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CLASS : 11
Mathematics
Unit :- Relations and functions.

•Ordered Pair:-
An ordered pair consists of two objects or elements in a given fixed
order.

•Equality of Two Ordered Pairs:-

Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are equal if a = c and b = d.

•Cartesian product of sets :-

Cartesian Product of sets A and B is defined as the set of all
ordered pairs (x, y) such that x belongs to A and y belongs to
✓ Example-if A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then the Cartesian
Product of A and B is {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5)}.
Note:
★A × B ≠ B × A
★If n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then n(A × B) = mn
and n(B × A) = mn.
★.If atleast one of A and B is infinite, then (A ×
B) is infinite and (B × A) is infinite.

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→There are some properties of Cartesian

product of sets:-
• Property 1:The result of cartesian product depends on the
order of the pairs, i.e they are non-commutative.
~Consider the two sets A and B:
(i).A × B ≠ A × B
(ii).A × B = A × B, if and only if A = B.
(iii).A × B = ∅, if either A = ∅ or B =∅.
• Property 2 : The rearrangement of the ordered pairs can
change the result, hence it does not obey associative
property. Hence cartesian product is non-associative.
For three sets A, B, and C,
(A × B) × C ≠ A × (B × C)
• Property 3: The cartesian product is aligned to the
distributive property of intersection of the given sets.
For three sets A, B, and C,
A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C).
• Property 4: The cartesian product is aligned to the
distributive property of union of the given sets.
For three sets A, B, and C,
A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
Question -1- Let A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {4, 6} and C = {5, 6, 7}. Find
A × (B ∩ C).
Solution – Given: A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {4, 6} and C = {5, 6, 7}
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B ∩ C = {6}
A × (B ∩ C) = {1, 3, 5} × {6}
⇒ {(1, 6) (3, 6) (5, 6)}
Therefore, A × (B ∩ C) = {(1,6) (3,6) (5,6)}.

Question 2- If A = {1, 4}, B = {2, 3}, C = {3, 5} . Find (A × B) ∩ (A

× C).
Solution – Given: A = {1, 4}, B = {2, 3}, C = {3, 5}
Here, we have to find (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
As we know that, A × B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

⇒ A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (4, 2), (4, 3)} --------- (1)

⇒ A × C = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (4, 3), (4, 5)} --------- (2)

From (1) and (2) we can say that,

∴ (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = {(1, 3), (4, 3)}.

•Relation:
A relation R is the subset of the cartesian product of X x Y, where X
and Y are two non-empty elements.

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The set of all first elements in a relation R is called the domain of the
relation B, and the set of all second elements called images is called
the range of R.
Note:
*A relation may be represented either by the Roster form or by the
set of builder form, or by an arrow diagram which is a visual
representation of relation.
*If n(A) = m, n(B) = n, then n(A × B) = mn and the total number of
possible relations from set A to set B = 2mn.
Domain: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation
R from a setA to a set B is called the domain of the relation R.
Codomain: The set of all second elements in a relation R from a set A
to a set B is Called the range of the relation R. The whole set B is
called the codomain of the Relation R.
Note :that range ⊂ codomain.
Question-1- If A = {-1, 2, 3 } and B = {1, 3}, then determine
(i) AxB (ii) BxC (c) BxB (iv) AxA
Sol: We have A = {-1,2,3} and B = {1,3}
(i) A x B = {(-1, 1), (-1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3,1), (3, 3)}
(ii) BxA = {( 1, -1), (1, 2), (1,3), (3,-1), (3,2), (3, 3)}
(iii) BxB= {(1,1), (1,3), (3,1), (3, 3)}
(iv) AxA = {(-1, -1), (-1, 2), (-1, 3), (2, -1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, -1),
(3, 2), (3,3)}.
Question -2- Given R = {(x,y) : x,y ∈ W, x2 + y2 = 25}. Find the domain
and range of R
Sol: We have, R = {(x,y):x,y∈ W, x2 + y2 = 25}
= {(0,5), (3,4), (4, 3), (5,0)}

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Domain of R = Set of first element of ordered pairs in R = {0,3,4, 5}

Range of R = Set of second element of ordered pairs in R = {5,4, 3, 0}.

•Functions:
A function f is a relation such that no two pairs in the relation have
the first element.
In other words, A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be
a function if every Element of set A has one and only one
image in set B.
Real valued function: A function which has either R or one of
its subsets as its range is calledA real valued function. Further,
if its domain is also either R or a subset of R, it is Called a real
function.
• Question- Find the domain and range of the real valued
function f(x) given by f(x)= 4–x/x–4.
Solution – Domain :- R−{4}
Because not defined at x=4
Range : −1 ( for all domain ).

Some Specific Types of Functions :

★Identity function: The function f : R → R defined by f(x) = x
for each x ∈ R is called identity function.
Domain of f = R; Range of f = R.
Graph of identity functions:

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Question - Consider the function f(x)=x+5. Determine

whether it is an identity function or not.
Solution: An identity function maps each element in the
domain to itself. Here, the function f(x)=x+5,
Does not satisfy this condition. For instance, f(3)=3+5=8
which means 3 Is not mapped onto itself. Therefore, f(x)=x+5
Is not an identity function.

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★Constant function: The function f : R → R defined by f(x) =

C, x ∈ R, where C is a constant ∈ R, is called a constant
function.
Domain of f = R; Range of f = C.

★Polynomial function:
A real valued function f : R → R defined by f(x) = a0 + a1x +
a2x²+…+ anxn, where n ∈ N and a0, a1, a2,…….. an ∈ R for
each x ∈ R, is called polynomial function.
✓ There are some types of polynomial functions:
• Constant Polynomial Function: P(x) = a = ax⁰

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• Zero Polynomial Function: P(x) = 0; where all ai’s are zero, i =

0, 1, 2, 3, …, n.
• Linear Polynomial Function: P(x) = ax + b.
• Quadratic Polynomial Function: P(x) = ax2+bx+c.
• Cubic Polynomial Function: ax3+bx2+cx+d.
• Quartic Polynomial Function: ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e.
★Rational function:
These are the real function of type f(x)/g(x), where f(x)and
g(x)are polynomial functions of x defined in a domain, where
g(x) ≠ 0.
For example, f(x) = (x2 + x – 2) / (2x2 – 2x – 3) is a rational
function and here, 2x2 – 2x – 3 ≠ 0.
★The modulus function:
The real function f : R → R defined by f(x) = |x| or,

For all values of x ∈ R is called the modulus function.Domain

of f = R
Range of f = R+ U {0} i.e. [0, ∞).

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Question-1- Obtain the domain and range of the given

function y = 3 − |2 – x|.

Solution: y = 3 − |2 – x|
Clearly, we can say that this function is defined for x ∈ R. So
the domain of the given function is R.
Now as we know |2−x|≥0 for all x∈ROr
can say:
−|2−x|≤|
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3−|2−x|≤3 for all x∈R

Therefore the range is (−∞,3].

Question -2- Solve |x + 4| = 9 using mod function definition.

Solution: We know that the modulus function output is

always non-negative, Hence we will have two cases:

If x + 4 > 0, that is the value of |x + 4| = x + 4 and if x + 4 < 0,

that is the value of |x + 4| = -(x + 4).

Case 1: If x + 4 > 0, we have

|x + 4| = x + 4

⇒x+4=9

⇒ x = 9- 4 = 5

Case 2: If x + 4 < 0, we have

|x + 4| = -(x + 4)

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⇒ -(x + 4) = 9

⇒ -x – 4 = 9

⇒ x = -4 – 9 = -13

Answer: Therefore, the solution is x = 5, -13.

★Signum function: The real function f : R → R defined

By f(x) = |x|x, x ≠ 0 and 0, if x = 0
Or

Is called the signum function.

Domain of f = R; Range of f = {-1, 0, 1}.

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Question- If the function (x2 – 9x + 20) = 1, then what will be

the value of x.
Solution : Given function is f (x) = (x2 – 9x + 20) = 1

As we know that signum function gives 1, only when x > 0.

∴ x2 – 9x + 20 > 0
⇒ (x – 4) (x – 5) > 0
So, x ∈ (-∞, 4) ⋃ (5, ∞).
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★Greatest integer function: The real function f : R → R

defined by f (x) = {x}, x ∈ R assumes that the values of the
greatest integer less than or equal to x, is called the greatest
integer function.
Domain of f = R; Range of f = Integer.

The important properties of greatest integer function are:

• ⌊x⌋ = x, where x is an integer

• ⌊x + n⌋ = ⌊x⌋ + n, where n ∈ Z

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• ⌊-x] = –⌊x], if x ∈ Z
• ⌊-x] =-⌊x] – 1, if x ∉ Z
• If ⌊f(x)] ≥ Y, then f(x) ≥ Y
Note: Z stands for set of integers.
Question - Evaluate ⌊3.7⌋.

Solution:
On a number line, ⌊3.7⌋ lies between 3 and 4

The largest integer which is less than 3.7 is 3.

So, ⌊3.7⌋ = 3 .

Fractional part function: The real function f : R → R defined

by f(x) = {x}, x ∈ R is called the fractional part function.
F(x) = {x} = x – [x] for all x ∈R
Domain of f = R; Range of f = [0, 1)

★Algebra of Real Functions

• Addition of two real functions: Let f : X → R and g : X → R be
any two real functions, where X ∈ R. Then, we define (f + g) :
X → R by
{f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x), for all x ∈ X.

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• Subtraction of a real function from another: Let f : X → R

and g : X → R be any two real functions, where X ⊆ R. Then,
we define (f – g) : X → R by (f – g) (x) = f (x) – g(x), for all x ∈
X.

• Multiplication by a scalar: Let f : X → R be a real function

and K be any scalar belonging to R. Then, the product of Kf is
function from X to R defined by (Kf)(x) = Kf(x) for all x ∈ X.

• Multiplication of two real functions: Let f : X → R and g : X →

R be any two real functions, where X ⊆ R. Then, product of
these two functions i.e. f.g : X → R is defined by (fg) x = f(x) .
g(x) ∀ x ∈ X.
• Quotient of two real functions: Let f and g be two real
functions defined from X → R. The quotient of f by g denoted
by fg is a function defined from X → R as

Question 1–If f(x) = x2 + 5x + 4 and g(x) = 17x – 5 are two real

functions, then find (f – g)(x).

Solution:
Given,
F(x) = x2 + 5x + 4

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G(x) = 17x – 5

(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x) = x2 + 5x + 4 – (17x – 5)

= x2 + 5x + 4 – 17x + 5

= x2 + (5 – 17)x + (4 + 5)

= x2 – 12x + 9

Therefore, the product or multiplication of given two

functions is (f – g)(x) = x2 – 12x + 9.

Question 2- If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = √x are two real functions

such that x is non-negative real number, then find

Solution:
Given,
F(x) = x2
G(x) = √x
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Now,

= x2 . x-1/2

= x3/2; x is a non-negative real number.

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