II-B.Tech.

I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UGC AUTONOMOUS
Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH, Accredited by NBA& NAAC
Kandlakoya (V), Medchal (D), Hyderabad- 501401.
www.cmrec.ac.in

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021-22

This is to certify that the bonafide record work done by

Mr./Ms.__________________________________________________________

Bearing H.T No _________________of II-B.Tech-I Semester in the

Mechanics of Solids Laboratory is satisfactorily completed.

Faculty In-Charge Head of Department

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

VISION OF THE INSTITUTE

To be recognized as a premier institution in offering value based and futuristic quality technical
education to meet the technological needs of the society.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE

1. To impart value based quality technical education through innovative teaching and learning
methods.

2. To continuously produce employable technical graduates with advanced technical skills to

meet the current and future technological needs of the society.

3. To prepare the graduates for higher learning with emphasis on academic and industrial
research.

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To be a center of excellence in offering value based and futuristic quality technical education in the
field of mechanical engineering.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

M1. To impart quality technical education imbibed with values by providing state of the art
laboratories and effective teaching and learning process.

M2. To produce industry ready mechanical engineering graduates with advanced technical and lifelong
learning skills.

M3. To prepare graduates for higher learning and research in mechanical engineering and its allied
areas.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS):

PEO 1: The Graduates will exhibit strong knowledge in mathematics, sciences and engineering for
successful employment or higher education in mechanical engineering.

PEO 2: The Graduates will design and implement complex modeling systems, conduct research and
work with multi disciplinary teams.

PEO 3: The Graduates will be capable of communicating effectively with lifelong learning attitude and
function as responsible members of global society.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POS):

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
5. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
6. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
7. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
8. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
9. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
10. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
11. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOS):

PSO.1 Design a Thermal system for efficiency improvement as per industrial needs.
PSO.2 Design and manufacture mechanical components using advanced manufacturing
technology as per the industrial needs

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES

1. All the students must follow the prescribed dress code (apron, formals, shoes) wear
their ID cards

2. All the students should sign in login register.

3. All students must carry their observation books and records without fail.

4. Students must take the permission of the laboratory staff before handling the
machines in order to avoid any injury.

5. The students must have basic understanding about the theory and procedure of the
experiment to be conducted.

6. Power supply to the test table/test rig should be given in the presence of only
through the lab technician.

7. Do not LEAN on and do not come CLOSE to the equipment.

8. Instruments like TOOLS, APPARATUS and GUAGE sets should be returned

before leaving the lab.

9. Every student is required to handle the equipment with care and follow proper
precautions

10. Students should ensure that their work areas are clean.

11. At the end of each experiment, the student must take initials from the staff on the
data / observations taken after completing the necessary calculations.

12. The record should be properly written with following section in each experiment:
a) Aim of the experiment
b) Apparatus / Tools / Instruments required
c) Procedure / Theory
d) Model Calculations
e) Schematic Diagram
f) Specifications / Designs Details
g) Tabulations.
h) Graph
i) Result and discussions.

13. Students should attend regularly to all lab classes.

14. Day- to- day evaluation of student performance is carried out and recorded for
finalizing internal marks.

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 II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

SCHEME OF EVALUATION FOR EXTERNAL LAB

Correctness of Conduct Model Results and Viva

Write up and Experiment & Calculations Graphs
Precautions observations

Marks: 10 Marks: 25 Marks: 15 Marks: 15 Marks: 10

Total Marks:
to 75 Marks

SCHEME OF EVALUATION FOR INTERNAL LAB

Day to Day Evaluation ------15 Marks Internal Exam------10 Marks

Uniform Observation Performance Results Viva Correctness Conduct Model Results and Viva Voce
&Record of Voce of Write up Experiment Calculations Graphs
experiment and &
Precautions observations
Marks:3 Marks:3 Marks:3 Marks:3 Marks:3 Marks:2 Marks:2 Marks:2 Marks:2 Marks:2

Total Marks: 15+10=25 Marks

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LAB

II B.Tech – I SEM L T P C
Subject Code: ME308PC 0 0 2 1
Prerequisite: Engineering Mechanics

Course Objectives: The objective is to learn the fundamental concepts of stress, strain,
and deformation of solids with applications to bars, beams, and columns. Detailed study
of engineering properties of materials is also of interest. Fundamentals of applying
equilibrium, compatibility, and force- deformation relationships to structural elements
are emphasized. The students are introduced to advanced concepts of flexibility and
stiffness method of structural analysis. The course builds on the fundamental concepts of
engineering mechanics course.
The students will advance the students development of the following broad capabilities:
 Students will be able to understand basic concepts of stress, strain and their
relations based on linear elasticity. Material behaviors due to different types
of loading will be discussed.
 Students will be able to understand and know how to calculate stresses and
deformation of a bar due to an axial loading under uniform and non-uniform
conditions.
 Students will understand how to develop shear-moment diagrams of a beam
and find the maximum moment/shear and their locations
 Students will understand how to calculate normal and shear stresses on any
cross-section of a beam.

Course Outcomes:
1. Analyze the behavior of the solid bodies subjected to various types of loading.
2. Apply knowledge of materials and structural elements to the analysis of simple
structures.
3. Undertake problem identification, formulation and solution using a range of
analytical methods
4. Analyze and interpret laboratory data relating to behavior of structures and the
materials they are made of, and undertake associated laboratory work individually
and in teams.
5. Expectation and capacity to undertake lifelong learning.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

List of Equipments

1. Universal Testing Machine

2. Torsion Test Machine

3. Hardness Test Machine

4. Impact Test Machine

5. Deflection of Beams

6. Spring Test Machine

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

List of Experiments

1. Direct tension test

2. Deflection test on Simple supported beam

3. Deflection test on Cantilever beam

4. Torsion test

5(a). Brinell hardness test

5(b). Rockwell hardness test

6. Test on springs

7(a). Izod Impact test

7(b). Charpy Impact test

Lead Experiments

1. Punch shear test

2. Comparison of Stress-Strain Curves for Different Materials (Mild Steel & Al)

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

INDEX
Mechanics of Solids Lab
(For the A.Y 2019 – 20)

Date of Date of
S. No Experiment Page No Signature
Experiment Submission
1 Direct Tension Test 10-19
Deflection Test on Simple Supported
2 20-27
Beam

3 Deflection test on Cantilever Beam 28-34

4 Torsion Test 35-42

5(a) Brinell Hardness Test 43-47

5(b) Rockwell Hardness Test 48-51

6 Test on Springs 52-60

7(a) Izod Impact Test 61-64

7(b) Charpy Impact Test 65-68

Lead experiment

1 Punch Shear Test 69-71

Comparison of Stress-Strain Curves for
Different Materials (Mild Steel & Al)
2 72-75

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

EXPERIMENT-1

DIRECT TENSION TEST

AIM: To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following:
i) Limit of proportionality
ii) Elastic limit
iii) Yield strength
iv) Ultimate strength
v) Young’s modulus
vi) Percentage elongation
vii) Percentage reduction in area.

APPARATUS:
i) Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
ii) Mild steel specimens
iii) Graph paper
iv) Scale
v) Vernier Caliper

DIAGRAM:

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

Theory:

The property of certain materials of returning back to their original configuration

after removing the external force is called elasticity. Such a material is known as elastic
material. On the other hand, if the body does not return to its original configuration it is said
to be plastic.

When a system of external forces acts on a body the resistance to deformation per
unit area offered by the body is known as stress.

The deformation per unit length is known as strain. The limit to which a body can be
subjected to external forces without losing its elastic properly is known as elastic limit. The
ratio of the stress in a body to the strain developed in it within the elastic limit is known as
Young’s Modulus or modulus of elasticity.

As the specimen is loaded it is found that the stress developed is proportional to the
strain unto a certain elastic limit known as limit of proportionality. At this point we find that
stress becomes constant which strain continues to increase for a certain interval to the upper
yield point and then lower yield point in further loading. Further stress and strain increases at
faster rate and reaches a point called ultimate load point. At a latter stage strain increases and
stress decreases and specimen breaks at a point known as breaking point.

PROCEDURE:

1. Determine the average cross – sectional dimensions of the specimen with a micrometer.
Scribe a line along the bar and with a center punch lightly marks an appropriate length
symmetrical with the length of the bar. Distance between the punch marks is called gauge
length over which the extensometer is fixed.
2. Firmly grip the upper end of the specimen in the fixed head of the testing machine. Place the
specimen so that the punch marks face the front of the machine.
3. Firmly attach the extensometer to the specimen so that its axis coincides with that of the
specimen, and remove the spacer bar (if present). Adjust the testing machine and the
extensometer to read zero, setting the latter so that most of its range will be available.
Grip the lower end of the specimen, taking care not to jar the extensometer.
4. Select suitable increments of strain to secure at least 15 readings below the probable
proportional limit. Apply load at a slow speed, and make simultaneous observation of
load and extensometer without stopping the machine.
5. Remove the extensometer at or slightly less than the pointer movement. At the yield
point.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

6. Load at yield point is noted down by observing the pointer will remain stationery for
some time, which gives upper yield point. Then, one pointer reverses and shows a
reading, which is called the lower yield point. During this the extension continues to
increase which is noted from the scale reading.
7. The maximum value of load is noted down from the position of maximum load indicator on
the scale.
8. When the specimen breaks the corresponding load is noted down quickly. This is called as
breaking load.
9. The specimen is removed and the two broken pieces are joined. The length between the
gauge point and the diameter of the specimen at the neck is measured.
10. Plot a graph of stress vs. strain for the test and compute all the required properties.

Observation:

A) Original dimensions
Gauge Length = ------------

Diameter = ---------

Area = --------------

B) Final Dimensions:
Gauge Length = ------------

Diameter = -----------

Area = ------------

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

S. No LOAD (N) EXTENSION(mm) STRESS = load/area STRAIN=

(N/mm2) change in length
/original length

TABULATION:- (Cross check ‘E’ with reference table 1.0)

(i) Limit of proportion = Load at limit of proportionality = N/mm2

Original area of cross-section

(ii) Elastic limit = load at elastic limit = N/mm2

Original area of c/s

(iii) Yield strength = Yield load = N/mm2

Original area of cross-section

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

(iv) Ultimate strength = Max tensile load = N/mm2

Original area of cross-section

(iv) Young’s modulus, E = stress below proportionality limit = N/mm2

Corresponding strain

(v) % of elongation = Final length (at fracture) – original length = %

Original length

(vi) % of reduction in area = Original area-area at fracture = %

Original area

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. If the strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be removed before necking begins.

2. Measure deflection on scale accurately & carefully.

RESULT:-

i) Breaking Stress =
ii) Ultimate Stress =
iii) Percentage Elongation =
iv)Modulus of Elasticity, E =

Application

1. To find out the elastic constant of the given specimen

2. To find the material properties of the given specimen

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

WORKSHEET

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

WORKSHEET

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What do you mean by Poisson’s ratio?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________

2. Define Hook’s law

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________

3. Define elastic and plastic limit of a material.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________

4. Explain young’s modulus?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________

5. Define mechanical properties of a materials.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

6. Define proof stress.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

7. What do you mean by elastic constants?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________

8. What do you mean by yield strength? What do you mean by ultimate strength?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

9. Draw the stress-strain curve for brittle material.

10. Draw the stress-strain curve for mild steel rod and mark its salient points.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

EXPERIMENT-2
DEFLECTION TEST ON SIMPLE SUPPORTED BEAM
AIM: To Determine the Young’s Modulus of the material of the simply supported beam.

APPARATUS: Simply supported beam, Hanger with weights, Dial gauge, Vernier calipers and
meter scale.

THEORY:

A beam is typically defined as a slender bar capable of supporting transverse

loading perpendicular to the bar. An applied transverse load to a beam results in internal forces
of shear and bending moments.

Depending on how the beam is loaded, shear forces and bending moments may vary
continuously along the length of the beam. It is importing in analyzing a beam and its
corresponding loading to construct accurate shear and bending moment diagrams to
visually determine what forces are acting on the member.

Young’s modulus is the ratio of stress to strain within the proportionality limit.

L/2
a
W
D

C
B
A

Span = L
Fig. 1.

A - Left support
C - Right support
B - Mid span (AB = BC)
L - Span (AC)
W - Load applied
a - The distance of the dial from the right support

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

The formula for deflection ‘’ under the dial gauge ‘D’

Wa (3L2  4a 2 )

48EI

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the dimensions of the beam i.e. the length ‘L’, between the centers of supports, width
‘b’ and depth ‘d’.
2. Fix the dial gauge at the center of the beam for measuring deflection such that the needle of the
dial gauge touches the bottom of the beam.
3. Place the hanger at a measured distance ‘L1’ from the fixed support, record the reading on the
dial gauge. Successively place the additional weights on the hanger. Record the readings of the
dial gauge when each weight is added and also during unloading.
4. Plot a graph with load along y-axis and deflection along x-axis and obtain best-fitted straight
line. Calculate the slope of the straight line.
5. Calculate the Young’s modulus ‘E’ of the material.

OBSERVATIONS:
Least Count of Dial Gauge = mm
Least Count of Vernier calipers = mm
Width of beam ‘b’:
Main scale reading Vernier scale
S. Width = M.S.R. + L.C. x V.S.C
M.S.R. coincidence
No. (mm)
(mm) V.S.C. (div)

Average width in mm =

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

Depth of Beam‘d’:

S. Main scale Vernier scale Width = M.S.R. + L.C. x V.S.C

No. reading M.S.R. coincidence
(mm)
(mm) V.S.C. (div)

Average depth in mm =

Load Dial gauge Reading Deflection =

S.
applied During During Average Av. X L. C.
No.
(kg) Loading (div) unloading (div) Reading (div) (mm)

CALCULATIONS:

Moment of inertia of the cross section of the beam,

I = bd3 / 12 =

= mm4

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

Wa (3L2  4a 2 )
Young ' s Modulus E 
48I
 kg / mm2

W  a (3L2  4a 2 ) 
Young ' s Modulus E from graph   
  48 I 
 kg / mm 2

RESULT: Young’s Modulus ‘E’ of the material of the simply supported beam

From formula = Kg/mm2

= N/mm2

From graph = Kg/mm2

= N/mm2

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

WORKSHEET

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

WORKSHEET

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Where the maximum bending will occur for SSB?

______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. What is meant by bending?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the boundary conditions for SSB and CB?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

4. Define distributed load?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

5. Deflection formulae’s for standard cases?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

6. What are different types of supports?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

EXPERIMENT-3
DEFLECTION TEST ON CANTILEVER BEAM
AIM: To Determine the Young’s Modulus of the material of cantilever beam.

EQUIPMENT: Cantilever beam, Hanger with weights, Dial gauge, Vernier calipers and meter scale.

THEORY:
A beam is typically defined as a slender bar capable of supporting transverse
loading perpendicular to the bar. An applied transverse load to a beam results in internal forces
of shear and bending moments.
Depending on how the beam is loaded, shear forces and bending moments may vary
continuously along the length of the beam. It is importing in analyzing a beam and its
corresponding loading to construct accurate shear and bending moment diagrams to
visually determine what forces are acting on the member.

Young’s modulus is the ratio of stress to strain within the proportionality limit.

L1

B C
A
L

Fig. 1.

A - Fixed support
C - The point where dial gauge is fixed
L - Distance of point ‘C’ from fixed end.
W - Load applied
L1 - The distance of the load from the fixed support

The formula for deflection ‘’ under the dial gauge ‘C’ is given by
WL13 WL12 ( L  L1 )
 
3EI 2 EI

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the cross sectional dimensions of the beam i.e., width ‘b’ and depth ‘d’.
2. Fix the dial gauge near the free end of the beam for measuring deflection with the needle just
touching the bottom of the beam.
3. Measure the distance ‘L’ between the face of the fixed support and the dial gauge.
4. Place the hanger at a measured distance ‘L1’ from the fixed support, record the reading on the dial
gauge. Successively place the additional weights on the hanger. Record the readings of the dial
gauge when each weight is added and also during unloading.
5. Plot a graph with load along y-axis and deflection along x-axis and obtain best-fitted straight line.
Calculate the slope of the straight line.
6. Calculate the Young’s modulus ‘E’ of the material.

OBSERVATIONS:

Least Count of Dial Gauge = mm

Least Count of Vernier calipers = mm

Width of beam ‘b’ = mm

Depth of beam ‘d’ = mm

Main scale reading Vernier scale

S. Width = M.S.R. + L.C. x V.S.C
M.S.R. coincidence
No. (mm)
(mm) V.S.C. (div)

Average width in mm =

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

Main scale reading Vernier scale

S. Width = M.S.R. + L.C. x V.S.C
M.S.R. coincidence
No. (mm)
(mm) V.S.C. (div)
1
2
3
Average depth in mm =

Load Dial gauge Reading Deflection =

S. No applied During During Average Av. X L. C.
(kg) Loading (div) unloading (div) Reading (div) (mm)
1
2
3
4

CALCULATIONS:

Moment of inertia of the cross section of the beam,

I = bd3 / 12 = mm4

WL13 WL12 ( L  L1 )
Young ' sModulus E  
3I 2I
 kg / mm 2

W  L13 L2 ( L  L1 ) 
Young ' s Modulus from graph E    1 
  3 2 
 kg / mm 2

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

RESULT: Young’s Modulus ‘E’ of the material of the cantilever beam:

From formula = Kg/mm2

= N/mm2

From graph = Kg/mm2

= N/mm2

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

WORKSHEET

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define beam?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
__
2. What is meant by bending?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________
3. Explain the types of beams?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
__
4. Define distributed load?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

5. Deflection formulae for standard cases?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

EXPERIMENT-4

TORSION TEST

AIM: To determine the shear strength and rigidity modulus of mild steel specimen.

APPARATUS: Torsion testing Machine, steel rule, vernier calipers, mild steel specimen.

THEORY:

Generally, torsion occurs when the twisting moment or torque is applied to a member. The
torque is the product of tangential force multiplied by the radial distance from the twisting axis and
the tangent, measured in a unit of Nm. In torsion testing, the relationship between torque and degree
of rotation is graphically presented and parameters such as ultimate torsional shearing strength
(modulus of rupture), shear strength at proportional limit and shear modulus (modulus of rigidity) are
generally investigated.

In order to study the response of materials under a torsional force, the torsion test is
performed by mounting the specimen onto a torsion testing machine as shown in fig and then
applying the twisting moment till failure. It can be seen that higher torsional force is required at the
higher degrees of rotation. Normally, the test specimens used are of a cylindrical rod type since the
stress distribution across the section of the rod is the simplest geometry, which is easy for the
calculation of the stresses. Both ends of the cylindrical specimen are tightened to hexagonal sockets
in which one is fitted to a torque shaft and another is fitted to an input shaft. The twisting moment is
applied by turning the input wheel to produce torque until the specimen fails.

To test the material in torsion the proper test procedure is needed. It involves mounting a shaft
into the testing machine, applying torque incrementally and measuring both the applied torque and
the corresponding angle of twist. Using the appropriate formulae, relationships and the measured
dimensions, we can determine the shear stress and shear strain on the shaft. Then, one can plot the
torque vs. angle of twist, and shear stress vs. shear strain from which one can find the material
properties previously mentioned.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

TORSION TESTING MACHINE

Considering a cylindrical bar with one end being twisted as shown fig the twisting moment is resisted
by the shear stress existing across the specimen section. This shear stress is zero at the center of the
bar, increases linearly with its radius and finally reaches its maximum value at the peripheral of the
bar. If the cylindrical bar with a length of L, the twisting moment can be related to the shear stress as
follows

T/ J = Gθ /L

Where, T = Applied Torque (Nm)

J = Polar Moment of Inertia (mm2)
G = Modulus of Rigidity (N / mm2)
θ = Angle of Twist (radians)
l = Gauge Length. (mm)
PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the diameter of the test specimen using the caliper (take an average of 5 readings).
2. Measure the length of the test specimen (take an average of 5 readings).
3. Draw a line down the length of the test section of the specimen with a pencil; this serves as a
visual aid to the degree of twist being put on the specimen during loading.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

4. Mount the specimen firmly in between the torsion testing machine jaws.
5. Ensure the pointer to Zero.
6. Apply torque; record the angle of twist and torque at regular intervals till the specimen breaks.
7. Plot the graph between torque vs. angle of twist and find the rigidity modulus using the above
formulae

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Before starting the machine ensure that the specimen is firmly fixed between the jaws.
2. Don’t touch the specimen when the machine is running.
3. Wash your hands with soap after removing the specimen.
4. Take all the readings carefully.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Initial diameter of the specimen =

2. Initial length of the specimen =
3. Polar Moment of Inertia, J = For circular c/s, πd4/32
For square c/s, a4/6 =

Angle of Modulus of Max shear

Obtained Torque Torque
S.No Twist Rigidity Stress
(kg-m) (N-mm)
(in radians) (N/mm 2) (N/mm2)

CALUCULATIONS:

Torsion Equation

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

Modulus of Rigidity G = TL/Jθ

Max shear stress Ʈmax = TR/J

RESULT: Average Rigidity Modulus of the material = ____________ N/mm2

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WORKSHEET

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WORKSHEET

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define shear stress?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. Define Shear strength?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Define modulus of rigidity?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

4. polar moment of inertia of circular rod =_______________

5. shear stress along axis of the rod=_____________
6. What are the assumptions made in this experiment?
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

EXPERIMENT – 5(a)
BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

AIM: To determine the hardness number of brass and copper specimens.

APPARATUS: Hardness testing machine, Indenter, Allen key, Microscope.

THEORY:
Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion, scratching and cutting,
hardness after gives clear identification of strength. In all hardness testes, a define force is
mechanically applied on the test piece for about 15 seconds. The indenter, which transmits the
load to the test piece, varies in size and shape for different testes. Common indenters are made of
hardened steel or diamond. In Brinell hardness testing, steel balls are used as indenter. Diameter
of the indenter and the applied force depend upon the thickness of the test specimen, because for
accurate results, depth of indentation should be less than 1/8th of the thickness of the test pieces.
According to the thickness of the test piece increase, the diameter of the indenter and force are
changed. A hardness test can be conducted on Brinell testing m/c, Rockwell hardness m/c or
Vickers testing m/c. the specimen may be a cylinder, cube, thick or thin metallic sheet. A
Brinell-cum-Rockwell hardness testing m/c along with the specimen is shown in figure.

Fig: Brinell-cum-Rockwell hardness testing m/c

Brinnell Hardness Number (referred to as B.H.N.) = P/A

Where P = Total load applied in Kg

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

A = Surface area of the indentation measured in mm2 units



D D  D 2
 d2  =
2
D = diameter of indenter,
d = diameter of indentation.

Fig: Specimen after indentation Fig: Indentor

Hard steel balls of diameter ranging from 1mm to 10mm are used as indenters. For the given
material, the same B.H.N value will be obtained irrespective of the total load and ball diameter used.
Usual diameters of Balls used are of 2.5mm, 5mm, and 10mm. The load to be applied depends on the
material type and the diameter of indenter used. The values of ‘P/D2’ for different materials are given
below:

S. No. Approximate B.H.N P/D2 Ratio Representative Material

1 Above 160 30 Steel, cast iron

2 160 to 60 10 Copper alloys

3 60 to 20 5 Copper, Aluminum

4 Less than 20 1 Lead, tin, their alloys

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

PROCEDURE:

1) Considering the material of the specimen, decide in advance the diameter of the indenter to be
used and total load to be applied.
2) Clamp the indenter to the machine.
3) Move the load selector disc to the load required.
4) Place the specimen on the platform and rotate the wheel at the base until specimen on the platform
touches the indenter so that large and small pointer on the dial comes to set position.
5) Apply the major load by moving the loading lever slowly in the clockwise direction. Wait for a
few seconds after pointer comes to rest indicating full application of the load and then reverse the
lever slowly to remove the load.
6) Rotate the wheel at the base of the stem and then remove the specimen.
7) Mark the indentation in ink or with chalk to identify it.
8) Using the Brinnel Microscope, measure the diameter‘d’ of the indentation in mm.
9) Calculate the value of B.H.N.

Surface area of the

Load Diameter Diameter of indentation (mm2)
applied of the the B.H.N =
S. No. Specimen A=
P (kg) indenter, indentation,  D [ D–  (D2–d2) ] P/A
D (mm) d (mm)
2

RESULT:

1. BHN of specimen 1 =
2. BHN of specimen 2 =
3. RHN of specimen 3 =

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WORKSHEET

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Viva Voce:

1. What are the main differences between Brinell’s Hardness and Rockwell Hardness tests?

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the difference between Vickers Hardness test and Brinell Hardness test?

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Why Brinell hardness test is not suitable for testing materials of cylindrical surface?

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Which ball size is normally recommended for Brinell test?

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. What does 75 HB 10/500/30 indicate?

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

EXPERIMENT-5(b)
ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
AIM: To determine the hardness number of different materials such as mild steel, aluminum and
copper

APPARATUS: Hardness testing machine, Indenters and Allen key.

THEORY:

Hardness of a material is the property by virtue of which it resists indentation of penetration

or abrasion by other bodies. Hardness can be measured in following ways.

1. Scratch hardness
2. Penetration hardness – Vickers. Rockwell and Brinnel.
Penetration hardness is the one, which is determined in this test. The test essentially consists
of first applying a small or minor load on the specimen through an indenter. A major load is then
added to the minor load and is allowed to act on the indenter. The dash pot arrangement provided in
the machine enables slow applications of the load without shock or impact. The major load will
cause both plastic and elastic deformation on the specimen. When the major load is removed, there is
a recovery of elastic deformation and the plastic deformation in the specimen is a measure of its
hardness, though the actual mode of measuring the hardness.

DESCRIPTION OF MACHINE:

The machine has a cast iron body and has a small plat form over which the test specimen is
placed. The platform is supported by a cylindrical stem, which has a screw outside. The stem and
platform can be fixed in a centralized position. The dial gauge, which is mounted in the front of the
machine is in contact with the loading lever and gives the indication of the penetration of the indenter
of the specimen.

There are four types of indenter supplied with the machine.

1. 1.5875 mm or 1/16” – diameter steel ball indenter.

2. Diamond cone indenter with 1200 vertex angle.
3. 2.5 mm – diameter steel ball indenter

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

4. 5 mm – diameter steel ball indenter.

Fig: Brinell-cum-Rockwell hardness testing m/c

The total load to be applied differs with indenter. In all the tests the initial or minor load is
10kg. To apply this minor load, the hand wheel is rotated until the large and small pointer of the dial
gauge records a reading against ‘SET’ position. ‘SET’ is marked a reading of '3' in the small scale in
the dial gauge. For easy identification a red mark is put there. 'SET' on the large scale is marked at
zero reading of C-scale, which corresponds to a reading of 30 on the B-scale. If the reading on the
large scale does not read 'SET' when the small pointer is at 'SET' position, rotate the dial gauge until
the large pointer also reads 'SET'.

The major load to be applied for various indenters is indicated below.

Minor load Major load Total load

Indenter Scale
(kg) (kg) (kg)
Rockwell 1/16"
B scale (Red) 10 90 100
Diameter ball
Rockwell 1200
C Scale (Black) 10 140 150
Diamond cone

A load selector disc provided on the right hand side of the machine enables the application of
the major load. The major load can be applied by rotating the lever below the load selector disc.
Extreme anticlockwise position is the unloaded position. Rotation of the lever in the clockwise
direction enables application of the major load on the indicator. It is to be noted that the load marked
on the disc is the major plus minor i.e. the total load.

To avoid sudden application of the major load, a dash-pot is provided in the loading
mechanism. After the lever is turned to load position, the pointer of the dial gauge will be observed
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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

to be moving slowly for a few seconds indicating slow application of the load. The lever should be
brought back to unload position only after the dial gauge pointer has come to rest.

PROCEDURE:

(1) Place the specimen on the platform.

(2) Fix the 1/16" diameter ball / diamond cone indenter in position refit the protection cover for the
indenter.
(3) See that the loading lever is in its extreme anti clock wise or N.W position
(4) Raise the platform by means of the rotating wheel below, until the specimen presses against the
indenter and both the small and large pointers of the dial gauge show 'SET' position.
(5) Rotate the load selector disc to load 100 kg / 150 kg depending on the type of indenter used.
(6) Reverse the lever slowly for removing major load. The pointer will shift to a new position
immediately. Record the reading of the pointer on the B-scale / C-scale. This gives the
Rockwell hardness no. of the specimen.
OBSERVATIONS:

Materials

Type of supports
Type of Indenter
Scale Used
Trail - I
Trail - II
Trail - III
Average

Rockwell Hardness
Number (RHN)

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

RESULT:

1. RHN of specimen 1 =
2. RHN of specimen 2 =
3. RHN of specimen 3 =

Viva-Voce Questions:

1.What are the advantages of Rockwell Hardness test?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2.What is the initial load in Rockwell hardness test?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3.What is the significance of initial load in Rockwell hardness test?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

4.What is the hardness of copper on Rockwell scale C?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

5.Comment on the hardness of diamond

_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

EXPERIMENT-6
TEST ON SPRINGS
AIM: To determine the modulus of rigidity (G) of the material of the given spring.
APPARATUS: Spring testing machine with proving ring and Vernier calipers.

THEORY:

A spring may be defined as an elastic member whose primary function is to deflect or distort
under the action of applied load; it recovers its original shape when load is released or springs are
energy absorbing units whose function is to store energy and to restore it slowly or rapidly depending
on the particular application.

The deflection of a close coiled helical spring is given by

64WR 3 n
 
Gd 4

Where W = load applied on the spring

R = mean radius of the coil of the spring

d = diameter of the spring wire

n = No. of turns of the spring / no. of coils

G = modulus of rigidity of the material

The stiffness of the spring is defined as the force required per unit deflection.

W
K 


PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the diameter of the coil and the wire with the vernier calipers.
2. Calculate the mean radius of the coil.
3. Apply the load in about 5 increments of 2.5 kg each. In the experiment the load is applied by
mechanical means through the use of screw-gear mechanism and a proving ring does the load
measurement.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

4. Measure the deflection corresponding to each load with the help of dial gauge fixed to the frame.
5. Plot a graph between Load (on Y-axis) Vs Deflection (on X-axis) and calculate the slope of the
line.
6. Calculate the modulus of rigidity ‘G’.

Spring Test Setup

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

OBSERVATIONS:

Least count of proving ring = kg

Least count of dial gauge = mm

No. of turns of the spring = No

Diameter of the coil ‘D’ = mm

Diameter of the spring wire‘d’ = mm

S. No. Outer Dia. Of Wire diameter Load Load Deflection Stiffness Modulus of
2
spring (mm) applied (N/mm ) (mm) (N/mm) Rigidity
2
(mm) (Kg/cm ) (N/mm2)

CALCULATIONS:

Load (N/mm2) = (load applied) x (9.81) =

Mean radius of the coil, R = (D – d) / 2 =

64WR 3n
RigidityMo dulus G 
d 4

 W  64 R n
3
RigidityMo dulus G from Graph   
  d
4

RESULT: Average Stiffness of the Spring____________N/mm

Average Rigidity Modulus of given spring is ______________N/mm2

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

WORKSHEET

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

Viva-Voce Questions

1. What do you mean by Tension and compression springs?

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. What do you mean by pitch?

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. What do you mean by stiffness?

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. What are four forms of compression springs?

_________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

EXPERIMENT-7(a)
IZOD IMPACT TEST
AIM: To determine the Izod impact value of the given specimen.
APPARATUS:

1. Impact testing machine with the provision for Izod impact test
2. Izod specimen
3. Vernier Caliper and
4. Scale

THEORY:

The Izod Impact Testing machine works on the principal of pendulum and flexural load.
Here the impact load acts on the given specimen when a pendulum is dropping from a certain
known height. In this test, specimen is ruptured by a single blow. The purpose of using a single
blow pendulum impact testing machine is that, a moving mass whose known kinetic energy is
enough to cause rupture of the test specimen kept in this path. In this test the specimen is supported
on an anvil as a cantilever. The pendulum strikes the test piece at one end and on the side of the
notch.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

PROCEDURE:

1. The dimension of the given specimen is measured accurately.

2. Then the pendulum is raised to a suitable height and fixed in position so that it will have
sufficient energy to break the specimen in one stroke. At this position pointer on the scale
should show the proper reading for Izod test.

3. The clamping lever is turned so that the specimen holding vice is free, then the specimen is
fixed in its place vertically such that the v-notch faces the striking direction of the hammer.
The height of the specimen is adjusted by using the gauge. Then the specimen is fixed firmly
by using clamping lever.

4. The pendulum is released by realizing the lever, pendulum ruptures the specimen in one strike
and pointer shows some reading. Note down this reading, which gives directly the impact
value of the specimen.

5. The reading can be noted down from dial indicator.

Observation and Calculation:

Area of C/s of Specimen Impact Energy

Impact Strength(J/mm2)
S.No (mm2) Observed(J)
(I)
(A) (K)
1

Izod Impact Strength = Impact Energy Observed / Cross Sectional Area of the Specimen

Impact Energy Observed, K = J

Cross Sectional Area of the Specimen, A = = mm2

I = K/A = = J/mm2

RESULT: Izod Impact Strength = ___________________

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

WORKSHEET

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

Viva-Voce Questions:

1. What do you mean by Impact Strength?

________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the various tests available to perform impact tests?

________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

3. What do you mean by toughness?

________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the position of specimen in Izod test?

________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the difference between ductile fracture and brittle fracture?

________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

6. What is the influence of carbon content on the ductile fracture of the specimen?

________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

EXPERIMENT-7(b)
CHARPY IMPACT TEST
AIM: To determine the Charpy Impact value of the given specimen.
APPARATUS:

1. Impact testing machine with the provision for Charpy impact test
2. Charpy specimen
3. Vernier Caliper and
4. Scale

THEORY:

Impact load: Many machines and machine parts are commonly subjected to suddenly applied
loads, which are termed as ‘Impact Load’.

Toughness: It is the property of the material associated with the work required to cause rupture
or failure of that material. Or resistance to indentation, scratching and wear.

In a impact test a specially prepared notched specimen is fractured by a single blow from
a heavy hammer and energy required being a measure of resistance to impact. Impact load is
produced by a swinging of an impact weight W (hammer) from a height h. Release of the weight
from the height h swings the weight through the arc of a circle, which strikes the specimen to
fracture at the notch.

This test is done on small-notched specimen. Here the specimen is supported as a single
beam and pendulum strikes the specimen at middle span and at opposite to the notch of the
specimen.

While testing, the pendulum is raised to a certain known height and held by a latch. At
this stage the pendulum gets the energy required. Now, release the pendulum and allow to
strike the specimen (here the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy). After the
rupture of the specimen, the pendulum swings to a certain height. Here again the kinetic energy
is converted to potential energy. The difference between the initial energy and final energy
gives the Charpy impact value.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

PROCEDURE:

1. Dimensions of the specimens having notch of depth 2mm, made at its middle and the
dimensional of the specimen is measured accurately.

2. The pendulum is raised to a suitable height so that the pendulum will have sufficient energy
to break the specimen in one stroke. Set the indicator of Dial.

3. The specimen is fixed between the jaws such that the V-notch is facing opposite to the
direction of the striking hammer.

4. Pendulum is released by operating the releasing lever. The pendulum is stopped by using
the break after it swings to the opposite side, breaking the specimen. The energy
consumed by the specimen is noted down from the side.

5. The reading can be noted down from dial indicator.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

Area of C/s of Specimen Impact Energy

2
Impact Strength(J/mm2)
S.No (mm ) Observed(J)
(I)
(A) (K)
1

Charpy Impact Strength = Impact Energy Observed / Cross Sectional Area of the Specimen

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

Impact Energy Observed, K = J

Cross Sectional Area of the Specimen, A = = mm2

I = K/A = = J/mm2

RESULT: Charpy Impact Strength = __________ J/mm2

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

Viva-Voce Questions:

1. What is the difference between Izod and Charpy test?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the types of notches in Charpy impact test?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the purpose of notch in the test specimen?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

LEAD EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT-1
PUNCH SHEAR TEST
AIM: To determine the ultimate shear strength of given metal specimen by conducting shear test
on Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M).

Fig: Shear Test Setup

APPARATUS: Universal Testing Machine (U.T.M.) and Vernier calipers.

THEORY:
Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of cutter. The
specimen is inserted in shear test attachment & lift the lower table so that the zero is adjusted,
then apply the load such that the specimen breaks in two or three pieces. If the specimen breaks
in two pieces then it will be in single shear & if it breaks in three pieces then it will be in double
shear.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

PROCEDURE:

1. The mean diameter of the given rod is determined by measuring with calipers at least at
three places along the length and average is found.
2. The rod is placed in the shear shackles in such a way that the rod overhangs equally on
both sides. Check is made to see that the rings in the shear shackles do not touch each
other.
3. Fix lower compression plate on the lower cross head at center and upper compression
plate on middle cross head. The dial pointer is adjusted to zero.
4. Operate geared motor and adjust the position of the middle cross head such that bottom
face of upper compression plate is about 2.5 to 30 mm above the shear shackle.
5. Load is applied gradually until shearing takes place. Load is then removed immediately
and the machine is switched off. Note the load against dummy pointer.

OBSERVATIONS:

Diameter of the specimen, d = mm

Ultimate shear load, ‘P’ =________ KN =________N

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

CALCULATIONS:

Area of cross section of the specimen ‘A’ (mm2) =  d2 / 4 =___________mm2

Where d = diameter of specimen.

Ultimate shear stress (N/mm2) = P / (2 x A) =_____________

Factor of safety = 3.0

Working stress = Ultimate shear stress / Factor of safety

= _________________ N/mm2

RESULT:

Ultimate shear stress = N/mm2 = kg/mm2

Working shear stress = N/mm2 = kg/mm2

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

EXPERIMENT-2
COMPARSION OF STRESS-STRAIN CURVES FOR DIFFERENT
MATERIALS (Mild Steel & Al)

Aim: To compare Stress- Strain Curve for different materials by conducting Tension Test on
UTM.

Apparatus: UTM Machine

Vernier Calipers

Steel Rule

Specimens

Procedure:
1. Measure the diameters of the given Mild Steel and Aluminum Rod by vernier caliper
2. Mark the gauge length on the rods with steel rule
3. Fix the specimen securely in the jaws of the machine i.e., between centre and upper cross
heads.
4. Switch “ON” the power knob and hydraulic button.
5. Keep the left control valve fully in closed position & now slightly open the right control
valve and close it after the lever table is slightly lifted up i.e., when the pointer on the dial
start moving.
6. Adjust the load pointer to zero by rotating the rack which is extended in the left side of
the machine, this is necessary to remove the dead weight of the lever table. Upper cross
head and other connecting parts from load.
7. Apply the load gradually and continue the application of the load till the specimen fails
and note down the curve from graph plotting system.
8. Compare the stress-strain curve for both the materials.

Results:
Stress-Strain curve for both materials were compared.

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

Fig: UTM

Fig: Stress-Strain curve for MS

Fig: Stress-Strain Curve for Different Materials

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II-B.Tech. I-SEM (ME) Mechanics of solids Lab

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