● Quantum circuit learning

● Quantum nodes

● Hybrid computation
Variational Circuits
● Main QML method for near-term (NISQ) devices

● Same basic structure as other modern algorithms:


○ Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE)
○ Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz
(QAOA)

I. Preparation of a fixed initial state

II. Quantum circuit; input data and


free parameters are used as gate
arguments

III. Measurement of fixed observable


How to ‘train’ quantum circuits?
Two approaches:
I. Simulator-based
- Build simulation inside existing classical library
- Can leverage existing optimization & ML tools
- Great for small circuits, but not scalable

II. Hardware-based
- No access to quantum information; only have
measurements & expectation values
- Needs to work as hardware becomes more powerful
and cannot be simulated
Gradients of quantum circuits
● Training strategy: use gradient descent algorithms.

● Need to compute gradients of variational circuit outputs


w.r.t. their free parameters.

● How can we compute gradients of quantum circuits when


even simulating their output is classically intractable?
The ‘parameter shift’ trick
Quantum Circuit Learning
● Use the same device to compute a function and its gradient
○ “Parameter shift” differentiation rule: gives exact gradients

○ Minimal overhead to compute gradients vs. original circuit

○ Optimize circuits using gradient descent

○ Compatible with classical backpropagation: hybrid models are end-to-end


differentiable
Note:
This is not finite differences!

• Exact
• No restriction on the shift – in general,
we want a macroscopic shift
Quantum Nodes

● Classical and quantum information


are distinct

● QNode: common interface for


quantum and classical devices
○ Classical device sees a callable
parameterized function

○ Quantum device sees fine-grained circuit


details
Hybrid Computation
● Use QPU with classical coprocessor

○ Classical optimization loop

○ Pre-/post-process quantum circuit outputs

○ Arbitrarily structured hybrid computations


PENNYLANE
PennyLane
“The TensorFlow of quantum computing”
• Train a quantum computer
the same way as a neural
network

• Designed to scale as
quantum computers grow
in power

• Compatible with Xanadu,


IBM, Rigetti, and Microsoft
platforms https://github.com/XanaduAI/pennylane
https://pennylane.ai
Comes with a growing plugin ecosystem, supporting a wide
range of quantum hardware and classical software

Q#
PennyLane Example
PennyLane Example
PennyLane Summary
• Run and optimize directly on quantum
hardware (GPU→QPU)

• “Quantum-aware” implementation of backpropagation

• Hardware agnostic and extensible via plugins

• Open-source and extensively documented

• Use-cases:

○ Machine learning on large-scale


quantum computations

○ Hybrid quantum-classical machine


learning
https://github.com/XanaduAI/pennylane
https://pennylane.ai

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