MAHARSHI DAYAYAND UNIVERSITY

ROHTAK (124001)

ASSIGNMENT ON :-
Major components of Artificial intelligence and Machine
learning

SUBMITTED TO :- SUBMITTED BY :-
Jaya
Prof. (Dr.) Harish Dureja
M.Pharmacy 4th sem (IP)
Roll No.- 1007
Subject :- VAC in AI/ML

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,

Maharshi Dayanand University
Rohtak, 124001
➢ Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

▪ Machine learning and artificial intelligence are two closely related fields that are
revolutionizing the way we interact with technology. Machine learning refers to the
process of teaching computers to learn from data, without being explicitly programmed
to do so. This involves using algorithms and statistical models to find patterns in data,
and then using these patterns to make predictions or decisions.

▪ Artificial intelligence, on the other hand, is a broader field that encompasses machine
learning as well as other approaches to building intelligent systems. Artificial
intelligence is concerned with creating machines that can perform tasks that would
normally require human intelligence, such as recognizing speech, understanding natural
language, and making decisions based on complex data.

▪ The goal of both machine learning and artificial intelligence is to create machines that
can learn and adapt to new situations, without the need for explicit programming. By
enabling computers to learn from data and make decisions based on that data, we can
create systems that are more accurate, more efficient, and more effective at performing
a wide range of tasks.

▪ Machine learning and artificial intelligence are being used in a wide variety of
applications, from self-driving cars and virtual assistants to medical diagnosis and fraud
detection. As the technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more
innovative applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence in the future.

Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning

AI manages more comprehensive issues of Machine Learning (ML) manages to influence

automating a system. This users’ machines to gain from the external
computerization should be possible by environment. This external environment can
utilizing any field such as image be sensors, electronic segments, external
Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning

processing, cognitive science, neural storage gadgets, and numerous other devices.
systems, machine learning, etc.

What ML does, depends on the user input or a

query requested by the client, the framework
checks whether it is available in the
AI manages the making of machines,
knowledge base or not. If it is available, it
frameworks, and different gadgets savvy
will restore the outcome to the user related to
by enabling them to think and do errands
that query, however, if it isn’t stored initially,
as all people generally do.
the machine will take in the user input and
will enhance its knowledge base, to give a
better value to the end-user

Objective is to maximize the chance of

Objective is to maximize accuracy.
success.

Artificial intelligence uses logic and

Machine learning uses statistical models.
decision tree.

AI is concerned with knowledge

ML is concerned with knowledge
dissemination and conscious Machine
accumulation.
actions.

Focuses on providing the means for

Focuses on giving machines cognitive and
algorithms and system to learn from the
intellectual capabilities similar to thone of
experience with data and use that experience
humans.
to improve overtime.
Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning

AI encompasses a collection of ML can be done through supervised ,

intelligence concepts, including elements unsupervised or reinforcement learning
of perception, planning and prediction. approaches.

Future Scope:

• Artificial Intelligence is here to stay and is going nowhere. It digs out the facts from
algorithms for a meaningful execution of various decisions and goals predetermined
by a firm.

• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are likely to replace the current model
of technology that we see these days, for example, traditional programming
packages like ERP and CRM are certainly losing their charm.

• Firms like Facebook, and Google are investing a hefty amount in AI to get the
desired outcome at a relatively lower computational time.

• Artificial Intelligence is something that is going to redefine the world of software

and IT in the near future.

Advantages :

The advantages of machine learning and artificial intelligence are many, and include:

1. Efficiency: Machine learning and artificial intelligence can automate complex

processes and make them more efficient. This can save time and resources, and
allow businesses to focus on more strategic tasks.
 2. Accuracy: Machine learning algorithms can analyze data and make predictions
with a high degree of accuracy. This can lead to better decision-making and more
accurate results.

3. Personalization: Machine learning and artificial intelligence can be used to

personalize products and services to individual users, based on their preferences and
behavior.

4. Scalability: Machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms can be applied

to large amounts of data, allowing organizations to scale their operations and handle
larger volumes of information.

5. Innovation: Machine learning and artificial intelligence can be used to identify new
opportunities and create innovative solutions to complex problems.

6. Cost savings: By automating processes and increasing efficiency, machine learning

and artificial intelligence can help organizations save money and reduce costs.

Dis-advantages :

1. Complexity: Machine learning and artificial intelligence systems can be complex

and difficult to implement, requiring specialized expertise and resources.

2. Bias: Machine learning algorithms can sometimes produce biased results,

depending on the data that is used to train them. This can lead to unfair or
discriminatory outcomes.

3. Lack of transparency: Some machine learning and artificial intelligence systems

are considered “black boxes,” meaning that it can be difficult to understand how
they arrived at a particular decision or prediction.
 4. Security concerns: Machine learning and artificial intelligence systems can be
vulnerable to attacks and hacking attempts, which could compromise sensitive data
and systems.

5. Job displacement: As automation becomes more prevalent, there may be concerns

about job displacement and the impact on the workforce.

6. Data quality: Machine learning and artificial intelligence systems rely on high-
quality data to function effectively. Poor quality data can lead to inaccurate
predictions and decisions.

➢ Basic Components of AI
AI is a machine’s ability to perceive, synthesize, and infer information and then perform
cognitive functions often associated with the human mind.

1. Learning

▪ Learning is a crucial component of AI as it enables AI systems to learn from data and

improve performance without being explicitly programmed by a human.

▪ AI technology learns by labeling data, discovering patterns within the data, and
reinforcing this learning via feedback, often in the form of rewards or punishments.
Punishments are negative values associated with undesirable outcomes or actions.

Example: Voice recognition systems like Siri or Alexa learn correct grammar and the skeleton
of a language.

2. Reasoning and Decision Making

▪ The second major component of AI is reasoning and decision-making. AI systems can

use logical rules, probabilistic models, and algorithms to draw conclusions and make
inferred decisions.
 ▪ When faced with problems or issues, AI models should use reasoning to generate
consistent results.

Example: A writing assistant, like Grammarly, knows when or when not to add commas and
other punctuation marks.

3. Problem Solving

▪ Problem solving in AI is similar to reasoning and decision making. AI systems take in

data, manipulate it and apply it to create a solution that solves a specific problem.

Example: A chess game understands its opponent’s moves and then decides to make the best
decision based on the game’s rules and predicting future moves and outcomes.

4. Perception

▪ The fourth and final component of AI is perception. Perception refers to AI utilizing

different real or artificial sense organs. The AI system can take in data and perceive
suggested objects, and understand its physical relationship (e.gl, distance) to said objects.

▪ Perception often involves image recognition, object detection, image segmentation, and
video analysis.

Example: Self-driving cars gather visual data to recognize roads, lanes, and obstacles and then
map these objects. See the example below of a Tesla 3’s navigational map.

❖ The development and implementation of AI has become increasingly important in

various fields, including:
The importance of AI lies in its ability to automate complex tasks, improve decision-making
processes, and enhance the overall efficiency of various industries.
 ▪ Healthcare: AI is used to assist doctors and healthcare professionals in diagnosing
diseases, predicting patient outcomes, and developing treatment plans.

▪ Finance: AI is used in the finance industry to detect fraudulent activities, automate

investment management, and improve customer service.

▪ Transportation: AI is used to improve transportation systems, including self-driving

cars and predictive maintenance for trains and airplanes.

▪ Education: AI is used in education to personalize learning experiences for students,

identify areas for improvement, and provide feedback to teachers.

▪ Manufacturing: AI is used in manufacturing to optimize production processes, reduce

waste, and improve product quality.

▪ Marketing: AI is used in marketing to analyze customer data, personalize advertising,

and improve customer engagement.

❖ Major components of artificial intelligence

1. Machine learning (ML)

➢ Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on building algorithms and
statistical models that enable computers to improve their performance on a specific task
without being explicitly programmed. ML models are designed to learn from data and make
predictions or decisions based on that data.

➢ Machine learning is a critical component of artificial intelligence and has numerous

applications in various industries. Its ability to analyze vast amounts of data and improve its
performance over time makes it a valuable tool for businesses and organizations looking to
optimize their operations and improve their decision-making processes.
Types of ML
There are three main types of machine learning:

▪ Supervised learning: In supervised learning, the algorithm is trained on labeled data.

The goal is to learn a mapping function from input variables to output variables based on
examples of input-output pairs.

▪ Unsupervised learning: In unsupervised learning, the algorithm is trained on unlabeled

data. The goal is to discover patterns or structures in the data without any prior
knowledge of what to look for.

▪ Reinforcement learning: In reinforcement learning, the algorithm learns by interacting

with an environment and receiving feedback in the form of rewards or punishments. The
goal is to learn a policy that maximizes the cumulative reward over time.

Applications of ML in real-world scenarios

Machine learning has numerous applications in real-world scenarios, including:

▪ Image and speech recognition: ML algorithms are used to recognize images and
speech, which has led to the development of technologies such as facial recognition and
speech-to-text.

▪ Recommendation systems: ML algorithms are used to recommend products, services,

and content to users based on their preferences and past behaviors.

▪ Fraud detection: ML algorithms are used to detect fraudulent activities in financial

transactions, such as credit card fraud and money laundering.
▪ Natural language processing: ML algorithms are used to analyze and understand human
language, which has led to the development of technologies such as chatbots and virtual
assistants.
 ▪ Predictive maintenance: ML algorithms are used to predict when machines and
equipment will fail, allowing for proactive maintenance and reducing downtime.

2. Natural language processing (NLP)

▪ Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on
the interaction between humans and computers using natural language. It is the process of
analyzing, understanding, and generating human language data in a way that is
meaningful to computers.

▪ NLP is a critical component of AI that enables machines to understand and process

human language, making it an essential tool for various applications, including chatbots,
virtual assistants, language translation, and information retrieval.

Importance of NLP in AI
The importance of NLP in AI lies in its ability to enable machines to understand and process
human language, which is essential in various applications, such as:

▪ Chatbots and virtual assistants: NLP is used to create chatbots and virtual assistants
that can understand and respond to human language, providing a more natural and
intuitive user experience.

▪ Sentiment analysis: NLP is used to analyze the sentiment of text data, enabling
businesses to monitor customer feedback and improve their products and services.

▪ Language translation: NLP is used to translate text from one language to another,
enabling communication between people who speak different languages.

▪ Information retrieval: NLP is used to retrieve information from text data, such as search
engine results and question-answering systems.
Examples of NLP in action

▪ Siri and Alexa: These virtual assistants use NLP to understand and respond to user
queries.

▪ Google Translate: This application uses NLP to translate text from one language to
another.
▪ Sentiment analysis tools: These tools use NLP to analyze the sentiment of text data,
enabling businesses to monitor customer feedback and improve their products and
services.
▪ Spam filters: These filters use NLP to detect and filter out spam emails and messages.

3. Computer vision (CV)

▪ Computer Vision (CV) is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling
machines to interpret and understand visual information from the world around them. CV
algorithms are designed to analyze and make sense of digital images and video data,
enabling machines to recognize patterns, objects, and even emotions.

▪ Computer vision is an essential component of artificial intelligence that enables machines

to interpret and understand visual information, making it a valuable tool for various
applications, including healthcare, autonomous vehicles, security and surveillance, retail,
and manufacturing

Types of CV
There are several types of computer vision, including:

▪ Image classification: This involves categorizing images into predefined classes, such as
identifying whether an image contains a cat or a dog.
 ▪ Object detection: This involves identifying and locating objects within an image, such
as detecting faces in a crowd or identifying obstacles in a self-driving car’s path.

▪ Image segmentation: This involves dividing an image into segments and assigning each
segment a label, such as identifying the different components of a car engine.

▪ Object tracking: This involves tracking the movement of an object within a sequence of
images or video data, such as following a person’s movement through a surveillance
camera feed.

Real-world applications of CV
CV has numerous applications in various industries, including:

▪ Healthcare: CV is used to analyze medical images, such as X-rays and MRIs, to aid in
the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

▪ Autonomous vehicles: CV is used in self-driving cars to identify and track objects, such
as pedestrians and other vehicles, in real time.

▪ Security and surveillance: CV is used in security and surveillance systems to monitor

and analyze video data, such as identifying potential security threats in airports and
public spaces.

▪ Retail: CV is used in retail to analyze customer behavior, such as tracking the movement
of customers within a store to optimize store layouts and improve customer experiences.

▪ Manufacturing: CV is used in manufacturing to inspect products for defects and

anomalies, such as identifying flaws in car parts on an assembly line.
 4. Robotics
▪ Robotics is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on the design, development, and
implementation of robots, which are machines capable of performing tasks autonomously
or semi-autonomously. Robotics involves the integration of various AI technologies, such
as computer vision and natural language processing, to enable robots to interact with the
world around them.

▪ Robotics is a rapidly evolving field of artificial intelligence that has numerous

applications in various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, and
transportation. Robotics technologies are enabling machines to perform tasks that were
previously impossible or too dangerous for humans, making them a valuable tool for
businesses and organizations looking to improve efficiency and reduce costs.

Types of Robotics
There are several types of robotics, including:

▪ Industrial robots: These are robots used in manufacturing and production environments
to perform tasks such as welding, painting, and assembly.

▪ Medical robots: These are robots used in healthcare settings to assist with surgeries, drug
delivery, and patient care.

▪ Service robots: These are robots designed to assist with tasks in various settings, such as
cleaning robots used in homes and offices and delivery robots used in warehouses and
retail stores.

Examples of Robotics in action

▪ Boston Dynamics: Boston Dynamics is a robotics company that designs and develops
robots capable of walking, running, and performing acrobatic maneuvers.
 ▪ Surgical robots: Surgical robots, such as the da Vinci surgical system, are used to assist
with minimally invasive surgeries, enabling surgeons to perform complex procedures
with greater precision and control.

▪ Self-driving cars: Self-driving cars, such as those being developed by Tesla and Google,
use robotics and AI technologies to navigate roads and interact with other vehicles and
pedestrians.

▪ Drones: Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are used in a variety of

applications, including surveillance, delivery, and inspection of infrastructure such as
bridges and power lines.

5. Expert systems
▪ Expert systems is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on developing computer
programs that can mimic the decision-making abilities of a human expert in a specific
domain. Expert systems are designed to use knowledge and reasoning techniques to solve
complex problems and provide recommendations to users.

▪ Expert systems are a valuable tool in AI that enable machines to mimic the decision-
making abilities of human experts in specific domains. Expert systems have numerous
applications in various industries, including healthcare, financial services, manufacturing,
and customer service.

▪ The ability of expert systems to provide recommendations based on data analysis and
modeling can help organizations optimize their operations and improve decision-making
processes.

Applications of expert systems in real-world scenarios

Expert Systems have numerous applications in various industries, including:
 ▪ Healthcare: Expert systems are used to assist with medical diagnoses, providing
recommendations to doctors and medical professionals based on patient data and medical
knowledge.

▪ Financial services: Expert systems are used to assist with financial planning and
investment decisions, providing recommendations based on economic data and market
trends.

▪ Manufacturing: Expert systems are used to optimize manufacturing processes and

improve product quality, using data analysis and modeling to make recommendations for
process improvements.

▪ Customer service: Expert systems are used in customer service applications, such as
chatbots, to provide personalized assistance and recommendations to customers.

Examples of expert systems in action

▪ MYCIN: MYCIN was one of the earliest expert systems, developed in the 1970s to assist
with medical diagnoses and treatment recommendations for bacterial infections.

▪ XCON: XCON was an expert system developed by Digital Equipment Corporation in the
1980s to configure and customize computer systems for customers.

▪ Dendral: Dendral was an expert system developed in the 1960s to identify the structure
of organic molecules, demonstrating the potential of expert systems in complex scientific
domains.
 Recap of the components of AI
▪ Machine learning: focuses on building algorithms and statistical models that enable
computers to improve their performance on a specific task without being explicitly
programmed.

▪ Natural language processing: focuses on the interaction between humans and

computers using natural language, enabling machines to understand and process human
language data in a way that is meaningful to computers.

▪ Computer vision: focuses on enabling machines to interpret and understand visual

information from the world around them, such as identifying objects in an image or
tracking movement in a video.

▪ Robotics: focuses on the design, development, and implementation of robots, which are
machines capable of performing tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously.

▪ Expert systems: focuses on developing computer programs that can mimic the decision-
making abilities of a human expert in a specific domain.

❖ Future implications of AI in various Industries

The future implications of AI in various industries are vast and exciting. As AI technology
continues to evolve and improve, it is likely to have a significant impact on industries such as
healthcare, finance, transportation, and manufacturing. Some potential future implications of AI
in these industries include:

▪ Healthcare: AI could help improve patient outcomes by enabling more accurate

diagnoses, personalized treatment plans, and drug development.

▪ Finance: AI could help improve financial planning, risk management, fraud detection,
and investment decisions.
▪ Transportation: AI could help improve transportation safety, reduce traffic congestion,
and enable the development of autonomous vehicles.

▪ Manufacturing: AI could help optimize manufacturing processes, reduce waste, and

improve product quality.