Jejak Vol 10 (1) (2017): 62-79. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v10i1.

9127

JEJAK
Journal of Economics and Policy
http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jejak

Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification

Imelda1, Novira Kusrini2, Rakhmad Hidayat3

1,2,3
Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak, Indonesia

Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v10i1.9127

Received: July 2016; Accepted: September 2016; Published: March 2017

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to develop strategies that can be applied in the development of local food diversification in West
Kalimantan. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Variables examined included internal factors (strengths and
weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) in the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan. Data
analysis were conducted in qualitative descriptive to describe the pattern of food consumption in West Kalimantan and continued with
a SWOT analysis to carry out the development strategy of the local food diversification in West Kalimantan. The analysis result showed
that the strategy for the development of local food diversification in West Kalimantan is SO strategy (Strengths - Opportunities) those
are: 1) the increase in synergy between the government and the micro, small and medium enterprises for the development of local food
products, 2) the utilization of communications and market information system in improving the marketing of local food products on
micro, small and medium enterprises, and 3) the utilization of unutilized agricultural land to improve the quality and quantity of local
food products.

Key words : strategy development, food diversification, local food, West Kalimantan, SWOT analysis.

How to Cite: Imelda, I., Kusrini, N., & Hidayat, R. (2017). Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification.
JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan, 10(1), 62-79. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v10i1.9127

 Corresponding author : p-ISSN 1979-715X

Address: Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak Tenggara,
Bansir Laut, West Kalimantan 78124 e-ISSN 2460-5123
E-mail: [email protected]
JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 10 (1) (2017): 62-79 63

has the potential of local food resources

INTRODUCTION
including 77 types of food sources of
The effort to develop food carbohydrates, 26 types of beans, 389 varieties of
diversification is still one problem that must fruits, 228 kinds of vegetables, 40 types of fruit
be addressed in order to improve the food drinks, and 110 kinds of spices.
security. This is indicated by the level of rice The pattern of food diversification in
consumption of Indonesian society that ranks Indonesia is directed to vary the consumption of
number one in the world, reaching 139 kg per Indonesian society so that it does not depend on
capita per year. This number is very far when rice. Indonesia has various food sources of
compared with other Asian countries like carbohydrates that can be used as staple foods
Korea that is only 60 kg per capita per year, such as cassava, corn, potato, taro, breadfruit and
Japan 50 kg per capita per year, Thailand 70 the others that are the main supporting factor of
kg per capita per year, and Malaysia 80 kg per food diversification. Various kinds of these
capita per year. The high level of consumption tubers have a sufficient prospect to be developed
is because Indonesia still makes rice as a as a substitute for rice and to be processed into
staple food. Mauludyani, et al. (2008) prestigious food. The problem faced is how to
suggested that rice is a staple food that is the change the views of people who think that the
largest expenditure share of Indonesian tubers are only snacks and even as inferior goods
society that equals to 14.9%. Ariani (1993) only consumed by the lower middle class.
suggested several reasons for the selection of Therefore, to seek the success of local food
rice as a staple food as follows: better taste, diversification, it requires support of process
more quickly and easily processed, and technology development and local food
synonymous with high social status. processing and also a good marketing strategy to
The population of Indonesia continues change the image of inferior food into the normal
to increase at an average growth rate of 1.43% or even superior food. Frequently the
per year so that it has implication for the government only encourages the people to carry
increase in food demand. A strategic move to out the food consumption diversification and
meet the food demand is increasing without supported by the material availability,
productivity and seeking food diversification. the ease of processing technology, and the
Food diversification is one of the main pillars marketing reach.
in achieving food security. Food consumption Clear evidence that people prefers to
diversification is not only as an effort to consume food for reasons of practicality in
reduce the dependence on rice but also as an processing and easily obtained is shown by the
effort to improve the nutrition improvement tendency of changing the patterns of food
to get qualified and capable competitive consumption that leads to the flour-based foods,
people in the globalization era (Himagizi, including dried noodles, wet noodles, instant
2009). noodles. The research of Hardiansyah and
The implementation of local Amalia (2007) stated that the increase in the
diversification development must be consumption of wheat flour of the Indonesian
sustainable between people's food population in 2002 to 2005 is from 21.7 g / cap /
preferences with local food resources in each day to 27.3 g / cap / day. Many variants of the
area. Food Security Agency of the Ministry of types of wheat floured processed food in the
Agriculture of Indonesia stated that Indonesia form of wheat floured processed fried food and
64 Imelda, et al., Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification

instant noodles with various prices, flavors, analysis to develop a development strategy of
and types have been able to influence the local food diversification in West Kalimantan.
consumers to consume. These changes have
to be watched out because wheat is an RESEARCH METHODS
imported commodity and not produced in
The research focuses on the study of the
Indonesia, so that in the future it will have an
development of local food diversification in the
impact on wheat import dependency.
region of West Kalimantan. The data collected in
Local food diversification allows people
this research is in the form of secondary data and
to organize the consumption patterns that are
primary data. Primary data is the direct interview
not dependent on one source of food and may
result data with the key informants in
increase the local food consumption to be
performing the weighting and rating of variables
substitute or complementary food of rice to
of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
be the main menu so as to improve the
threats as the effort to develop the local food
household food security that will lead to the
diversification in West Kalimantan. The
improvement in national food security. Food
sampling technique uses purposive sampling
consumption diversification will also
based on the consideration of the respondent
encourage the farmers to utilize the land with
expertise or judgmental sampling (Sekaran and
farm crops and other tubers. Thus, if one day
Roger, 2010). The respondents of research are 35
there is harvest failure or a problem of
people representing the government (the Food
distribution to certain food types, it will not
Security and Extension Agency of West
affect the people's consumption patterns.
Kalimantan Province, Department of Agriculture
Food diversification program should be
and Horticulture in West Kalimantan), and the
directed to increase the availability of food
academics.
commodities through the utilization of
Secondary data is the compliance data
natural resources and development of various
sourced from various agencies such as the
local processed food so that it can support the
Central Bureau of Statistics of West Kalimantan,
diversification of local food as a whole. The
Food Security Agency of West Kalimantan, and
successful implementation of local food
some journals and literature. Secondary data
diversification requires a strong strategy and
contains the people’s food consumption of West
commitment from the government, farmers,
Kalimantan in 2009-2014 and the food pattern
employers, and society. The role of farmers,
score of people’s expectations of West
government agencies, private sector,
Kalimantan in 2014. The food consumption data
academics, and stakeholders is required to
is differentiated based on the urban and rural
support the agricultural development based
areas so that it can describe the different
on local food resources and community
characteristics of the food consumption of each
support as a determinant of successful
region.
implementation of local food diversification
The data analysis related to food
(Sumastuti, 2010). This paper aims to describe
consumption patterns is analyzed in descriptive
the situation of the availability and food
qualitative and continued with a SWOT analysis
consumption of the people in West
to perform the preparation of the development
Kalimantan and continues with a SWOT
strategy of local food diversification of the people
JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 10 (1) (2017): 62-79 65

in West Kalimantan. SWOT Analysis is based The rating at column 3 for each factor uses
on the logic that maximizes the strengths and a scale ranging from 4 (very high) to 1 (very low)
opportunities, but simultaneously can based on the influence of these factors on the
minimize the weaknesses and threats. Data development of local food diversification. The
variables are collected through literature rating for the factors of strengths and
searches and interviews with the key opportunities are positive (great strength and
informants to obtain the variables of opportunity have rating 4, whereas small
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and strength and opportunity have rating 1). The
threats in the development of local food rating for weaknesses and threats are just the
diversification. opposite, that is, great weakness and threat have
Stages in the SWOT analysis are as rating 1 and small weakness and threat have
follows: data collection, analysis, and rating 4. The column of weighting score
decision-making. At the stage of data multiplied rating equals weighting score at
collection, the data obtained can be divided column 4 which value varies from 4.0 to 1, 0. Add
into two: the external data (opportunities and the weighting score (at column 4) to obtain the
threats) and internal data (strengths and total weighting score. This value is to map the
weaknesses). The model used in this stage position in the diagram of SWOT analysis.
consists of External Strategic Factor Matrix
and Internal Strategic Factor Matrix as shown Table 2. Analysis of External Factor
at table 1 and 2. The weighting to each factor External Weighting Rating Score
in Table 1 and 2 at column 2 ranges from 1.0 Strategic (Weight x
(extremely important) to with a 0.0 Factors Rating)
(extremely unimportant). The amount/total Opportunities
1
score of all weights must be 1.00 (100%). The
2
values implicitly show the percentage number
Amount of O a b
of importance rate of these factors relative to
Threats
other factors. Larger number means that the 1
factor is relatively more important than any 2
other factor. Amount of T c d
Total (a+c) = 1 (b+d)
Table 1. Analysis of Internal Factor Source: Rangkuti, 2006
Internal Weights Rating Score
Strategic (Weight x David (2007) stated that there are four
Factors Rating)
kinds of strategies that can be generated through
Strengths
the SWOT matrix, which is a combination of the
1
internal and external factors. There are four
2
possible strategies chosen to carry out the
Amount of S a b
Weaknesses
development of local food diversification in West
1 Kalimantan, including: 1) S-O Strategy aims to
2 take advantage of all the internal strengths to
Amount of W c d seize and take advantage of external
Total (a+c) = 1 (b+d) opportunities, 2) W-O Strategy aims to improve
Source: Rangkuti, 2006 the internal weaknesses to utilize the external
66 Imelda, et al., Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification

opportunities, 3) S-T Strategy aims to use the commodities of rice, soybean, cassava, sweet
internal strengths to avoid or reduce the potatoes and green beans, while for the corn and
impact of external threats, and 4) W-T groundnut the average growth of production per
Strategy aims to reduce the internal year is negative.
weaknesses by avoiding the external threats. The development of commodity
production of animal food in West Kalimantan
in 2011-2015 showed a less stable condition,
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
which is seen from the quite high increase and
Developments in food availability in decrease of production in some commodities,
West Kalimantan through the local but the majority of animal food commodities
production approach can be seen in Table 6. have a positive average growth of production per
It can be seen that most of the vegetable food year except for the free-range chicken eggs, beef,
commodities show the positive average dairy milk, and mutton.
growth of production per year at the

Table 3. Development of Local Food Production in West Kalimantan in 2011-2015

No. Commodities Production Growth
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (%)
1. Rice 1,372,989 1,300,100 1,441,877 1,372,695 1,394883 0.60
2. Corn 160,826 170,124 159,982 135,461 127,868 (5.28)
3. Soybean 2,026 1,338 1,677 3,161 2,732 16.57
4. Cassava 141,548 153,564 168,521 192,968 189,041 7.68
5. Sweet Potatoes 13,774 15,169 15,296 15,393 15,009 2.28
6. Peanuts 1,763 1,688 1,317 1,250 1,100 (10.83)
7. Green Beans 1,687 862 553 924 1,106 0.53
8. Free-range 6,315 5,992 10,532 8,109 8,515 13.16
Chicken Meat
9. Chicken Meat 20,767 42,297 23,982 35,101 36,947 28.00
10. Free-range 3,742 3,081 3,215 2,816 2,599 (8.36)
Chicken Eggs
11. Chicken Eggs 15,613 23,906 31,468 43,800 45,155 31.76
12. Beef 10,437 7,263 8,077 7,274 7,636 (6.04)
13. Milk 110 181 146 42 44 (5.49)
14. Mutton 911 474 515 276 290 (20.18)
15. Pork 15,133 18,516 26,336 27,877 29,271 18.86
16. Duck Meat 251 522 525 459 482 25.19
17. Duck Eggs 2,199 3,278 3,322 3,356 3,061 10.66
18. Capture Fisheries 103,901 112,751 163,534 198,189 80,779 3.88
19. Aquaculture 33,878 40,309 79,154 58,893 32,239 11.12
Source: Food Security and Extension Agency of West Kalimantan Province, 2015.
JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 10 (1) (2017): 62-79 67

Table 4. Food Consumption of People in West Kalimantan in 2009-2014 (kg/capita/year)

No. Food Substance Group 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1. Grains
Rice 110.7 95.3 92.4 89.0 87.7 86.1
Corn 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.3
Wheat 7.1 6.1 7.3 6.7 6.9 6.5
2. Tubers
Cassava 8.2 7.7 9.7 6.1 6.0 4.9
Sweet Potatoes 0.5 0.8 1.5 0.8 0.7 0.5
Potatoes 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.8
Sago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other Tubers 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.5
3. Animal Food
Ruminant Meat 1.3 1.6 2.2 2.9 2.4 1.8
Poultry 4.5 6.0 6.8 5.9 6.3 7.7
Eggs 7.5 9.0 10.1 9.1 10.9 10.0
Milk 2.0 2.6 2.7 2.1 2.4 3.0
Fish 2.11 27.7 30.9 27.9 29.3 27.3
4. Oil and Fat
Coconut Oil 2.2 2.2 2.7 3.1 2.3 2.0
Palm Oil 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.6 6.5
Other Oil 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
5. Oily Fruits/Seeds
Coconut 1.5 2.4 1.8 1.6 1.0 1.2
Candlenut 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
6. Nuts
Soybean 3.2 4.4 5.3 4.2 4.3 4.7
Peanuts 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1
Green Beans 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.5
Other Nuts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
7. Sugar
Granulated Sugar 12.6 13.4 14.0 12.5 13.1 11.4
Brown Sugar 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1
8. Vegetables and Fruits
Vegetables 46.0 59.1 55.1 52.7 53.3 51.7
Fruits 21.2 31.5 27.0 21.5 26.2 27.8
9. Others
Drink 15.0 15.1 17.8 16.5 18.7 15.7
Spice 4.3 3.5 3.8 3.7 4.8 3.8
Source: Food Security Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, 2015.
68 Imelda, et al., Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification

The development of fishery commodity Food consumption for flour, sweet potato,
production in West Kalimantan in 2011-2015 potato, animal food (ruminant meat, poultry,
showed a condition that tends to increase eggs, dairy and fish), soybeans, green beans, fruit
every year, either for the commodities of and drinks in urban areas is higher than in rural
capture fisheries or aquaculture. areas. The high consumption of animal food in
Data of food consumption development urban areas is supported by the opinion of
in West Kalimantan in 2009-2014 can be seen Erwidodo, et al. (1998), which stated that the
in Table 4 above. Table 4 shows that rice is the purchasing power of the animal food is limited
main staple food for the people in West because of limited income. Urban people with
Kalimantan and the local food consumption relative higher income levels in general can buy
such as corn and other tubers (corn, cassava this type of food animal with more quantity. Nur
and sweet potatoes) continues to decline over et al. (2012) also stated that the beef commodity
the last six years. This is in line with the is more elastic to the price changes, which means
research of Hardono (2014), who stated that that during this time the beef is still considered
nationally there has been a shift in the pattern a luxury food items and only consumed by the
of staple food from corn and tubers to the upper middle-income people. Junaidi (2005) also
national staple food (rice). Other food types stated that the participation rate of consuming
such as animal food (except poultry), oil and various types of eggs is higher in urban areas
fat (except palm oil), oily fruits and seeds, than in rural areas and will continue to increase
nuts, sugar, vegetables and fruits and others in line with the increased revenue.
also experienced a decline in consumption. It Measurements of food consumption
is only the poultry meat and palm oil that pattern from the food quality aspects also need
have increased in the period 2009-2014. to be considered through the approach of
If examined based on the urban and Expectancy Dietary Pattern score (PPH). The
rural areas (Table 5), food consumption in expectancy dietary pattern is a guideline for
West Kalimantan in 2014 in rural areas was various food compositions that is able to provide
higher than urban areas for the types of food the energy and nutrients needed by the average
of rice, cassava, oil and fat, oily fruits and population with sufficient quantities and balance
seeds, sugar, and vegetables. The high level of and provide good quality food.
consumption of vegetables in rural areas is PPH score is useful as a simple instrument
because this type of food is easily available in to assess the situation and the availability of food
rural locations either from the farm or consumption in the form of the amount and
purchase (Damora, et al., 2008). composition of food by aggregate type of food
The level of food consumption is (Baliwati, 2002). The quality of food
strongly associated with household income consumption is considered perfect if the PPH
(Yimer, 2011) and (Kostakis, 2012). Berg (1996) score reached 100, which indicates that the food
stated that families with higher income levels situation is more various and has better
can afford to buy food with more variety and composition and nutritional quality. The level of
more number when compared to low-income diversity of food consumption showed a positive
families. Soekirman (2002) also stated that if correlation with the level of nutritional adequacy
the average income of households increased it of food consumption (Hardinsyah, 2007),
leads to improved food quality. (Prasetyo et al., 2013) and (Steyn, et al., 2007).
JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 10 (1) (2017): 62-79 69

Table 5. Food Consumption of People in West Kalimantan in 2014 (kg/capita/year)

No. Food Substance Group Urban Areas Rural Areas Total
1. Grains 80.8 98.2 92.9
Rice 72.5 92.0 86.1
Corn 0.4 0.2 0.3
Flour 7.8 5.9 6.5
2. Tubers 6.0 7.3 6.8
Cassava 3.5 5.8 4.9
Sweet Potatoes 0.8 0.4 0.5
Potatoes 1.5 0.5 0.8
Sago 0.0 0.1 0.0
Other Tubers 0.3 0.6 0.5
3. Animal Food 56.9 46.6 49.7
Ruminant Meat 2.4 1.5 1.8
Poultry Meat 9.4 6.9 7.7
Eggs 11.3 9.5 10.0
Milk 5.0 2.1 3.0
Fish 28.8 26.6 27.3
4. Oil and Fat 7.9 8.9 8.6
Coconut Oil 1.4 2.3 2.0
Palm Oil 6.3 6.6 6.5
Other Oil 0.2 0.1 0.1
5. Oily Fruits and Seeds 1.2 1.4 1.3
Coconut 1.1 1.2 1.2
Candlenut 0.1 0.1 0.1
6. Nuts 7.2 4.6 5.4
Soybean 6.4 4.0 4.7
Peanuts 0.1 0.1 0.1
Green Beans 0.7 0.4 0.5
Other Nuts 0.0 0.1 0.1
7. Sugar 9.5 12.3 11.5
Granulated Sugar 9.4 12.2 11.4
Brown Sugar 0.1 0.1 0.1
8. Vegetables and Fruits 79.3 79.6 79.5
Vegetables 42.7 55.6 51.7
Fruits 36.5 23.9 27.8
9. Others 26.2 16.7 19.6
Drink 22.7 12.7 15.7
Spices 3.5 4.0 3.8
Source: Food Security Agency of West Kalimantan Province, 2015.
70 Imelda, et al., Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification

Table 6 shows that the total score of Based on the PPH score of food groups in
PPH of people in West Kalimantan in the Table 6, it is noted that the highest total score of
urban and rural areas is still under the ideal PPH should be in the grains (score 25) and has
PPH score. The PPH score in the urban areas already reached the maximum score. This is
is 79.1 in the rural areas is 80.7. The PPH score consistent with a research on food consumption
under the maximum score indicates that the patterns in Indonesia, South Sulawesi and West
food consumption in West Kalimantan tends Lampung, which has been done by Anwar and
to be not various and has still low quality of Hardinsyah (2014), Kandiana et al. (2009) and
food consumed. This is because people in Nurindrawati et al. (2008).
West Kalimantan only consume food from Groups of animal food, vegetables and
one group of food that is grains. Other food fruits also make a major contribution to the score
groups such as the tubers are consumed by of PPH. Although the total proportion of grains,
the people only as a food supplement or a animal food, also vegetables and fruits has
mixture of side dishes and vegetables. contributed to the PPH score actually over 50%,
A research of Zhang et al. (2008) in rural but of the whole, no group has reached the ideal
and urban areas of Guangxi, China also score of PPH so it needs improvement in
showed that the PPH score in 1992 to 1999 are quantity and quality of food consumption at the
above 70. The high and low value score of households by taking into account at the
PPH depends on the achievement of the maximum limit which in turn can help increase
contribution of each food group. the actual PPH score.

Table 6. Score of Expectancy Dietary Pattern of People in West Kalimantan Based

on Areas in 2014
No. Food Substance Group PPH Score Maximum
Urban Areas Rural Areas Total Score
1. Grains 22.2 25.0 25.0 25.0
2. Tubers 0.4 0.6 0.6 2.5
3. Animal Food 24.0 20.9 23.5 24.0
4. Oil and Fat 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.0
5. Oily Fruits and Seeds 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0
6. Nuts 4.7 3.0 3.5 10.0
7. Sugar 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5
8. Vegetables and Fruits 20.0 23.1 22.2 30.0
9. Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 79.1 80.7 82.8 100.00
Source: Food Security and Extension Agency, West Kalimantan Province, 2015.
JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 10 (1) (2017): 62-79 71

Table 7. Internal Strategic Factor of Development of Local Food Diversification

in West Kalimantan
No. Internal Factor Weight Rating Weighted
Value (Weight
x Rating)
Strengths
1. Diversity of specific local food types in 0.109 4 0.436
West Kalimantan
2. Increase in local food production in 0.088 3 0.264
West Kalimantan
3. Increase in number of Micro, Small, and 0.106 3 0.318
Medium Enterprises moving in local
food processing unit
4. Availability of unutilized potential 0.088 3 0.264
agricultural land
5. High awareness of people of health 0.098 4 0.392
Total 0.490 1.674
Weaknesses
1. Many functional shift of agricultural 0.106 1 0.106
land
2. People’s food preference is still focused 0.111 2 0.222
on rice and un-optimal utilization of
local food for daily food consumption
3. Percentage of poor population is high 0.096 2 0.192
enough
4. Limitation of local food production 0.101 2 0.202
promotion
5. Score of PPH in West Kalimantan is still 0.096 1 0.096
under maximum
Total 0.510 0.818
Total of Weighted Value 1.000
Source: primary data, processed, 2016.

Development Strategy of Local Food achievement of these objectives. The next

Diversification stage is to apply the internal and external
Analysis to determine the development factors in SWOT matrix, which can provide a
strategy of diversification is done with SWOT guidance on how the strengths are able to
Analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity take advantage of the opportunities that exist,
and Threat). SWOT analysis process involves how to overcome the weaknesses that
determining the specific objectives in the obstruct the opportunities, how the strengths
development of local food diversification and are able to face the threats and how to
identifying the internal and external factors overcome the weaknesses that can make the
that support and do not support the threats become real.
72 Imelda, et al., Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification

Table 7 shows the internal strategic that is engaged in the processing of local
factor in the development of local food food.
diversification in West Kalimantan. Results of 4. The availability of unutilized potential
interviews and questionnaires with agricultural land especially prioritized for
respondents obtained the internal and food crops. Regencies of Sambas, Kubu
external factors (strengths, weaknesses, Raya, and Landak are the potential areas
opportunities and threats). Internal strengths for expansion of food crops. According to
in the development of local food the statistic data in 2014, West Kalimantan
diversification in West Kalimantan include: has the area of 14,680,700 ha consisting of
1. The diversity of types of specific local food 10,804,868 ha (73.60%) of cultivated areas
in West Kalimantan. This variable is the and 3,875,832 ha of non-cultivated areas
main strength in the development of local (26.40%). The availability of land for
food diversification with the highest agriculture in West Kalimantan
weighted value of 0.436. Local food sources amounting to 1,116,459 ha (186,270 ha of
in West Kalimantan are rice, corn, paddy fields and 930 189 ha of non-paddy
soybean, cassava, livestock, plantations fields), the availability of 14,211,270 ha of
and fisheries. Ketapang Regency and dry land, the availability of 1,271,986 ha
Pontianak City are the largest suppliers of (8.66%) of critical land, and availability of
beef in West Kalimantan. West peatlands of 1,677,550 ha (11.43%)
Kalimantan also has a competitive 5. The high awareness of people about
commodity of fruits such as olive fruit, health. The needs of people today are more
durian, guava, orange, mango, oriented to food that has a good nutritional
mangosteen, jackfruit, and cempedak. composition, appearance and taste of
2. The increase in local food production in interest, and also has a physiological
West Kalimantan. Data of development of function for health.
local food production in West Kalimantan The internal weaknesses in the
in 2011-2015 showed that most food development of local food diversification in
commodities experienced a positive West Kalimantan include:
average growth of production per year 1. Many of agricultural land conversion.
(Table 6). If viewed based on the balance Irawan (2005) stated that the agricultural
sheet for the availability of production and land conversion occurs because of the
consumption of food in West Kalimantan competition in land utilization between
in 2015, there was a surplus of some food agriculture and non-agricultural sectors.
commodities such as rice, corn, cassava, Suprajaka and Fitria (2012) stated that the
sweet potatoes, peanuts and green beans conversion of agricultural land generally
(the Food Security and Extension Agency, occurs in the fertile agricultural land that
West Kalimantan Province, 2015). Category has good irrigation channels. If allowed to
of surplus occurs when the value of the continue, it will disrupt the development
food availability is beyond the needs of of local food diversification.
food consumption of people in the region. 2. The people's food preferences are still
3. The increase in the number of MSMEs focused on rice and low utilization of local
(Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) food for daily food consumption. This
JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 10 (1) (2017): 62-79 73

variable is the main weakness in the Increased Productivity, Seed Development,

development of local food diversification Food Production Safety, Handling
with the highest weighted value of 0.222. Optimization of Harvest, Post-Harvest and
3. The percentage of poor people is still quite Marketing, and also UPSUS PAJALE (Special
high. The number of poor people in West Effort on Rice, Corn and Soybean).
Kalimantan in March 2015 is around Further is the effort of developing
383,700 people (8.03%) or increased to be science and technology to support the
0.47% (1,790 people) compared to development of local foo, followed by the
September 2014 (CBS, 2015). efforts to improve communication and
4. Limitation of promotion of local food market information systems. And last is the
products. effort of government assistance for SMEs food
5. Score of Expectancy Dietary Pattern of sector. The external threat in developing the
West Kalimantan is still below the local food diversification in West Kalimantan
maximum score, which amounted to 82.8 includes the following. First, the policy of
(2014). wheat import with product development and
Table 8 shows the external strategic promotion of wheat products aggressively.
factors in the development of local food Indonesia is the second largest wheat
diversification in West Kalimantan, which are importer in the world after Egypt, with the
the external opportunities in developing the import value in 2016 was estimated at 8.10
local food diversification in West Kalimantan. million tons, up about 8% from the previous
The strategy presents some operational steps year. The increase in the import value is
in developing the local food diversification. associated with the increased consumption of
The government policy in increasing the wheat in Indonesia. In 2012-2013, the
food diversification (Presidential Decree No. Indonesian wheat consumption amounted to
22 of 2009 on Policy on Food Consumption 6.95 million tons, in 2013 to 2014 increased to
Diversification Acceleration Based on Local 7.16 million tons and in 2014 to 2015 increased
Resources and acted upon by the Minister of to 7.36 tons (Listiyarini, 2016).
Agriculture (Permentan) No. 43 of 2009 on Second, the limitation of agricultural
Food Consumption Diversification sector infrastructure, such as the limitation of
Acceleration Movement (P2KP) Based on water infrastructure (dams and irrigation
Local Resources with a weighted value of channels), the limitation of animal feed raw
0.412. Some activities that have been material so that the animal feed in West
undertaken by the government of West Kalimantan are still imported from Makassar
Kalimantan Province related to the and Surabaya.
development of food security including the Third, the diversification research of
Food Estate Area, the Development of food consumption is still not optimal. The
Cultivation Method, Field School, Help Direct government policies are still centralized and
Superior Seed (BLBU), Optimization of uniformity, often ignoring the people's food
Artificial Insemination Service or preferences and the potential for local food.
Introductions of Excellent Stud, Area The requirements of the development of
Development of Integrated Ranch with Food diversification are when people's food
Crops/ Plantation, Optimizing Utilization of preferences are supported by the ability of
Agricultural Infrastructures, Acceleration of local food production in a region.
74 Imelda, et al., Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification

Fourth, the limitations of infrastructure amounted to 15,111.32 km consisting of roads

conditions in some areas in West Kalimantan. in good condition at 12,080.14 km and
This variable is a variable with the main damaged roads at 6,258.03 km (CBS, 2015).
external threats with the weighted value of Most roads in damaged condition is a
0.234. Data of condition of infrastructure connecting road between cities / regencies in
(road length) in West Kalimantan in 2015 West Kalimantan.
Table 8. External Strategic Factor of Development of Local Food Diversification
in West Kalimantan
No. External Factor Weight Rating Weighted
Value (Weight
x Rating)
Opportunities
1. Government policy on food 0.103 4 0.412
diversification development (Perpres No.
22 of 2009 and Permentan No. 43 of
2009).
2. Development of science and technology 0.123 3 0.369
that can support the local food
development
3. Development of communication and 0.115 3 0.345
market information system
4. Government assistance for SMEs in food 0.106 4 0.424
sector
Total 0.447 1.550
Threats
1. Policy on wheat import followed by 0.120 1 0.120
development of product and vigorous
wheat product promotion
2. Limitation of agricultural sector 0.115 1 0.115
infrastructure
3. Limitation of infrastructure condition in 0.117 2 0.234
some areas in West Kalimantan
4. Diversification research of food 0.095 2 0.190
consumption is not optimal yet
5. Government policy is still centralized 0.106 2 0.212
and uniformity, often avoid people’s
food preference and local food potency
Total 0.553 0.871
Total of Weighted Value 1.000

Source: primary data, processed, 2016.

JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 10 (1) (2017): 62-79 75

The score value of each internal and shown in Table 9.

external factor on the development of local Table 8 shows the value of X> 0 (strength
food diversification may specify the position is greater than weakness of 0.856) and the value
in the SWOT matrix. This is conducted by of Y> 0 (opportunity is greater than threat of
reducing the total of weighted value between 0.679). The position of coordinates of the
the internal factors (variables of strengths and development of local food diversification in West
weaknesses) and the external factors Kalimantan can be seen in Cartesian coordinates
(variables of opportunities and threats), as as figure 1 below.

Table 9. Score Value of Internal and External Factors of Development

of Local Food Diversification
Criteria Score Coordinate
Internal Factor
Strengths 1.674
Weaknesses 0.818 0.856
External Factor
Opportunities 1.550
Threats 0.871 0.679
Source: primary data, processed, 2016.

External Opportunities

Quadrant III Quadrant I

Turn-Around 0.679
Progressive Strategy
Strategy
Internal Weaknesses Internal Strengths
0.856

Quadrant IV Quadrant II
Defensive Strategy Diversification
Strategy

External Threats

Source: primary data, processed, 2016.

Figure 1. SWOT Position Matrix .
76 Imelda, et al., Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification

Based on the SWOT position matrix, the of MSMEs West Kalimantan still have limitations
development of local food diversification in in terms of implementation of management,
West Kalimantan is in quadrant I (progressive limited access to information, limited
strategy), which means to be in a favorable application of technology, and narrowness of the
situation and has the opportunity to be market circle. Jauhari (2010) stated that one of
developed because the opportunity is greater the obstacles in the development of small and
than the threat that must be faced. In medium enterprises (SMEs) is the limited
addition, the strength is also so great that market access. One way to overcome that is by
there are opportunities that can be utilized to improving the market information systems, for
the maximum. example, utilizing the e-commerce service.
Progressive strategy focuses on S-O Third, the utilization of unutilized
strategy (Strengths - Opportunities), which is potential agricultural land to improve the quality
to take advantage of strengths and and quantity of local food products. This can be
opportunities for developing the local food done by utilizing the wastelands that have been
diversification in West Kalimantan. This is in released, the land reserves and the potential
line with the research of Hardono (2014) who suboptimal land such as wetlands and tidal
stated that the map of the potential success of swamp (Mulyani, et al., 2011). Besides, it is also
the development of diversification in necessary to perform the coaching and intensive
Indonesia is in quadrant I (S-O strategies). assistance in the land treatment, planting,
S-O Strategy (Strengths-Opportunities) maintenance, harvesting and post-harvest by
in the development of local food applying the location specific technology
diversification in West Kalimantan includes innovation.
the following. First, the increased synergy S-T Strategy (Strengths-Threats) in the
between the government and sector players development of local food diversification in West
MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Kalimantan includes the following. First, the
Enterprises) for the development of local food increased diversification of local food products at
products. This is in line with the opinion of affordable prices and quality is to reduce the
Martianto, et al. (2009) who stated that the domestic consumption of wheat products. For
increase in the commitment and the role of example, by developing the flour processed
inter-governmental and stakeholders are the products sourced from a variety of tubers, sago,
key priority in achieving the local food bananas, breadfruit, pumpkin as the substitute
diversification in an area. Rachman and Ariani alternative for rice and wheat.
(2008) also stated that the role of government Second, the development of technology
is needed to facilitate the diversification and and processing institutional and food marketing
the food consumption through the to maintain the quality of food products and to
development of technology and the local food encourage an increase in value-added. This is
industry. necessary due to the fact happening that the
Second, the utilization of development of the local food industry is still
communication and market information limited to the domestic industry and the
systems in improving the marketing of local resulting product is still oriented to the snacks
food products of MSMEs (Micro, Small and with relative expensive price (Ariani et al., 2013).
Medium Enterprises) sector. The conditions The development of local food industry is highly
JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 10 (1) (2017): 62-79 77

dependent on the presence of the consumer, sector to ensure the food security and the local
the availability of raw materials and the food production.
supporting infrastructure such as transport, Second, the increased transport facilities
electricity, water and others. and infrastructure for the smooth distribution of
Third, the development of the means of production and the production of
infrastructure to build the integration local food. The availability of staple food is
between the food supply source and its strongly influenced by the smooth distribution
distribution by developing the local food of food to the whole area in West Kalimantan, for
production centers. example for the meat, eggs and cooking oil that
W-O Strategies (Weaknesses- are only produced by certain areas and also the
Opportunities) in the development of local sugar that is imported from outside the region of
food diversification in West Kalimantan West Kalimantan. The condition of
includes the following. First, the utilization of infrastructure, especially roads in several
science and technology to enhance the regencies in West Kalimantan mostly need
promotion of local food products and treatment as soon as possible.
optimize the utilization of local food for daily Third, the development of research related
food consumption. The introduction and to the local food diversification in accordance
promotion can be done by through with people's food preferences and the potential
counseling, training and assistance so that it for local food. This is in line with the opinion of
can increase public awareness of the potential Martianto, et al. (2009) who stated that the role
local food available to meet the nutritional of researcher could be done in the form of
needs. research and writing publications related to the
Second, the continuity of local food potential and nutritional value of local foods.
supply on the market at an affordable price Fourth, increasing the effectiveness of
and it is easy to obtain. These aspects are coordination of government agencies at the
important and urgent considering that this central and regions related to the local food
instrument will contribute to establish the diversification so as to ensure the integration of
market price. policies, programs, and activities among the
Third, the accelerating of central and local sectors. This can be done
implementation of government policy to through the development of networks of
reduce the conversion of agricultural land. cooperation between the municipality/ regency
Mahbubi (2013) stated that in the food period, or sub-district/ village which regions have a
the national food security would be affected if surplus or a deficit that could encourage the
the government does not stop the conversion smooth distribution of food from the surplus to
of agricultural land. One way to avoid the the deficit areas.
conversion of agricultural lands is through the Fifth, facilitating and guaranting the
sub-optimal land utilization for non-food smooth supply of production of facilities and
commodities (Las and Mulyani, 2009). infrastructure, especially seeds/ seedlings and
W-T Strategy (Weaknesses-Threats) in fertilizers.
the development of local food diversification
in West Kalimantan includes the following. CONCLUSION
First, the increase in the availability of
The availability of food in West Kalimantan
facilities and infrastructure of the agricultural
in 2011-2015 showed the positive average growth
78 Imelda, et al., Development Strategy 0f Local Food Diversification

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