PERIODIC

CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS
and
PERIODIC PROPERTIES

Ionisation Enthalpy

Atomic Radius

Electro negativity

Electron Affinity
g. g- Why do we need to
classify elements ?

It is the
very difficult study all properties
to

of such
large number
of elements individually
so scientists seachred for a
systematic
elements
way to
organise these .

elements discovered
year > no

31
.

of
1800

1869 63

At present 118
Historical development of the periodic Table : -

Dobereineis Lao of Triads : -

> He formed group of 3 elements is called TRIDS .

He these elements in that

>
arranged a such
way ,

when the elements arranged according to

atomic of
increasingatomic mats ,
then man

middle element is average

of atomic macs of first and
last o

Li =
7

Ma Atomic mats
of nbe =

7-2-39=2-2
k =
3g

dobereiners law of Triad :

more example of
-

Li 14=7 ) ca LA = to) CI 1A =3 S s) -

Na 1 A =
23) Sr CA =
88 ) Br CA -_
803

K 1A =39) Ba CA -_ 137 ) I 1A =
127 )

> He found that elements of such

groups have
similar properties .

Drawback : -

He the known
was not able to
classify all
elements triads .
(2) Newland is Lao
of Oetaues : -

He arranged the elements in increasing order of

their atomic weights and observed that
every
element had
8th properties similar to the
first
element Just like 8th note that
every
.

resembles the first mate ten octaves

of
music .

-
-

Drawbacks -

> His law is

only valid upto calcium .

> Untill then noble

gases were not discovered after -

discovering of noble gases his Iao was modified

,
 Lothor
Mayer curve :
's -

> He plotted a
graph between
the
physical properties C atomic volume
, melting
point ,
bailing point S atomic mats)
of elements

>
He observed that elements havingsimilar properties
similar positions
oeeupy
.

cs•

:÷f÷ ÷÷!*•
Rb•
smooth "
⇐*
•

• me

volume
•
q a
•
mg
☒,
•
ABF
Be
*
•

>
→ atomic mass

> Alkali metals oeeupy maxima

of curve .

Alkaline earth metals aeeupy descending of

> curve
.

>
Halogens occupy ascending of curve .

>
Haevy metals
occupy minima of curve .

Drawb#
-

Graphical method was hard to study .

> It was
difficult to find similar position on a

curve
of different properties periodicity as
?⃝
Mendeleev 's periodic Table : [ 63 elements]

for publishing periodic law

'

→ Mendeleev was
responsible
'

for the
first time .

Atomic mass fundamental property of elements

is the
and all the physical and chemical properties
are
periodic function of atomic macs .

→ His basis was the similarities in imperial

main

formulas and the properties of compounds .

the elements
formed Ty
•

{
12 horizontal rows → series
8 vertical coloeumns →
Groups
>
Groups were
further derided -

subgroup A → Normal elements .

Subgroup B → Transition elements

> 12 series are

groups horizontally into 7 periods .

> 8th group consist of s elements in their

vertical coloumns .
Merits of Mendeleev Periodic Table

He classify all the known elements into

group and periods
their similar properties Hence,
according to .

study of elements was made easier .

As he
arranged the similar elements with similar
property ,

he
proposed that some elements were still undiscovered
and several gaps which help in the
left ,

discovery new elements

of
.

Al Si B Mn

t 1 1 1
.

Eka Eka Eka Eka

Aluminium Silicon Borrow Manganese

cia ire si Te

Correction of atomic
> masses
of some elements
Mendel eeus corrected the atomic
maescf some elements

U Be In Au Pt .
 Demerits of Mendeleev Periodic Table -

⑨ Position
of Hydrogen
Position of hydrogen in the table is uncertain
Hydrogen

u
u

I U#
group
group
. .

② Position
oftsotopes -

Isotopes →
Isotopes of group .

of atoms of similar elements

which have similar atomic number but '

different atomic mono

'
therefore according to the Mendeleev periodic table
these should be placed at
different groups

③ Anomalous pairs of elements >

In certain pairs of elements

the
increasing order of atomic masses was not

obeyed .

Co Ni Te I

¥8.9 58.7 127^6 126.9

Modern Periodic Table S Modern Periodic Law

# Henry Moseley Experiments : -

Mosley measured
frequency of x-rays emitted Py metal
when
they bombard with high speed e- .
and

plotted these 2
graphs -

*
n

¥man
→
> atomic number

is
He observed that the curve
ofTv and atomic macs

approximately a
straight line but v0 and
atomic number is straight line
perfectly a .

So he concluded that instead

of atomic may atomic
no is the fundamental property °

Neils Bohr considered Mosley suggestion and modified

Mendeleevs periodic law

Atomic number is the fundamental property of elements

physical and chemical properties
and all other are

periodic functions of atomic number .

* Modern Periodic Table
/ Long foomcf Periodic table
modern periodic Laois based on modern periodic law .

and electronic configuration .

It consist of : 18 vertical columns →

Groups
: 7 horizontal rows → Periods

elements
hoof → 118 elements

No -

of elements in nth period : -

Period orbital filled no

.pe/ementstypeofpereod
1 IS 1×2=2 Shortest
2 2s
2p 4×2=8 Short
'

3
35,3ps 4×2--8 Short
4 4s 3d , Ap 9×2--18 Long
5 Ss ,4d,sp 9×2--18
Long
6 6s, tf ,Sd,6p 16×2=32 Longest
,sf,6d,7p 16×2--32
7 7s
longest
magic Noor

mathematically :
hoof elements in nth period : -

ifniseven-afn-2-f
2K¥)
e
oddfn. i s=
 Trick to Remember Periodic table

geypl He Li Na K Rb Cs For
the Lina ki Rab Se
fariyad

Be Ca Sr Ba Ra
grpz Mg
Beta mange car scooter Baap Ragi

gaps se
y La Ac grptt Ti Zr Hf
yamaha Lao Esi Tea
Scooter jara half

grips it Mb Ta grpb Car Mo w

vain Nobita

Mn Tc Re grp8 Fe Ra Os
gap -1
Man Tak Re Ferrous

Rb Is Pd Pt
gnpg
Co
grplo Mi
Kaun Rahega Ireland Nahi padhogepitoge

gorp u Cu
Ag Au
gap 12 2m Cd kg
Kyu Aage Aau Zindagi Kaidtloge

gap 13 B Al Ga In Tl

Bargain Aaloo Gajartnhe Tanto

14 c si Ge Sn Pb
gap

N P As sb Di
grpls
Nana Patekar Asraamisab Biman
 0 S se Te Po
ghplb :
O s se Te Po

17 : F C1 Bar I At
grip
fin Kal Bahar aae At sin

18 He Ne An Ker Ye Rn
grp :

Nisha Jinda Retina

Hey Ad Kar

3rd series Se Ti V Cor Mm Fe Co Ni Lu 2m

Ad series Y Zr Mb Mo To Rm Rtr Pd
Ag Cd

Sd series La
Hf Ta w Os Ir Pt Are
they

led series BB Mt Cn
Ac
Rf Db Sg Hs Ds Rg

Pmsm Eu Gd
of series Ce Per Not Tb
by Ho Eertmyb Lu

Sf series th Pa U Mp Pu Am Lm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No LT
* modern periodic table can be classified into 4 blocks ÷

sire →É

.¥①.¥§q
_É,

£
!ÉÉ:i&
transition Elements

{
Inner transition element ( Rare earth element
f- block
Inner transition elements
'

⑨ S -

block : -

Elements in which last e- enters in s -

subshell
in
of valence shell , are
placed s-
block o

' -2
> General electronic configuration ns

> Oxidation state -11

for Istgnoup ,
-12 for Edgrp .

>
Larger in size .

>
soft metals S silvery white forms Ionic comp
>
strong reducing agents .

Gives
flame test ( except Be Smg)
>
② p -
block : -

Elements in which last e- enters in p subshell -

of valence shells are

placed in p -
block .

General E. c → ns2 nptb s p block gorp

-
13 -

gorp 18 .

E÷÷÷÷÷= > S block

-
elements and p block elements
-

1 3 14 is 1 6 17 18 together known as
Representative
elements .

> hood oxidising agents .

covalent bonds
>
Mostly forms
.

>
p -
block elements
mostyly non -
metals metalloids and
, few
are metals . ( metalloids -
B Si he, As
, , ,
Sb
, Tes Po)

>
High EA and IP

H F CI O N and Noble exist in gas forms ( RT)

gases
> -

, , ,
,

>
Br is only non
-
metals which exist in liquid forms .
 ③ d- block : -

> Elements inwhichlaste-ente.rs in d- subshell

of penultimate shell -
are
placed in d- block .

☒ A TIA IA VIA # A c- v1I→ IB IB

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3d series
-

* *

* * * * *
*
td series

☒ ☒ *
Sd series
-

* *
bd series

*
exceptional electronic configuration 4
Nbettransitionele -

-1°
>
General electronic configuration ns2(n-Dd°

> All the d- block elements are known as Transition elements

except group 12

Transition elements Elements which incomplete d-subshell

-

of penultimate shell either ingnound

station most stable oxidation state

> All the d- block elements are hard metals hence show all
the properties of metals lductickgwdlonduetonetcj
and
Forms coloured paramagnetic
>
ions

metals Cu Ag Ace
Coinage
> →
, ,

> Mable metals → Aa

,
Pto
 ⑧ f- block : -

> Elements in which last e- enters in

f- subshell anti penultimate shell are
of ,

placed in f- block .

Lanthanaids
"

tf Sd 652
" '

Actinaids
Sfn 6do-17s 2

> All the

f- block elements
belongs to group 3 ,
hence

3 is longest group with 32 elements

group
.

)f"{
"
> General electronic configuration In -2 n -
id ns
2

> These are also known as Inner Transition elements .

> Pm lanthanides and all the asteroids are

among
radioactive .

> Elements having atomic no 12J greater than 012=923

.

are man made and termed as Transuranic elements .

> Lanthanides are also known as Rare earth Elements o

 IUPAC Naming of Elements with Atomic No
-3100 :

Digit > 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Nomenclature > nil un bi the quad pent hex Sept oetenn

lo t p ti s
Symbol > n v
q o e

eg
Atomic No -101 u-n-lni-lt-n-ium-unnilune.am

Atomic No .
IUPAC Name
Symbol Element Name .

101 Unneilunium Unu mendelevium Lmd)

102 Unnilbium Unto Nobelium ( No]
103 llnniltrium Unt

104 lennilquadium Unq

105 Unnilpentium Unp
106 lennilhexium Unh
107 Unnilseptium Uns

108 linniloetium Uno

109 Unnilennium Une

110 Ununnilium even

111
112
113
114

÷
117
118
* Group Periods
.
and Block Identification: -

Block :-- subshell in which last e- enters .

PERIOD : -

Shell in which last e- enters .

Group : -

Fors block = no >

of ns e-

For p block =
to + no -

of Cns + mp3 e-

Ford block =
no -

of Cns + Cni 1) d) e-
For f- block =
34 group

eggs Br : Is 22s 2
zpbzs zpb
2
ps2 zdl°qps

Block →
p -
block

17th
Group → lot Is + 2) e- =

group

period 9th period

Typical Elements : -

Periods elements are known as typical

elements as represent the
they most

properties of the elements their respective

of
periods o

Elements :
Bridging
-

Periods elements are known as

bridging elements as
they have
valencies similar to subgroup A and subgroup Bo

Na

'
k In

Rb Ag

Diagonal Relationship : -

Den to same ionic potential there are

three pairs which have similar properties with

element other
diagonal to each .

Li r Bee Br
'
>
Al → i
ng
 1

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