CHEMISTRY NOTES Class 9 CBSE

Science Notes
Ch-1 Matter in Our Surroundings

 Everything in this universe is made of materials which scientist has names
‘matter’.
 The matter is made up of very small tiny particles. It is not continuous but is
particulate.
 The matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
 Particles of matter have space between them and are continuously moving.
 Particles of matter attract each other
Matter can change its state from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas and vice-versa.
Effect of temperature: On increasing the heat, the particles gain energy and start
vibrating with greater energy. Due to increased kinetic energy the particles
overcome the force of attraction and a new state is obtained.
Melting point: The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the
atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric
pressure is known as its boiling point. Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.
Latent heat of fusion: The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a

solid into liquid at its melting point is called the latent heat of fusion of the solid.
Latent heat of vaporization: The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg

of a liquid to vapour at atmospheric pressure, at its boiling point is called the latent heat
of vaporization of the liquid.
Effect of change of pressure on the matter: On applying pressure, the particles

of matter can be brought close together and the state of matter can be changed. For
example, CO2 gas can be solidified by applying pressure and lowering temperature.
Evaporation: The phenomenon of changing of a liquid into its vapour state at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. Evaporation is a surface
phenomenon.
Factors affecting evaporation.
 An increase in surface area increases evaporation.

 An increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation.
 A decrease in humidity increases the rate of evaporation.
 An increase in wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.
 Evaporation causes a cooling effect.
CH-2 Is matter around us pure?
Compounds
The compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements combined
chemically in a definite ratio.
Characteristics:
 The properties of compound differ from those of its constituents.

 Compound has fixed melting point and boiling point.
 Compound is a homogeneous substance.
 Constituent elements can be separated by chemical process.
Mixtures
It is made up of two or more elements or compounds mixed in any ratio/proportion.
Properties:
 It may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

 The properties of constituent substances are retained.
 No new compound is formed.
 Elements can be separated by simple physical processes.
 It does not have a fixed melting and boiling point.
Solution
It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Ch-3 ATOMS And MOLECULES
Law of Chemical Combination
Given by Lavoisier and Joseph L. Proust as follows:
1. Law of conservation of mass: Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction. e.g., A + B → C + D Reactants → Products Mass of reactants =
Mass of products
2. Law of constant proportion: In a chemical substance the elements are always

present in definite proportions by mass.
E.g., in water, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to the mass of oxygen is always 1 : 8
respectively.
These laws lacked explanation. Hence, John Dalton gave his theory about the matter.
He said that the smallest particle of matter is called ‘atom’.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
 Every matter is made up of very small or tiny particles called atoms.

 Atoms are not divisible and cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
 All atoms of a given element are same in size, mass and chemical properties.
 Atoms of different elements are different in size, mass and chemical properties.
 Atoms combine in the ratio of a small whole number to form compounds.
 The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.
Atom
Atoms are the smallest particles of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction.
Size of an atom: Atomic radius is measured in nanometres.
Molecule
It is the smallest particle of an element or a compound which can exist independently.
 Molecules of an element constitute the same type of atoms.

 Molecules may be monoatomic, diatomic or polyatomic.
 Molecules of compounds join together in definite proportions and constitute a
different type of atoms.
Atomicity
The number of atoms constituting a Molecule is known as its atomicity.
Ions
The charged particles (atoms) are called ions, they are formed by attaining positive
charge or negative charge on it.
Negatively charged ion is called anion (Cl ).
–
Positively charged ion is called cation (Na ).

+
Valency
The combining capacity of an element is known as its valency. Valency is used to find
out how the atom of an element will combine with the atom of another element to form a
chemical compound.
(Every atom wants to become stable, to do so it may lose, gain or share electrons.)
 If an atom consists of 1, 2 or 3 electrons in its valence shell then its valency is 1, 2
or 3 respectively,
 If an atom consists of 5, 6 or 7 electrons in the outermost shell, then it will gain 3,
2 or 1 electron respectively and its valency will be 3, 2 or 1 respectively.
 If an atom has 4 electrons in the outermost shell than it will share this electron and
hence its valency will be 4.
 If an atom has 8 electrons in the outermost electron and hence its valency will be
0.
Chemical Formulae
Rules: (i) The valencies or charges on the ion must balance.
(ii) Metal and non-metal compound should show the name or symbol of the
metal first.
e.g., Na+ Cl NaCl
–→
(ii) If a compound consists of polyatomic ions. The ion is enclosed in a bracket before
writing the number to indicate the ratio.
e.g., [SO4]2- polyatomic radical
→
H1+ SO42- H2SO4

→
Molecular Mass
It is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the substance. It is
expressed in atomic mass unit (u).
Formula Unit Mass

It is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a compound. The
constituent particles are ions.
CH-4 STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

 John Dalton assumed that atom is indivisible.
 In 1866 E. Goldstein discovered the presence of new radiations in a gas discharge
tube and called them canal rays. These rays were positively charged radiations
which led to the discovery of sub-atomic particle called proton.
In 1900 J.J. Thomson discovered the sub-atomic particle—the electron with a negative
charge.
Structure of an Atom
α-Particles: (+ 2 charge and 4 mass) when fast-moving a-particles are bombarded on

very thin gold foil, following observations were made:
 Most of the α-particles passed straight through the gold foil.

 Some of the α-particles were deflected by the foil by small angles.
 One out of 12000 particles appeared to rebound.
Conclusions made by Rutherford based on his observations:
 Most of the space inside the atom is empty because a-particles passed through
the gold foil.
 Very few particles were deflected from their path because +ve charge of the atom
occupies a very little space.
 A very small fraction of a-particles were rebounded back, shows all + ve charge
and mass of the gold atom is concentrated in a very small volume within an atom.
 The radius of the nucleus calculated was 105 times less than the radius of the
atom.
Nuclear Model of an Atom
 Centre → +ve charge → called nucleus. All mass resides in nucleus.
 Electrons → revolve around the nucleus in orbits.
 Size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of the atoms.
Drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of the atom: When an electron undergoes
acceleration, it radiates energy. Thus revolving electron would lose energy and finally
fall into the nucleus. Due to this atom should be highly unstable and hence matter would
not exist in the form that we know.
But we know that atoms are quite stable.
Bohr’s Model of Atom
Postulates of Neil Bohr
 Only special orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons are allowed inside the
atom.
 While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy. These orbits
are called energy levels.
Orbits or shells are represented by K, L, M, N or the numbers, n = 1, 2, 3, 4
Neutrons
Distribution of electrons in different orbits (Shells) given by Bohr and Bury: Rules:
 Maximum number of electrons present in a shell is given by 2n2 (n = shell number)

E.g., n = 1 (K shell) 2(1)2 = 2 electron
 The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost
orbit is 8.
 Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell unless the inner shells are
completely filled.
 Valency: The combining capacity of an atom is called its valency,
 Atomic number: It is equal to a number of protons.
 Mass number: It is equal to the sum of protons and neutrons.
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with same atomic number but a different mass number, are
called isotopes.
Chemical properties → same but Physical properties → different
Applications of isotopes:
 Anisotope of Uranium used as fuel.

 Anisotope of Cobalt is used in the treatment of cancer
 Anisotope of Iodine is used in the treatment of goitre.
Isobars: Atoms of different elements with same mass number but different atomic numbers are
called isobars.

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Science Notes

Ch-1 Matter in Our Surroundings

Latent heat of fusion: The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a

Latent heat of vaporization: The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg

Effect of change of pressure on the matter: On applying pressure, the particles

Factors affecting evaporation.

 An increase in surface area increases evaporation.

 The properties of compound differ from those of its constituents.

 It may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

2. Law of constant proportion: In a chemical substance the elements are always

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

 Every matter is made up of very small or tiny particles called atoms.

 Molecules of an element constitute the same type of atoms.

Positively charged ion is called cation (Na ).

H1+ SO42- H2SO4

Formula Unit Mass

CH-4 STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

α-Particles: (+ 2 charge and 4 mass) when fast-moving a-particles are bombarded on

 Most of the α-particles passed straight through the gold foil.

 Maximum number of electrons present in a shell is given by 2n2 (n = shell number)

 Anisotope of Uranium used as fuel.

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