Environment

Why do we need to study environment?

• Weightage in exam
• Forest Services
• Genuine concern
Syllabus
• Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation,
Environmental Impact Assessment.
The deaf frog

Read Revise Repeat

Unit 1 Environment
• Environment and Ecology
• Ecosystem
• Habitat
• Ecological Niche
• Biosphere
• Levels of Organisation
o Individual
o Population
o Community
o Ecosystem
o Biome
o Biosphere
Unit 1 - Environment
• Principles of Ecology
o Adaption – biological, behavioural, structural
o Variation – Polymorphic, continuous, discontinous
o Speciation – Allopatric, Peripatric, Parapatric, Sympatric
o Mutation – Inherited, Acquired
o Natural Selection – Evolution, Extinction
• Ecotone – Edge species, Edge Effect
• Ecological footprint
• Biocapacity
• Ecological Debtor
Unit 2 - Functions of Ecosystem
• Ecological Succession
• Homeostasis
• Energy Flow
o Food chain
o Food Web
o Ecological Pyramid
• Nutrient Flow
o Biogeochemical cycle
o Carbon
o Nitrogen
o Phosphorous
o Sulphur
Unit 3 - Terrestrial Ecosystem

• Factors guiding Biomes

• Tundra

• Taiga

• Temperate

• Tropical

• Savannah

• Desert
Unit 4 – Aquatic Ecosystem
• Aquatic Ecosystem

• Wetland Ecosystem

• Wetland Conservation Rule, 2017

• Ramsar Sites

• BOD, COD, Winterkill

• Eutrophication

• Mangrove Ecosystem

• Mangrove initiatives
Unit 5 – Air Pollution
• Air Pollution
o NOx
o SOx
o CFC/HFC
o PM 2.5/10
o CO
o O3 and Montreal Protocol
o Ammonia
o Secondary pollutants
o Radon
Unit 5 – Air Pollution
• Air Pollution
o Asbestos
o Lead
o Fly Ash and Fly Ash Utilisation Policy
o AQI
o NAAQS
o Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
o Bharat Stage VI norms
o Methane
o Phosgene
Environment
Environment
• Biotic + Abiotic components
• survival, evolution and development
• “Environ”
• Multiple ecosystem.
Ecosystem
• Interaction
• Sub-unit of environment.
• Biotic + Abiotic.
• functional unit of environment.
Habitat
• Place where plants or animals makes its
home.
• Right combination
• For plants – Water/ Soil/ Sunlight/ Air
• For animals – Food/ Water/ Shelter/ Space to find
a mate and successfully reproduce
Ecological Niche
• Habitat + functional role
• Components:
• Range of conditions necessary for
persistence of the species
• Ecological role in the ecosystem
e.G Snakes eating rats in a particular
habitat
Lets try
• Ecosystem Vs Environment Vs Ecology
• Environment Vs Habitat Vs Ecological Niche
Biosphere

• Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and

Atmosphere.
• Life can exist within individual
components
Levels of Organisation
• Individual
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biome
• Biosphere
Ecological Principles
Adaptation
• Adjustment to new environments
• Biological –
• Thermogenesis by muscle contraction
Adaptation
• Behavioral –
• clustering Emperor Penguins
• Structural
• Allen’s Rule
Cold – low surface area/volume
Warm – High surface area/volume
Exception - mamoth
Variation
Caused due to genetic differences
• Poly-morphic variation
• Continuous
• Discontinuous
Speciation
• Species get separated
• Unique characteristics.
Mutation
• Change in structure of gene.
• Inherited – from parents
• Acquired – developed due to any
sudden or environmental factor
Natural selection/ Evolution / Extinction
• Adatation, Variation, Speciation,
Mutation - Natural selection
• Either evolution or extinction
Ecotone
• Ecotone
• Meaning
• Examples
• Characteristics
• Edge species
• Edge effect
Ecological footprint
• Ecological footprint
• Meaning
• Demand Side
• Unit of measurement
Biocapacity
• Biocapacity
• Meaning
• Supply Side
• Measured in hectares.

Ecological
Debtor
Functions of Ecosystem -
Ecological Succession
Functions of Ecosystem
• Succession and Homeostasis
• Trophic level
• Energy flow across food chain
• Biogeochemical cycle
Ecological succession
• Mix of species and habitat changes over a
period of time
• Pioneer
• Sere
• Climax community
• Disturbance
• Re- start of ecological succession
Homeostasis
• Self-regulating process
• Negative feedback mechanism
• Can be maintained by
• Regulation – Endotherm
• Conformation – Ectotherm
• Migration
• Hibernation/ aestivation/ Torpor
Energy flow
Food Chain
• Flow of energy
• Predator prey relationship.
• Each step or level of the food chain -
trophic level.
• Lindemann’s 10% rule.
• Food web.
Food Chain
• Common flow of energy in:
• Terrestrial – DFC
• Aquatic – GFC
• Ultimately DFC and GFC gets
connected to form the food web.
Ecological pyramid
• Depiction of trophic level of all organisms in an ecosystem.
• Ultimately – representation of food chain – multiple species at each
trophic level
• Not a depiction of food web – incomplete picture
• 3 types
• Numbers – number of individuals
• Energy – energy flow in a food chain
• Biomass – biomass of each trophic level
Pyramid of numbers
Pyramid of Numbers
• Inverted – Tree Ecosystem
• Upright- Grazing Food Chain
Pyramid of Energy
• Lindemann’s rule
Pyramid of Biomass
• Measures the dry weight of
organisms at each trophic level.
• Upright – Terrestrial Ecosystem
• Inverted – Aquatic Ecosystem
Trophic level and Pollutants
• Bioaccumulation
• Biomagnification
Biogeochemical cycles
Nutrient cycling
• Energy movement vs Nutrient shifting
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
• Living and Non living
• Biogeochemical cycle
• Perfect or imperfect – based on replacement period
• Gaseous or Sedimentary
Gaseous cycle - Carbon
Gaseous cycle - Nitrogen
• Most abundant - Atmosphere
• Proteins, Amino Acids, Hormones, cells
• Naturally – N2
• Lightning or Volcanic eruption or UV rays – NO2, N2O, NO
• Burning of fossil fuel,
• Nitrogen fixation
• Atmospheric Nitrogen to Ammonia
• Free living bacteria(Azotobacter, Clostridium), Symbiotic
bacteria(Rhizobium), Water bodies(Cynobacteria, Blue Green Algae)
Gaseous Cycle - Nitrogen
• Nitrification (Ammonia to Amino acid)
• Ammonia to Nitrite – Nitrosomonas or Nitroccocus
• Nitrite to Nitrate – Nitrobacter
• Nitrate to Amino Acids – By Plants
• Ammonification (Processing of Amino acid)
• Amino Acids to Ammonia or Urea or Uric acid by animals
• Again converted to Nitrates
• Denitrification
• Nitrate to Nitrogen - Pseudomonas
Prelims PYQ
Consider the following:
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Oxides of Nitrogen
3. Oxides of Sulphur
Which of the above is/are the emission/emissions from coal combustion at
thermal power plants?
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Prelims PYQ
Which of the following adds/add nitrogen to the soil?
1. Excretion of urea by animals
2. Burning of coal by man
3. Death of vegetation
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Sedimentary cycle - Phosphorous
• Mostly in rocks – phosphates
• Enters atmosphere by erosion
• Decomposition of dead organic
matter
Sedimentary cycle - Sulphur
• Organic and Inorganic deposits in
rocks
• Mostly sedimentary – except H2S
and SO2
• SO2 sources - Volcanic eruptions,
combustion of fossil fuels, the
surface of the ocean and gases
released by decomposition.
• Deposition on land – wet or dry
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Biomes of the world
• Taiga
• Tundra (Boreal forest)
• Temperate forest
• Prairies
• Tropical Rain forest
• Savannah
• Desert
Factors guiding the biomes
• Higher latitudes – Lower temperature
• Lower Latitudes – Higher temperature
+ More moisture
• Water availability:
• Extremely low – Xerophytic
• Little – Grass
• Normal – Deciduous trees
• More - Evergreen
• Continentality – grass or trees
Tundra Biome

• Permafrost
• Lowest temperature
• Minimum flora and fauna
• Mostly grasses
• High winds so short and stunted plants
• Fauna adaptation by gathering –
emperor penguins
Taiga biome(Boreal forest)

• Evergreen Coniferous trees

• Long cold winter
• Short mild summer
• Animals adapt by storing fat and
small limbs to keep heat to their
core
Temperate forest
• Deciduous if - Moist warm
summers and frosty
winters.
• Evergreen if – frost free
winters/ more in southern
hemisphere
• Maple, Spruce are common
trees
• Hibernation and migration
are the major adaptations
Temperate Grasslands(Priarie)
• Hot summers and cold
winters.
• Grasses as dominant
vegetation
• Lack of hiding places so
animals adept at running.
• Horse, Bactrian camels,
Antelope
Tropical Rain forest
• Climate is mostly hot and
wet.
• Floral adaptation to
tropics
• Dense forest with covered
canopy.
• Broad leaf trees
• Epiphytes
Tropical Rainforest
• Fauna adaptations
• Camouflage
• Mimicry
• Poison (Poison vs Venom)
• Nocturnality
Savannah
• Scattered trees above tall
grass.
• Climate = warm to hot
throughout the year
• Lack of rainfall
• Common occurrence of
bush fires
• Large mammals feeding
on grass and their
predator.
Desert

• Cold as well as hot

• Xerophytic adaptation
of flora
Desert
• Fauna adaptations
• Concentrated Urine
• Nocturnal
• Jack rabbits - long ears to dissipate
heat
• Kangaroo rats – water from dried
seeds
• Pale Coloured skin
• Urohydrosis by Turkey and Black
vultures
• Kidney and nasal cavity adaptations
Prelims PYQ
In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an
ecological succession because of
a) insects and fungi
b) limited sunlight and paucity of nutrients
c) water limits and fire
d) None of the above
Lets try
Which one of the following National Parks has a
(tropical/sub-tropical/temperate/ arctic)climate?
1. Gulf of Mannar
2. Pachmarchi
3. Manas
4. Nokrek
5. Nanda Devi
Acquatic Ecosystem
Aquatic Ecosystem • Freshwater - <5ppt
• Brackish water – 5-35 ppt
• Marine water - >35ppt
• Aquatic organisms
• Neuston
• Periphyton
• Plankton
• Nekton
• Benthos
Wetland Ecosystem
• Ecotone between terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystem
• Land covered by water or saturated with
water
• Hydrophytes
• Roots are poorly developed, very thin and
short
• Have a long, slender, and flexible stem
• free-floating forms has a short thick spongy
stem
• Aerial flowers
Wetland ecosystem
• Uses of wetland ecosystem include:
• Temperature control
• Water purification – kidneys of earth
• Groundwater recharge
• Flood mitigation
• Carbon Sequestration
• Reservoir for floral and faunal species
• Wetlands International
• NGO to sustain and restore wetlands
Ramsar
• Intergovernmental environmental treaty
• By UNESCO, 1971
• Recognition - develop and maintain an international network of
wetlands
• Not legally binding
• Few International partner Organization to Ramsar
• Montreux Record
• Changing character of wetlands – putting it in danger – Chilka Lake
• Keoladeo National Park, Loktak Lake
Wetland Vs Lakes
Wetlands Lakes
Shallow Deeper
Thermal Stratification - absent Thermal Stratification - present
Water level change = small Water level change = big
Wetland Conservation
• 4.6% of India’s land
• Wetland Conservation Programme + Lake Conservation Programme =
National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystem(Centrally
sponsored)
• Lakefront development
• Shoreline conservation
• Treatment of wastewater
Wetland Conservation
• National Wetland inventory – ISRO
• Centre for wetland conservation and management, Chennai –
research
• Mission Sahbhagita
• Amrit Dharohar scheme
• Centers of eco tourism
• Conservation of existing Ramsar sites
• Wetlands Conservation and Management Rules, 2017 – prohibits
conversion to non wetland uses
Wetlands Conservation and Management
Rules, 2017
• Wetlands Conservation and Management Rules, 2017
• State Wetland Authority
• State’s Env minister
• List of activities regulated and permitted Wise use and
• "smart use principle“ – to be identified by Hydrologists ecological
• Central Wetlands Regulatory Authority character
• Advisory role
• National Wetland Committee
• MoEFCC secretary
• Check for implementation
• Suggest policies and action programmes
Wetlands Conservation and management
rules, 2017
• Shortcomings
• Approx 65% of wetlands(rice fields, salt pans) - lost
• Appeal to NGT in 60 days– no more
• Definition of wetland left to states
• SWA – cannot bind any authority – acts detrimental to wetland
• No timeline – to eliminate solid dumped waste
Wetlands – recent updates
• Lost 30% in 3 decades
• Reasons
• Inefficient waste management
• Illegal construction, unsustainable urbanisation
• Damming and water abstraction

• What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of ‘wise use’ in the

context of wetland conservation. Cite two examples of Ramsar sites
from India.
Prelims PYQ
If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux
Record’, what does it imply?
a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely
to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference.
b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to
prohibit any human activity within five kilometres from the edge of the
wetland
c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and
traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity, and therefore the
cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed
d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’
Practice MCQ
With reference to the Wetland ecosystem, consider the following statements:
1. As per the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, paddy
fields are excluded from the ambit of wetlands.
2. When a wetland is identified as a Ramsar site, it is mandatory for the
government to notify it as a protected area under the Wildlife Protection Act,
1972.
3. Recently, the United Nations adopted a resolution proclaiming 2nd of
February as World Wetlands Day.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Few terms
• BOD
• Meaning
• Organic substance
• Comparison to COD (ppm)
• COD
• Meaning
• Inorganic + organic matter
• Value more than BOD (mg/litre)
• Winterkill
• Meaning
• Photosynthesis stops but respiration continues.
Eutrophication
• Increase in nutrient concentration
• Overgrowth of aquatic algae-> Death
-> BOD
• Lake stages = Oligotrophic –
Mesotrophic – Eutrophic
• Solution
• Water Hyacinth
Practice MCQ
With reference to Water Hyacinth, consider the following statements;
1. It is an indigenous species of aquatic weed.
2. The plant has the ability to trap and remove toxic metabolites and
harmful heavy metals from water.
3. It is associated with the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
a) Only 1 statement is correct
b) Only 2 statements are correct
c) Only 3 statements are correct
d) No statements are correct
Practice MCQ
Which of the below statements best describes a “winterkill”
a) Death of fishes due to lack of food
b) Death of fishes due to lack of light
c) Death of fishes due to lack of oxygen
d) None of the above
Practice MCQ
Which of the following statements rightly marks the distinction between
BOD and COD?
1. BOD is oxygen required to break down biodegradable materials, whereas
COD is oxygen required to break down only non-biodegradable material
in a water body.
2. While BOD is higher in warm water as compared to cold water, COD is
higher in cold water as compared to warm water.
3. For a lake, in a given time interval COD is always higher than the BOD.
Which of the statement/s given above is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 2 and 3 only
Estuarine/Deltaic Ecosystem
• Ecotone
• Osmoregulation
• Mangroves(Halophytes)
• Pneumatophore or Stilt roots(Stilt and
prop Vs Tap and tuberous roots)
• Viviparity
• Leaves adaptation
Mangroves initiatives
• Benefits
• Union Budget 2023-24
• Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats &
Tangible Incomes(MISHTI)
• 80 + 20 funding
• 5 years – 540 Km square
• Mangrove plantation drive along coastland
and saltpans
• National Mangrove committee
• SAIME initiative
• Sustainable Aquaculture In Mangrove
Ecosystem (SAIME)
• Community based initiative + NGO
Mangrove Initiatives
• Mangrove Alliance for climate
• Indonesia and UAE (Sharm – El – sheikh)
• Tsunami ready communities
• Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO
• Venkatraipur and Noliasahi
• Ministry of Earth Sciences + other ministries
• Mangrove for future
• IUCN + UNDP
Prelims PYQ
Which of the following statement(s) rightly marks the distinction between
Oligotrophic Lake and Eutrophic Lake?
1. Oligotrophic lakes are formed only as a result of natural processes whereas
Eutrophic lakes are formed only as a result of human activity.
2. Oligotrophic lakes are older lakes as compared to Eutrophic lakes.
3. The rate of decrease of oxygen with increasing depth is higher in Eutrophic
lakes as compared to Oligotrophic lakes.
4. The biological productivity of Oligotrophic lakes is generally higher than that of
Eutrophic lakes
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
a) 1,2 and 3 only
b) 3 and 4 only
c) 3 only
d) 2 and 4 only
Practice MCQ
Consider the following statements regarding Steppes and Savannah regions:
1. Compared to Savannah, Steppes typically receives more average annual
rainfall.
2. Grasses in Steppes are much longer than the Savannahs.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Practice MCQ
Consider the following statements regarding functions of an Estuary
Ecosystem:
1. It provides freshwater for drinking.
2. It helps in development of ports.
3. It provides coastal buffers from storm surge and flooding.
4. It act as a nursery for both freshwater and ocean dependent
animals.
5. It acts as a shelter to sea urchins, horseshoe crabs and otters.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
Practice MCQ
Consider the following statements with reference to the
Biogeochemical Cycle:
1. All chemical elements present in organisms are part of
biogeochemical cycles.
2. The reservoir for the sedimentary type of nutrient cycle exists only
in the atmosphere.
3. Sulphur cycle and Phosphorous cycle are considered sedimentary
biogeochemical cycle.
4. Sedimentary cycles are considered imperfect nutrient cycles.
Practice MCQ
If a tropical rain forest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as
compared to a tropical deciduous forest. This is because:
a) The soil of rain forest is deficient in nutrients
b) Propagules of the trees in a rain forest have poor viability
c) The rain forest species are slow growing
d) Exotic species invade the fertile soil of rain forest
Practice MCQ
With reference to the concept of Niche, consider the following:
1. It refers to the functional role of a species in an ecosystem.
2. Generally, the Species that have narrow or limited niches are
considered to be specialist species.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Aquatic ecosystems - world
• Kelp forest
• Large brown algae
• Habitat
• High latitudes
• Cool water of lower latitude
• Threat
• Sea urchins (9m per month)– sea
otters
• Bryozoa – fall of kelp
• 35-40 ppm
• temperature
• Declining at the rate of 1.8%
annually
• Providers of food and shelter to
fishes
Aquatic ecosystem - Corals
• Coral Polyps and zooxanthalle
• Fringing/ Barrier/ Atoll
• Conditions for growth
• Shallow sea
• Clear water
• Warm temperature(25-30)
• High salinity(30-35 ppm)
• Effect of Acid rain and sea level
rise
Aquatic ecosystem – Coral bleaching
• Helps in
• Biodiversity conservation-
rainforest of Ocean
• Coastline protection
• Food and nutrient supply

• Coral bleaching
• Breaking up of symbiotic
relations
• Under stress
• Temporary phenomenon but
long term - irreversible
Recent updates
Coral hibernation
• North Star coral – Quiescence
• Found in Atlantic waters
Coral reef translocation
• Gulf of Munnar to Gulf of Katchh
Environmental Pollution
Pollution
• Meaning
• Effects
• Types:
• Air
• Water
• Soil
• Noise
• Radioactive
Air Pollution
• Meaning
• Common Air Pollutants
• Nitrogen and Sulphur Oxides
• CFC/HCFC/Halons
Air Pollution
• O3
• Good Ozone
• Bad Ozone
• NOX + VOC + heat + sunlight
• Explosive, Toxic, Pale blue colour
• Harmful effect
• Montreal Protocol
• Urban smog
• Chest pain, throat infection, asthma
• Kigali agreement
• 2066 – Antarctica
• 2045 – Arctic
Air Pollution
• PM 2.5/10
• Size
• Emissions
• Effects on lungs; skin
• AMR
• Average value – 100 microgram/m3 at
peak in Delhi
Air Pollution
• CO
• Tropospheric Ozone
• Effects
• Uses – Packaging industry in meat,
methanol production, IR lasers,
semiconductor applications
Air Pollution
• NH3
• Colourless gas, industrial chemical(uses)
• Dissolved oxygen
• Agriculture
• Warming soils -> less ammonia
• Recently, in Yamuna ammonia levels –
3ppm(desired value = 0.5ppm)
• N as the next carbon – yet no policy
Air Pollution- Secondary pollutants
• PAN
• Lachrymatory substance.
• Nitrogen oxides + VOC – in presence of UV rays
• VOC
• Meaning
• Emitted by plants
• Vehicular emissions
• IISER study, 76% reduction in VOC can occur – by replacing all 2 and 3
wheelers by e- vehicles and all diesel vehicles by CNG
Air Pollution
• Benzene
• Benzene, Toluene, Xylene(BTX)
• Liquid; Pale yellow; carcinogenic
• Sweet odour + highly flammable
• Emission
• Vapour recovery system – petrol pump
Air Pollution
• Formaldehyde
• Released from carpets, particle board
• Indoor air pollution
• Radon
• No smell, colour or taste
• Radioactive + short half life
• Carcinogenic
• Water budgeting studies
• Surface + ground water interactions
Air Pollution
• Asbestos
• Natural fibre
• High resistance to electricity, heat and corrosion - construction
• Russia/ Kazakhastan/ China
• Highly toxic + Carcinogenic
• Fire retardants or insulator
• Asbestosis
• Inflammation and damage to DNA
Air Pollution
• Lead
• Naturally occurring toxic
• Lead batteries, Paints, hair dye
• Neurotoxic – irreversible + lifelong
• Nervous system, kidney, liver and hinders growth of RBC
• Lead based paints
• Vehicles – unleaded petrol
• Global alliance to eliminate lead Paint
Practice MCQ
With reference to ‘Lead poisoning’, which one of the following is/are
source of it?
1. Sindoor Manufacturing
2. Jewellery Processing
3. Dairy Farming
4. Smelting Industry
5. Car battery Production
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Air Pollution
• Fly Ash
• Residue after coal combustion
• Composition dependent on coal
• Mostly silica, Ferric Oxide, aluminium
oxides, etc
• Deposited in lungs
• If mixed with water they cause leaching
of heavy metals.
• Used as bricks, sleeper berth of trains,
road base, etc.
Air Pollution
• Fly Ash
• ASHTRACK
• PM Awas Yojna
• GST rates
• NGT - “Fly Ash Management and Utilisation Mission”
• How to remove legacy fly ash
• MoEFCC and Ministry of Coal – jointly head
• Fly Ash utilisation policy
• TPP - 100% of Fly ash generated
• Penalty under Polluter Pays Principle
• 10% (1996-97) to - over 83% (2019-20)
• Transportation charges
 Air Pollution
• Methane
• Flammable gas – fuel
• GWP = (80)20
• Emission
• Promotes generation of tropospheric Ozone
• Record high levels of emission in 2020
• Agricultural emissions increased
• Reduction in Nox so reduced Hydroxyl(Case of China)
• Initiatives to control or reduce
• Harit Dhara – ICAR - cattle
• Methane Alert and Response System(MARS)
• Global Methane Pledge – 30% by 2030 from 2020
Air Pollution • Black Carbon
• Formed due to incomplete
combustion of fossil fuel
• Short lived – largest contributor to
Global Warming after CO2
• Particulate matter
• Initiatives taken to control
• SATAT – 500 CBG
AQI
• Under Swachh Bharat, CPCB -
MoEFCC, 2015
• Micrograms per m3
• For Common man’s understanding
• PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3,
NH3, and Pb
AQLI
• Energy Policy Institute at the University of
Chicago (EPIC) annually
• Translates air pollution – impact on life
expectancy
• Base value – WHO prescribed limit
• Ranking – Bangladesh, India, Nepal,
Pakistan and DRC
• Findings of the report
• WHO guidelines – 5micrograms per metre
cube ; India – 40
National Clean Air Programme, 2019
• 5 year action plan
• 20-30% reduction in PM 2.5 and 10(2017 base year)
• 102 non attainment cities
• Legally non binding
NAAQS
• Identify non attainment cities
• Check for compliance
• Take preventive and corrective measures
• 8 gases of AQI + Arsenic + Nickle + Benzene + Benzopyrene
Prevention and control of Air Pollution
• Indoor
• Replace Wood/coal/ dung
• Proper ventilation
• Waste segregation and pre treatment at home
• Outdoor
• Reduce vehicular emission
• Replace
• Fly ash utilisation by TPP
• Electrostatic precipitators
• Scrubber- Wet SO2
 LPG/CNG
Air Pollution contains??

• Electrostatic precipitators
• Scrubbers
• Replace fossil fuel with CNG
Air Pollution
• Bharat stage VI norms -2020
• To limit the release of NO2,
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
particulate matter (PM) and SO2.
• Issue – Cost; Automobile industry
crisis
• Catalytic converter – 2 stage and 3
stage
Practice MCQ
In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric
gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality
Index? (2016)
1) Carbon dioxide
2) Carbon monoxide
3) Nitrogen dioxide
4) Sulphur dioxide
5) Methane
Vehicle Scrappage Policy
• 2021 – Budget speech
• Ministry of Road Trasnport
• Fitness Certificate - Private vehicles older than 20 years(Commercial – 15 years)
• Certificates by Automated vehicle fitness center (Private or PPP)
• Validity – 5 years
Vehicle Scrappage Policy
• 3 failures permitted in fitness test – Vehicle scrappage
• With Fitness certificate – no need to pay registration fee for new vehicle
• 5% discount – if vehicle scrappage center – grants certificate
• State govt – road tax rebate
• Old vehicles will have to pay green tax and road tax (discourage to use)
• Govt vehicles – to be scrapped after 15 years
Vehicle Scrappage Policy – Challenges and
benefits
Challenges
• States support required
• Only 1 govt authorized Vehicle scrappage workshop in Noida
• Waste management and handling
Benefits
• Environment friendly measure
• Increase in automobile sector growth
• Increase in govt revenue
• Reduced oil consumption and reduced imports
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
• Presence of undesirable substance in water
• Organic, inorganic, radioactive
• Non Point source of pollution
• Surface runoff from agricultural fields, grazing lands, construction sites
• Point source of pollution
• Industrial effluents
• Sewage water discharge
Water Pollution - Causes
• Industrial wastes
• Mostly inorganic pollutants – Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, As
• Thermal pollution
• Agriculture runoffs
• Nitrates, Phosphates, NH3
• Ground Water pollution
• Surface water pollution - Oil Spills
Fresh water availability
India specific
• 16% of world’s population – 4% of
freshwater available
• 75 years of independence – 75%
decrease in water availability
Ground Water Depletion
• Causes
• Agriculture
• MSP driven crops
• Green revolution
• Energy subsidy
• Fertilizer overuse
• Domestic
• Illegal groundwater extraction
• Unplanned urbanisation
• Indian Easement Act, 1882
• Land ownership
• Limitless withdrawal
Ground Water Depletion
• Industries
• Ground water extraction
• Pollution through industrial
waste – reduced availability
• Governance issues
• Fragmented regulation
• Data
• Water – State subject
• Unaccounted and Unregulated
private well
Ground water restoration
• Reduce pollution
• Industrial water treatment
• Organic farming/ZBNF
• Regulate the use of fertilizer
• Increase availability
• Regulate use
• Declare few “dark” zones
• Rainwater harvesting
• Use of traditional methods - baoli
• Responsible consumption
Ground Water Restoration
• Agriculture
• Review policies – PM Krishi Sinchayi
• Climate Smart Agriculture - NICRA
• Governance
• Blue Green Infrastructure
• Jal Shakti Abhiyan – Afforestation, RWH, watershed development, traditional
water bodies
• Atal Bhujal Yojna
• Mihir shah Committee
Jal Jeevan Mission
Aim – by 2024
• Piped water supply
• 55 liter per capita per day
Current achievement
• 73% household covered
• Rajasthan, WB, Jharkhand - <50% coverage
Jal Jeevan Mission - features
• Demand driven, community managed and decentralised
• Information, Education and Communication
• RWH, Grey water management
• 5 year action plan – Pani samiti under Gram Panchayat
• Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojna villages
Jal Jeevan Mission - Challenges
• Geographical challenges – Rajasthan
• Political challenges – changes in State govt
• Fluctuation in rainfall pattern
• Overexploitation of Ground water resource
• Water supply infrastructure
Water Pollution
• NICRA
• Network project of Indian Council of Agriculture Research
• Resilience agriculture to Climate change
• 4 components
• Capacity building
• Research gaps
• Technology demonstration to farmers
• Adaptation and mitigation
Mains Practice Question
• Give an account of groundwater usage in India. What measures are
required to conserve groundwater?
Water Pollution
• Groundwater pollution
• Uranium
• Arsenic
• Fluorides
• Nitrates
• Surface water contamination –
heavy metal
• Marine oil spill
Water Pollution
• Uranium
• 12 states Uranium contamination –
beyond permissible limits
• Rajasthan, Punjab, U.P, Haryana
• Over- exploitation
• Natural Uranium from rocks
Water Pollution
• Arsenic
• Odourless, tasteless, metalloid
• Highly toxic in inorganic form
• Poor cognitive development,
Cardiovascular disease, cancer
• In Bihar, Apart from groundwater
also entered food chain
• Rice, wheat, potato
• Black foot disease
Fluoride
• Daily intake of 1mg- good
• >1.5 mg per litre – mottled teeth
• Osteoporosis, arthritis, brittle bones,
cancer, infertility in women, brain
damage, Alzheimer's disease and
thyroid disorders
Nitrate
• Natural
• Decomposition of organic dead
bodies
• Anthropogenic
• Fertilizers
• Sewage and septic tank dumping in
sea
Surface water pollution – heavy metals
• Lead, Nickel, Chromium,
Cadmium
• 75% of river monitoring station
• Physical, muscular and
neurological degenerative
process
• Source – Mining, industrial and
hospital discharge
Water Pollution
• Marine Oil spill
• Mass death of fishes, turtle
• Death of sea birds
• Heat Coma
• Threat to Mangrove
• Tourism +livelihood
• 1973, IMO – MARPOL
• Pollution emergency plans
• Clean up slicks
• Shift to double hull
Water Pollution
• Solutions
• Bioremediation
• Boom
• Skimmers
• Coast guard in India – nodal
agency – under under the
National Oil Spill-Disaster
Contingency Plan(NOS-DCP).
• Comes under NDMA, MHA
National Oil Spill-Disaster Contingency
Plan(NOS-DCP)
• System for detection and reporting
• Establish adequate measures for preparedness
• Measures for crew, responders, marine environment
• Record keeping procedures
• Adequate civil and criminal actions against polluter
Water Pollution
• Disease of Water Contamination
• Mercury – Minamata
• Cadmium – Itai Itai
• Nitrates – methaemoglobinemia or blue Baby Syndrome
Water pollution – CPCB report
• BOD levels checked
• Rivers classified as P1 (>30mg/litre) and P2(<30mg/litre)
• Gujarat and UP – highest of P1 rivers
• Overall decrease in net no of identified polluted stretch
• P1 category – least or no change
• Polluted stretch – 2 or more polluted locations in continuous stretch
Water Pollution
• Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974
• CPCB - apex body for water quality and
management
• Sewage Water treatment
• Coagulation – Potash Alum
• Sedimentation
• Filtration
• Disinfection – chlorine or Ozone
Water Pollution
Sewage water treatment
• Fluoridation – Alum, Lime, Sodium Carbonate
• pH correction - Lime
• Removal of Iron – limestone then oxidation – Insoluble ferric oxide
• Removal of Arsenic – Bleaching powder and alum
• Eco San- double pit
• Bio toilets
• Human excreta + bacteria = Gas + Water
Marine Plastic pollution
• Causes
• Land based – 80%
• Coastal littering
• Industrial activities
• River as conduit - >90% of Plastic waste
• Water based – 20%
• Fishing
• Shipping
• Sea based activities
Marine Plastic Pollution
• Effects
• Death of marine species
• ghost nets
• consumption of plastic – olive ridley
• Enters food chain – micro and
nano plastics
• Affects tourism
• Great Pacific Garbage patch
Marine Plastic Pollution
• World Environment Day, 2018 – Beat Plastic pollution
• The Global Partnership on Plastic Pollution and Marine Litter (GPML)
• Launched at Rio +20
• Multi stakeholder partnership
• GloLitter
• IMO + FAO+ 30 countries
• To remove plastic litter from oceans
• Clean Seas campaign
• UNEP
• Multi stakeholder partnership
Soil Pollution

• Cause • Effects
• Deforestation • Soil erosion
• Plastics • Land desertification
• Domestic Solid Waste • Unhealthy soil for agriculture –
• Industrial effluents • Difference in salinity, pH and
• Pesticides – DDT, Endosulphan alkalinity
• Acid Rain – Nitrogen or
Sulphur oxides along with
Oxidation
Soil Pollution – Solid Waste - statistics
• India – 1 lakh metric tonnes per
day
• 3/4th – collection and
transportation
• 96% collection efficiency
Soil Pollution – Solid Waste - statistics
Out of total waste
• 50% - treated(19% in 2015-16)(Chandigarh)
• 18% - landfilled
• 31% - unaccounted
Max per capita solid waste – Delhi
Currently average - 118gm/day
Globally - 740gm/day(High income countries – 34% waste generation
with only 16% of population)
Challenges in handling solid Waste
• Rising Waste Generation – digitisation, plastic economy
• Waste management – Processing and segregation
• Littering and dumping – Leachate and gas recovery
• Funds with local bodies
Harmful impact of poor SWM
• Health • Economic
• Sanitation workers • Clogging of drains
• Biomedical waste • Waste of useful land
• Respiratory diseases • Reusable products – less raw
• Rats and mosquito material
• Tourism
• Environment
• Ground water, air and marine
pollution
Soil Pollution – Solid Waste Management
rules
• Responsibility of generator
• Wet
• Dry
• Hazardous
• Duties of generator
• User Fee
• Spot fine
• Manufacturers of disposable products – waste mgmt or collect back
• No dumping of waste if Cal value > 1500 K/cal/kg
Soil Pollution – Solid Waste
• Parliamentary Standing Committee on Urban Development March 17,
2021
• Recommendations
• Include all stake holders
• phase-wise timetable Zero waste Day -
• Inclusion of rag pickers Turkey
• Greater contribution
• Extract recyclables
• .5 – 2% employment
• Bengaluru – dry waste Collection center
Soil Pollution – SWM – Way Forward
• Waste to Wealth – PMSTIAC
Challenges:
• No segregation – health related challenges
• Less buyers of such energy (RS 6 or 7 per unit)
• Potential to destroy recoverable material
• If less than 15 MW – No environmental clearance – relook
• Stop waste trade – National Sword Policy
Mains Practice Question
• Solid waste management (SWM) has emerged as one of the most
massive development challenges in urban India. Discuss.(10M, 150W)
Soil Pollution – Plastic - statistics
• 9% of plastic waste – recycled
• 8 million tonnes of plastic – ocean
• Per capita plastic consumption –
11kg (US – 109 kg)
• Recent update –INC 3(UNEP) –
global plastic treaty by 2025
Soil Pollution – Plastic – Challenges
• Lack of substitutes
• No dedicated international instrument
• Informal rag pickers
• Corruption and nexus between Politicians and industrialists
Soil Pollution
• Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
• Extended Producer Responsibility
• Centralised Online Portal
• By CPCB
• Single point data repository
• Orders and guidelines
Plastic waste amendment rules, 2022
• Reuse of Rigid plastic packaging
• Sale and Purchase of EPR certificates
• Centralised online portal for EPR
• Polluter Pays Principle
• Non fulfilment of EPR target
• By producer, importer or brand owner
• Annual report
Soil Pollution – Single Use Plastic
• India’s rank (generation)- 94
• SUP
• Less than 120 microns
• Plastic bag, water bottles, earbuds, balloon sticks, etc
• Enforcement –
• CPCB and SPCB
• Petrochemical industries – no supply of raw materials to banned industries
• Penalty under EPA – 5 years or 1lakh
Soil Pollution – Single Use Plastic
• Problems –
• Highest amongst all plastic used
• 1/3rd of plastics manufactured
• 5-10% of Green House gas emission
Soil Pollution - Microplastics
• Smaller than 1 mm to 1
micrometre
• Mostly in personal care products,
cosmetics, toothpaste
• passes filtration and treatment
process
• Recently found in fresh Arctic snow
• Affects marine life
• Carcinogenic in nature
Soil Pollution - Initiatives to reduce Plastic
Waste
• India Plastic Pact
• CII + WWF
• Business + Govt + NGO
• Liner to circular Plastic economy
• Project REducing PLAstic in Nature – KVIC
• UN Environment Assembly – resolution to make plastic – circular
economy
• Total ban on single use plastic and microplastics
• Road construction – Tamil Nadu, Himachal
Soil pollution – Plastic waste – way forward
• Identify hotspots
• Designing alternatives
• Breakdown plastics
• Circular economy
• Widen scope for Waste collection
Soil Pollution – Waste Disposal
• Open dumps
• Sanitary landfills
• Incineration Plants
Soil Pollution
• Pyrolysis
• Composting
• Vermiculture
• Waste Minimisation circles
• World Bank + MoEFCC
• Small and medium industrial clusters
• Hazardous waste
Soil Pollution
• Stockholm Convention
• Persistent Organic Pollutants
• GEF funded
• Basel Convention
• Transboundary movement of hazardous substance
• Rotterdam convention
• PIC Procedure for Certain Hazardous chemicals and Pesticides
Soil Pollution
• Bioremediation
• In – situ
• Bio venting – air+ nutrient
• Bio sparging – Oxygen
• Bio augmentation - microorganisms
• Ex – situ
• Landfarming
• Bio reactors
• Composting
Soil Pollution – e Waste
• India – 3rd rank in generation (U.S and
China)
• Lead, Barium, Cadmium, Mercury,
Lithium
• GoI planning - to setup framework for
Right to repair
• E-Waste clinic – Bhopal
• Nairobi declaration to Basel
convention included e-waste
• 95% recycled under informal units
E-Waste management rules, 2016
• EPR certificates
• Deposit Refund Scheme
• Producing companies
• Focus on circular economy
• State govt – Industrial space for recycling and repair
• CPCB – implementing agency
NGT directed UP govt to
resolve e Waste issue on
banks of Ramganga river -
Moradabad
Practice MCQ
With reference to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), consider the
following statements:
1. These pollutants can be transported from one place to another by
wind and water.
2. Unlike fats, they are easily dissolved in water.
3. They are used as flame retardants in electronic products.
4. They can alter the hormonal system of humans.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Practice MCQ
Which of the following are the reasons behind high E-waste generation
in India?
1. Shorter electronic product life cycle
2. No rules and regulations regarding E-waste management
3. No producer responsibility of recycling E-waste
4. Not enough awareness regarding disposal of E-waste
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Practice MCQ
There is a concern over the increase in harmful algal blooms in the
seawaters of India. What could be the causative factors for this
phenomenon?
1. Discharge of nutrients from the estuaries.
2. Run-off from the land during the monsoon.
3. Upwelling in the seas.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
Practice MCQ
With reference to the Rotterdam Convention, consider the following
statements:
1. The convention aims to completely eliminate the international
trade of hazardous chemicals.
2. India has not yet signed the convention as it opposes the listing of
Asbestos under Rotterdam Convention.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Practice MCQ
Consider the following statements regarding the Solid Waste
Management Rules, 2016:
1. Households are not considered as the waste generators under the
rules.
2. All the waste generators need to pay a user fee for solid waste
management.
3. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change shall be
responsible for overall monitoring of the implementation of these
rules.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Practice MCQ
Which of the following pollutants are usually categorized as ‘Indoor Air
Pollutants’?
1. Volatile Organic Compounds
2. Argon gas
3. Carbon Monoxide
4. Asbestos fibers
5. Formaldehyde
Practice MCQ
Consider the following statements regarding the Kigali Agreement:
1. It is an amendment to the Nagoya Protocol.
2. The agreement calls for phasing down climate-damaging refrigerant
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
Soil Pollution – Land degradation
• Soil degradation - alkalinity, leaching, erosion
• Deforestation
• Shifting cultivation
• Mining and industries
• Agriculture and Plantation
• Urbanisation
• Infrastructural projects
• Overgrazing
• Faulty Agricultural Practice
• Soil Salinity
Soil Pollution – Land degradation
• Solution to soil salinity
• Agricultural
• Non agricultural - Gypsum
Soil Pollution- desertification
• Desertification meaning
• Causes
• Deforestation
• agriculture
• Groundwater depletion
• Effect
• Food security
• Biodiversity loss
• Affect climate of the region
• Less availability of water
Soil Pollution - desertification
• Solution
• improving already degraded land​
• ongoing rehabilitation and conservation​
• managing sustainable land and water resources. ​
• International initiatives
• SDG 15
• UNCCD
UNCCD
• COP 15 - Cote d'Ivoire (Western Africa)
• Interconnected challenges
• Land degradation – Climate Change – Biodiversity loss
• Delhi Declaration – 2019 – gender sensitive transformative projects
• Bonn challenge –
• 150 million hectares into restoration by 2020
• 350 million hectares by 2030.
• Great Green Wall
• 11 countries of sub Saharan Africa + GEF
Miscellaneous points
• Environmental Kuznets curve
• Pollution and environmental
degradation
Practice MCQ
With reference to ‘Kelp forests’, consider the following statements:
1. They are underwater ecosystems found in shallow water.
2. They are only found in warm and nutrient-deficient waters near
equatorial region.
3. They are characterized by the dense growth of brown algae.
4. They provide shelter and food for many marine species.
Practice MCQ
Consider the following pairs with reference to the sources of air
pollutants:
Major Air Pollutants - Their Main sources
1. Nitric Oxide - Motor Vehicular Emissions
2. Ammonia - Thermal Power Generation
3. Ozone - Battery Manufacturing
4. Particulate Matter - Construction sites
Practice MCQ
With reference to ‘Fly Ash’, consider the following statements:
1. It is a byproduct from burning of coal in power generating plants.
2. It can be used as building material in the construction industry.
3. In India, it is mandatory for thermal power plants to ensure full
utilization of fly ash in an eco-friendly manner.
Radio active Pollution
• Increase in radiation levels in environment
• High speed charged particles
• Alpha
• Positively charged
• high mass no
• blocked by sheet of paper
• Beta
• Negatively charged
• Passes through skin; blocked by glass or metal
• Gamma
• Neutral
• Passes through human body; blocked by strong concrete mass
Radioactive Pollution
• Artificial Source
• Nuclear weapon testing and explosion
• Nuclear power plants
• Nuclear Waste handling
• Natural Source
• Cosmic rays from space
• Rays from inside the earth’s crust
• Biological damage
• Lower dose of radiation – genetic issues/cancer
• Overdose of radiation – lethal
• Somatic – reduction in WBC/Cataract
• Genetic damage- gene mutation and reproduction affected
Renewable energy
Renewable Energy - statistics
• Installed capacity – 4th rank
• Target – 50% by 2030
• Target – 500GW
• Target in Paris deal - 175 GW by 2022
Renewable energy
Stakeholders involved in energy sector
• Energy producer Billing Loss – theft/ inefficient
operation
• Government Collection loss – user unable to
• DISCOMS pay
Government delay – agriculture
• Consumers
subsidy not paid on time
Need for UDAY scheme Regulatory Asset – low tariff by
regulator(not cost reflective)
Renewable energy - Solar
• Solar energy – 4th (installed capacity) –
71 GW
• Photo voltaic
• Solar Thermal Energy
• Advantages
• No transmission loss
• Reduce carbon emission
• Source - inexhaustible
Renewable energy - Solar

• Challenges • Challenges
• High Initial cost • Unsustainably low tariff
• Land availability • Dependence on import
• Issues of load balancing • Storage facility
• Payment delays from Discoms
• Cleaning cost – water or labour
intensive
• WTO constraints – Domestic Content
Requirement
Renewable Energy – Solar – National initiative
• RPO on DISCOMS
• PM-KUSUM for grid connected agricultural solar pumps.
• Suryamitra Skill Development Programme by the National Institute of Solar
Energy (NISE) focuses on Solar Energy project’s installation, operation &
maintenance.
• Atal Jyoti Yojana
• Solar Transfiguration of India (SRISTI) Scheme, financial incentives - rooftop
projects.
• Green Energy Corridor Scheme: Laying new transmission lines and creating
new sub-station capacity for evacuation (from region of production to
region of consumption) of renewable power
Renewable energy - Solar
• International Solar Alliance
• Towards 1000 mission – billion investment, million people, GW
• Funding constraints
• Geopolitical vulnerabilities
• 10 year tax exemption – solar projects
• Inter State Transmission System Charges(solar and wind) – waived off
• 100% FDI under automatic route – allowed
Renewable energy – Wind - statistics

• Installed 40GW (4th rank)

• Target (offshore – 5GW by 2022; 30GW
by 2030)
• As per Renewables, 2022 Global Status
Report – India’s rank – 3
• TN, Gujarat, Karnataka
Renewable energy – Wind Challenges
• Price of material and equipment rising
• Offshore Wind Energy
• Fixed or floating
• Higher installation cost
• High maintenance cost Storage facility
• Environmental clearance
• Onshore Wind energy
• Lack of availability of land
• Topographical challenges
• Poor grid connectivity
Renewable Energy
• Customs duty exemption on certain components
• National Institute of Wind energy
• National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, 2018
• Large grid connected wind solar PV hybrid system
• National Offshore Wind Energy Policy, 2015
• EEZ
• National Institute of Wind Energy – nodal agency
Biofuel
Biofuels
• Bio ethanol- corn, sugarcane
• Bio diesel – soyabean, palm oil, animal fat
• Bio gas – organic sewage
• Significance – Environmental, Economic, Geopolitical, Social
Mains Practice Question
• Recently there has been a renewed push for biofuels with the
inauguration of the “Global biofuels alliance”. Discuss the significance
of Biofuels and the steps taken by India to promote biofuels.
 National Biofuel Policy, 2018

• 2 categorise of Biofuels – Basic and Advanced

• Expanded the scope of raw material
• Viability Gap Funding scheme – 2G ethanol – 5000cr
in 6 years
• Encourages Supply Chain mechanism
• Ethanol blending of 20% by 2025
National Biofuel coordination committee
Min of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Nodal Agency
• Coordination
• Effective end-to-end implementation
• Monitoring
Global biofuel alliance
• Pledge – ethanol blending – 20%
• Membership – non G 20 countries
Aim
• strengthening markets
• facilitating global biofuel trade
• developing concrete policy lesson-sharing
• providing technical support
Benefits from Biofuel alliance

• Decarbonising transport sector

• Technology transfer
• Increased blending- E 10 to E 85
• Introduction of Flex fuel Vehicles
• Biofuel export
• 55% - U.S
• Farmer’s income
• 27% - Brazil
• Reduced crude oil import
• Municipal Solid Waste Management
Challenges of global biofuel alliance
• Technology transfer
• Funds
• Affect cropping pattern and climate resilient agriculture
• Environmental concerns – 2860 litre of water
• Biofuel as a fuel – 2/3rd energy :: Petrol
Renewable energy – Biomass
National Bioenergy Programme(2021-22 to 2025-26)

Sub Scheme Objective

Waste to Energy Programme Bio CNG power plants from urban, industrial
and agricultural residues
Biomass Programme Setup Biomass pellet manufacturing plant
IREDA – nodal authority
Biogas programme Designated PIA
Biogas plants for small power needs
Renewable energy - Hydro
• Hydro energy
• Reservoir
• Diversion
• Small Hydro power – less than
25MW
• Benefits
• Low emissions
• Source – inexhaustible
• Reliable power
• Irrigation
• Tourism, flood control
Renewable energy - Hydro
• Concerns
• Environmental impact
• Land use
• Social impact
• Impact on aquatic life
• SC halted HEP in Uttarakhand post floods in 2013
• Ravi Chopra Committee to examine effect of these projects on
disaster
Renewable energy - Geothermal energy
• Puga valley – ONGC; 2nd – Arunachal
Pradesh
• Advantages
• Continuous supply
• Green energy
• Renewable resource
• Puga valley – strategic location
• Other Potential areas
• Rajgir in Bihar, Manikaran in Himachal
Pradesh, Surajkund in Jharkhand, Tapoban
in Uttarakhand, and the Sohana region in
Haryana
Biodiversity
Biodiversity
• Refers to variety of plant and animal life in an ecosystem
• Tyes of biodiversity
• Genetic diversity
Rashtriya Gokul
• Species diversity mission and Gir
• Species Richness Cow
• Species Eveness
• Alpha – with 1 ecosystem
• Beta – more than 1 ecosystem Ao and Sumi
• Gamma – various ecosystem in a region Naga community
– Seed
preservation
Biodiversity
• Endemism – species unique to
a particular region
• Keystone species – top
predators
• Flagship species
• Umbrella species
• Indicator species
• Invasive Alien Species
Invasive alien species
• Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services (IPBES) has recently released an "Assessment Report
on Invasive Alien Species and their Control”
• IPBES
• Intergovernmental body
• Panama city, 2012
• conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
• Not a UN body
• Findings of the report:
• IAS – 60% plant and animal extinction
Invasive Alien Species
• Leading IAS – water hyacinth,
Lantana, black rat
• Factors responsible:
• Globalisation of trade and travel
• Human introduction of exotic species
• Climate change
• Ballast water
Invasive Alien Species
• Impact
• Ecological impact
• Economic impact – $ 423 b
• Impact on food supply –
carribean false mussel
• Invasive species specialist group
– facilitates global interchange
of knowledge of IAS – under
IUCN
Biodiversity - Realm
• Continent or sub continent sized
area
• 8 realm of the world
 Biodiversity - Biomes
1. Tropical Humid Forests
2. Tropical Dry or Deciduous Forests
(including Monsoon Forests)
3. Warm deserts and semi-deserts
4. Coniferous forests and
5. Alpine meadows.
Biodiversity – Biogeographic zones
1. Trans-Himalayas
2. Himalayas
3. Desert
4. Semi-arid
5. Western Ghats
6. Deccan Peninsula
7. Gangetic plain
8. North-east India
9. Islands
10. Coasts
Biodiversity hotspots
• High species Richness +
high endemism
• Min 1,500 species of
vascular plants (> 0.5% of
the world’s total) as
endemics
• Lost at least 70% of its
original habitat.
Hotspots of India
• Himalaya
• Indo-Burma: North-eastern
India
• Western Ghats
• Sundaland
Biodiversity loss
• 6th mass extinction
• Last 66 million years – Age of mammals • Great Oxygenation event –
mass extinction of
• North America – >70% Anaerobic bacteria
• South America – >80% • Neoproterozoic era
• Paleozoic oxygenation event
• Australia – aprox 90%
• Cause
• Natural – melting of Ice (Ice AGe)
• Anthropogenic (humans derived consequences)
Biodiversity Loss
• Causes • Effect
• Habitat Loss and fragmentation – • Biodiversity loss
deforestation, urbanisation • Collapse of ecosystem
• Over exploitation, Poaching – • Man animal conflict
medicinal use, show piece, leather • Forest fire, drought, flood
• Alien species invasion – Eucalyptus, • Greater impact of geological
Gold Fish, Water hyacinth, grey disturbance on human life
pigeon
• Climate change
Biodiversity Conservation
• National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)
• PM
• policy framework for wildlife conservation
• The National Wildlife Action Plan (2002-2016)
• People’s participation
• In Situ
• Ex Situ
Biodiversity Conservation
Notified under Section
20 Indian Forest Act,
1927

• Reserved and Protected forest

Biodiversity conservation
• Wildlife Sanctuary vs National Park
Can be declared both by
Central and State govt
Wildlife Sanctuary National Park
Relaxed Restricted
No fixed boundary Fixed boundary
Ticket/Permission not Ticket/Permission required
required
Biodiversity conservation
• Biosphere Reserve
Criteria:
1. Protected and minimally
disturbed core
2. Involvement of local
community
3. Traditional tribal modes of
living
UNESCO’s MAB in India
Biodiversity Conservation
• Conservation Reserve
• Declared by State govt
• Eco Sensitive Zones
• 10 Km boundary
• National Wildlife Action Plan(2002-16)
• Under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
• Prohibited acts- (Pollution, mining) industries, HEPs
• Regulated acts – Hotels, felling of trees, rainwater harvesting
Practice MCQ
With reference to diversity, consider the following statements:
1. Species diversity decreases as we move away from the poles
towards the equator.
2. The Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than
the Eastern Ghats
Biodiversity conservation
Ex –Situ
• Zoological park
• Regulated under Wildlife Protection Act
• Central Zoo Authority (statutory body)
• Head
• Botanical gardens
Relationship between organisms
• Commensalism
• Amensalism and Antibiosis
• Parasitism
• Endo
• Ecto
• Brood
• Predation
• Competition
• Mutualism
Practice MCQ
In the context of interspecific interactions among various species, in
which of the following cases only one organism is benefited?
1. Competition
2. Predation
3. Parasitism
4. Commensalism
5. Amensalism
Practice MCQ
Which of the following defense mechanisms are developed by plants to
ward off predators?
1. Presence of fine hairs on the surface of the leaves.
2. Release of caffeine by certain plants.
3. Presence of thorns in stems and leaves
Practice MCQ
These plants were introduced into India for their lovely flowers have caused
havoc by their excessive growth by causing blocks in our waterways. They are
also called ‘Terror of Bengal’. They grow abundantly in eutrophic water
bodies, and lead to an imbalance in the ecosystem dynamics of the water
body.
Which of the following plants is being described in the passage given above?
(a) Water Hyacinth
(b) Golden Pothos
(c) Water Chestnut
(d) Water Lilies
Practice MCQ
With reference to the environmental impact of chemicals used in day-
to-day life, consider the following statements:
1. Alum (aluminum sulfate) is a non-toxic liquid that is commonly used
in water treatment plants to clarify drinking water.
2. Hydrogen peroxide is a more environmentally friendly chemical for
bleaching of clothes than chlorine gas.
Practice MCQ
Due to climate change, coral bleaching events have become a recurrent
feature of late. In this context, which of the following factors can cause
coral bleaching?
1. Increased exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
2. Sediments such as sand covering the coral
3. Entry of excess nutrients such as ammonia and nitrate fertilizers
into coral reefs
4. Excess storm water from rains entering the coral reefs
5. Salinity Change
Climate change, Greenhouse
effect and Global warming
Climate Change

• Climate Change - Wide shift in global climate- factors

• Increasing global temperatures
• Increase in sea level
• Varying frequency of flood and drought
• Deforestation
• Natural causes
Ocean acidification
• Oceans – reservoir of CO2
• Present pH of Ocean – 8
• Acidification - meaning
• Causes
• Acid rain
• Eutrophication
• Effects
• Slows down the formation of
Calcium Carbonates
Practice MCQ
Which of the following substances can cause depletion of the ozone
layer?
1. Carbon tetrachloride
2. Methyl bromide
3. Chlorodifluoromethane
Global Warming
• Global Warming – Rise in global
temperature (approx. 14 Degree C)
• Green House effect
• Short wave radiations - pass
• Long Wave radiation - blocked
• GHG absorb long wave radiation
reflected from earth
Green House Gases
• Kyoto GHG –
• CO2
• CH4
• N2O
• HFC – aerosol, fire retardants, refrigerants
• PFC – Aluminium production
• SF6 – semiconductor manufacturing
• Other GHG – Water vapour, Black carbon or soot
Global Warming – Impact
• Melting of Ice caps
• Sea level rise
• Changes in rainfall pattern
• Increased frequency of flood and droughts
• Biodiversity loss
• Spread of disease
• Challenge to food security
• Water stress
Carbon sequestration and capture
• CC mitigation strategy
• Carbon sinks
• Geologic – store in depleted mines – gas/water/minerals
• Oceanic – store in deep ocean beds – iron pellets
Carbon sequestration and capture
• Carbon sinks
• Forests – Green Carbon
• Ocean – Blue Carbon
• Soil
• Carbon credit or offset – “X” amount of GHG not emitted(removed)
• Carbon market
Practice MCQ
Consider the following pairs regarding the features of mangroves and
their corresponding description:
Features of Mangroves - Description
1. Pneumatophores - These are small openings on the leaves that help
in respiration.
2. Succulent leaves - They help in excreting excess salts.
3. Viviparity - It is a reproductive adaptation in mangrove trees.
Practice MCQ
Consider the following statements with reference to the food chains
and concentration of pollutants:
1. Bioaccumulation refers to the pollutant’s tendency to concentrate
as they move from one trophic level to the next.
2. Biomagnification takes place in a single organism over the span of
its life, resulting in a higher concentration of the pollutant.
Practice MCQ
Consider the following statements:
1. Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared
to the higher latitudes.
2. Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in
the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Practice MCQ
Which of the following reasons account for lesser biodiversity in
temperate regions as compared to tropical regions of the world?
1. Tropical regions have been subjected to frequent glaciations in the
past while temperate latitudes have remained undisturbed.
2. Temperate environments are less seasonal and stable thus
promoting niche specialisation.
3. There is more solar energy available in the tropics, which
contributes to higher productivity.
Practice MCQ
Primary production is defined as the amount of biomass or organic
matter produced per unit area over a time period by plants during
photosynthesis.
In this respect primary productivity depends on which of the following
factors?
1. Plant species inhabiting a particular area.
2. Availability of nutrients.
3. Photosynthetic capacity of plants
Practice MCQ
With reference to photochemical smog, consider the following
statements:
1. It results from the action of sunlight on unsaturated hydrocarbons
and nitrogen oxides.
2. It usually occurs in a cool and humid climate.
Practice MCQ
Consider the following pairs: Pollutant Impact
1. Lead : Minamata Disease
2. Fluoride : Methemoglobinemia
3. Nitrate : Dermatitis
Which of the pairs given above is/are not correctly matched
International Laws and
conventions
Stockholm, 1972
• UN Convention on Human environment
• Stockholm Declaration
UNEP, 1972
• Nairobi, Kenya
• Agency of UN
• Marine, land, atmosphere ecosystem
• Environmental governance
• Assisting Developing economies
• Implementing agency for GEF
• WMO + UNEP = IPCC
Adaptation Gap report, 2023
The report
• Underprepared, under invested and lacks the necessary planning
• Developing countries – require - 10 to 15 times of current funds
• Climate vulnerable economies – Loss and damage - $500b in last 20
years
Adaptation Gap report, 2023
Recommendations:
• $1 b in protecting coastal flooding - $14b reduction in damage

Other report by UNEP – Emission Gap report, Global Environment

Outlook, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet.
World Meteorological Organization
• Inter governmental Organisation
• Specialized agency of UN
• India = member
• Report – “state of Global Climate - 2022”
IPCC
• WMO +UNEP
• Does not carry out its own research
• Assesses Human induced climate change
• Suggests adaptation and mitigation mechanisms
Assessment report 6
• Report
• On track to breach 1.5 by 2030
• Present increase = 1.1
• Vulnerable community – least contribution – max burden
• Health impact of CC
• Suggestions
• Phase out GHG by 2050
• Urge govt to fund green projects
• Reduce nitrogen pollution from agriculture
• Curtail food waste
GEF
• Civil Society organisation + Govt+ Private sector
• Not under UN
• Independently financing agency
• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
• Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
• Minamata Convention on Mercury
• Montreal Protocol
IUCN
• Govt + civil society
• 1948, HQ – Switzerland
• Prepares IUCN red list of threatened
species
• 9 categories for red data book
• IUCN green status of species – assess
recovery of species
• 8 Green Status Categories: Extinct in
the Wild, Critically Depleted, Largely
Depleted, Moderately Depleted,
Slightly Depleted, Fully Recovered,
Non-Depleted and Indeterminate.
UNCED, Earth Summit, 1992
• Pollution – smoke
• Increased use of public transport
• Health problems by polluted air
• 3 treaties
• UNCCD - binding
• UNCBD - binding
• UNFCCC – non binding
• 3 non binding agreements – Agenda 21, Rio Declaration, Forest
Principles
UNFCCC
• Objective –
• to stabilize GHG concentrations
• Reduce global warming
• Suggest adaptation and mitigation measures
• Kyoto Protocol – COP 3
• Poland Climate deal – Adaptation fund (COP 14)
• Copenhagen – max 2 degrees - $100b per year by 2020(COP 15)
• Cancun – GCF (COP 16)
Kyoto Protocol – UNFCCC - COP 3
• Targeted to reduce GHG emissions
• Came to force in 2005
• India – 2002(Ratification)
• US never ratified ; Canada withdrew in 2012
• Based on CBDR
• Annex 1 countries – emission reduction targets
• Annex 2 countries – provide financial and technical assistance
Kyoto mechanisms
• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
• Emission reduction project in developing countries
• Carbon credits on Assigned Amount Units(AAU)
• Emission Trading
• Emission trading – cap and trade; between 2 parties; net emissions fixed
• Carbon offset – TPP setting up Nuclear or solar energy plants; polluter pays
• Joint Implementation (JI)
• Between developed countries themselves
UNFCCC
• Warsaw – Loss and Damage (COP 19)
• Paris – COP 21
• To come to force from 2020
• INDC submitted
• Not legally binding
• Set the temperature to well below 2degrees
• Pursue efforts – 1.5 degrees
• China pledged to peak emission by 2030
India’s INDC
• reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 per cent by 2030
from 2005 level.
• 40 % cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel.
• carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent.
• adapt to climate change by investing in vulnerable sectors.
• mobilize domestic and new and additional funds from developed
countries.
• Capacity Building
UNFCCC
• Post Paris meets
• Glasgow – COP 26
• India- Net zero emission by 2070
• India – phase down of coal based power
• Green Grid initiative – India U.K
UNFCCC
• Sharm El Sheikh - COP 27
• Loss and Damage fund
• Mangrove Alliance
• India – member
• Voluntary
• Action for Water Adaptation and Resilience(AWARE)
• Egypt +WMO
• Decrease water loss and increase supply
• Increase international efforts to coordinate
UNFCCC
• African Carbon Market initiative
• African leaders
• Carbon trading
• Global Shield Financing Facility –
• Bangladesh/Pakistan/ Ghana
• V20+G7
• India’s LT-LEDS
India’s LT-LEDS
• Energy sector
• 20% ethanol blending by 2025(Presently – 10%; 2050 – 40%)
• National Green Hydrogen Mission- 2021
• 3 fold increase in nuclear capacity
• E-vehicles and increased public transport
• Net Zero emission – 2070
• Mission LiFE
• Introduced in Glasgow
• Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
National Green Hydrogen Mission
• Use, Produce and export
• About Green Hydrogen
• Electrolysis of Water
• Electricity used here – RE
• Hydrogen – NH3, Steel, fertilizer
• Close to zero mission
• Energy per unit weight - high
• Target – 2030
• 5 MMT
• 125 GW renewable energy capacity
National Green Hydrogen Mission
• Nodal min- MNRE
• Green Hydrogen hub – States and regions – to be developed
• SIGHT- domestic manufacturing of electrolysers
• Challenges
• In nascent stage
• Economic viability
Nuclear Energy
• Presently, 5th largest source
• Joint venture of
• NPCIL + IOCL and NTPC
• Challenges
• Public opposition
• Lack of raw material
UNFCCC
• Concerns from Sharm-El-Sheikh
• Voluntary and not limited to developed countries
• “complement and include” existing source
• Disaster competing with disaster
COP 28
expectation
• Details of loss and damage finance facility
• GST – 2023 onwards
• Accelerating towards clean energy
• Emission check and lock
Carbon Space
• Net zero emission – 2050 (IPCC)
• 43% of 2019 by 2030
• 60% of 2019 by 2035
Outcomes of COP 28

• Loss and Damage fund - $750 m • Global Stock Take

• WB • Meaning
• Developing countries + (LDC and • 1st in CoP
SIDS) • Phase down – coal power
• Decarbonising fund – $85m • Net Zero emission - 2050
• Public and private sector • Non CO2 emission (CH4)
• Phase out inefficient fossil fuel
• GCF
• $3.5b – developing countries
 Outcomes of cop28

• Food and Farming + Health • Climate Focused Investment Fund

• Agriculture in Climate Goals(160 nations) • UAE
• Climate related health disaster (140 nations) • Alterra fund – $30b
• Green Pledge • Developing world
• 132 nations
• Diff from Climate Investment
Fund(MDB)
• Triple RE by 2030 (11k GW by 2030)
• Triple Nuclear Energy by 2050 – US led • Cooling Pledge
• No ”new” investment (coal) • Emission by high energy consuming
equipment
• RE installed capacity – US, Brazil, India
• 68% globally by 2050
Outcome of CoP 28- Fossil fuel

• Powering Past Coal Alliance • Fossil Fuel Non Proliferation Treaty

• Canada + U.K • Columbia – new joinee
• National + Sub National + Biz + • Climate Vulnerable nations
Organisations • Global Registry of Fossil fuel
• CoP 23; Bonn • Dubai Consensus
• China/ India/ USA • Just, orderly and equitable manner
• Dilution from phase out to phase down
• Oil Producer Vs Samoa or Marshall Islands
Outcome of CoP 28
• Methane Pledge - 2030
• 50 Oil companies(50% of global production)
• Near zero emission
• Fracking
• NG – production, transportation and storage
• Routine venting and flaring(EU vs CoP case)
expectation from India at COP 28
• Sign pledge to triple renewable energy by 2030
• Double energy efficiency
• Join Declaration on Climate and Health
India’s effort
• 17% population but 5% emissions
• Reduce emission intensity by 45% by 2030 from 2005
• Host CoP33 – 2028
• Target of 500 GW – non fossil fuel source by 2030
• India + UAE – Green Credit Initiative
• LeadIT 2.0
• Global River Cities Alliance
RE efforts

• Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and

Karnataka are leading in renewable
energy adoption – 70%
• No states in NE
Green credit initiative
• Budget 2023-24
• Incentivise voluntary pro planet action
• Water and forest
• Private company – CSR obligation
• Exchange of knowledge, experience and best practices
• Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education – nodal agency
LeadIT 2.0
• India and Sweden
• Supported by WEF
3 pillars
• Industry Transition Partnership
• Tech transfer
• Dialogue mechanism
Global River Cities Alliance

• NMCG + NIUA Nirmal Ganga

• WB, ADB, AIIB Aviral Ganga
• River conservation
Jan Ganga
• Sustainable water management
Arth Ganga

Gyan Ganga
5 tier structure of Namami Gange act
• NGC
• ETF
• NMCG
• State Ganga Committee
• District Ganga Commitee
Shortcomings of COP 28
• No discussion on $100 billion by 2020.
• Loss and damage fund – $100b per year
• No timeline – phase out fossil fuel
Debate of large
• No binding individual target – tripling (RE) Hydro Plants

• Methane emission
• Loose definitions – “low carbon fuel” or “low emission”
• GST not accountable to failures of developed nations
UNCBD
• Conservation of biodiversity
• All UN members except US has ratified the treaty
• Conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity);
• sustainable use of its components; and
• fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
UNCBD
• Nagoya Protocol
• Access to genetic resource and fair and equitable sharing of benefits
• Cartagena Protocol
• Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from LMO and GMO
UNCBD
• International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture (PGRFA)
• Aka Seed treaty by FAO
• Aim:
• Farmers’ Contribution:
• Access and Benefit Sharing:
• Sustainability:
• India- Signatory to the treaty
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’
Rights (PPV&FR) Act, 2001

• Protect farmer’s interest vs UPOV

UPOV denies to PepsiCo issue
• reuse farm-saved seeds
• exchange them with their neighbors
So agricultural IP identification in favor of farmers
• Farmers – lant breeders and can register their variety
• Can use farm saved seeds
• Farmers – preservation – recognized and rewarded
UNCBD
• “Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework” (GBF)
• 30 cross 30 by 2030
• Restore 30% of degraded
• Conserve and manage 30%
• Stop extinction of known species by 2050
• Reduce - pesticides by at least 50% by 2030.
• Reduce global footprint of consumption- wastage, responsible
UNCBD
• Money for Nature
• $200 billion per annum
• Developed countries - $20 billion by 2025
• Harmful subsidies reduction – that deplete biodiversity by 2025
Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
• governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous People
• World Bank – trustee
• To help countries in their REDD+ efforts
Climate and Clean Air coalition
• UNEP + few developed countries
• Reduce SLCP
• Responsible for 40% of Global warming
• Few days to few decade
• Methane, Black carbon, tropospheric Ozone, HFC
UNREDD and REDD+
UNREDD REDD+

Reducing Emissions from Also sustainable management

Deforestation and Forest of forest carbon stock
Degradation.
FAO+UNDP+UNEP Parties to UNFCCC
BioCarbon Fund Initiative
• Multilateral fund
• Managed by World Bank
• Sustainable agriculture and REDD+ initiative
Global Climate Change Alliance
• Initiative of EU
• Increase resilience of Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) and Least
Developed Countries
• Most vulnerable countries
Lisbon Declaration
• United Nations declaration
• United Nations’ Ocean Conference- Lisbon
• to scale up science-based and innovative actions
• habitat loss, ocean acidification and ecosystem degradation
CITES
• International trade of specified animals do not threaten their survival.
• Legally binding
• India hosted in 1981
CMS
• Under UNEP
• Aka Bonn convention
• Appendix 1 and 2
• India – Dugong, Siberian crane, Marine Turtles and raptors
• Temp shelters- Amur Falcons, Bar-headed Geese, Black-necked
Cranes, Marine Turtles, Dugongs,
Acts and Policies of India
Biodiversity Amendment Act, 2021
• Amended 2022 act
• Intent of Access to Biological resource(entities and activities)
• NBA approval for IPR– during application process - diluted
• Exempting AYUSH
• Benefit sharing with conserver- removed
• Criminal penalties for non approval
• Only Foreign companies – permission to seek resource
Environmental Regulations
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974
• Estb CPCB and SPCB
• Empowered CPCB to close a defaulting plant
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981
• Expanded powers of CPCB and SPCB to include Air Pollution
• Later – Noise Pollution - included
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
• Basic framework to ensure protection and management of wildlife
• Schedule 1 – endangered species
• Schedule 2 – Protection against trade
• Schedule 3 and 4 – Less protection
• Schedule 5 – Vermin
• Schedule 6 – Plants
• National and state Board of Wildlife
• Central Zoo Authority
• NTCA and WCCB
WPA amendment Act, 2022
• Increase species protected under Law
• Schedule 1 – max protection
• Schedule 2 – Less protection
• Schedule 3- plants
• Schedule 4 - CITES
Environmental Protection Act of 1986
• Enacted due to Bhopal gas tragedy
• Umbrella legislation
• Key provisions
• Prohibits discharge of pollutants – exceeding regulatory limit
• Restrict location of industries
• Lay down Environmental quality stds
• Citizen’s suit – notice to Central Govt – min 60 days
• Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee
• ODS rules
Coastal Regulation
Zone
• Recommendations of
Shailesh Nayak
committee
• FSI norms relaxed
• Temporary tourism
facility allowed after 10
m from HTL
• MoEFCC permission
only for CRZ 1 and 4
National Forest Policy, 1988
• Protection, Conservation and development
• Amendments pending since 2019
• India State of Forest Report by Forest Survey of India
National Action Plan on climate change
• National Solar Mission
• 100 GW
• Net Metering
• National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (2009)
• Promote energy efficiency by innovative solutions
• Perform Achieve and Trade – Energy Saving Certificates
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• Min of Power – energy Conservation Act
NAPCC
• National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (2011)
• Min of Urban Devp
• Waste mgmnt, energy efficiency, better planning
• National Water Mission
• Increase efficiency by 20%
• Reduce, reuse and recycle
• National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (2014)
NAPCC
• National Mission for A Green India (2014)
• Forest Policy
• INDC
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (2010)
• Climate smart agriculture
• Better Agricultural practices
• Soil Health Card Scheme
NAPCC
• National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
(NMSKCC)
• Capacity building
• Enabling Research
• National Bio-Energy Mission (2017)
Forest Rights Act
• Recognizes the rights of forest dwelling communities
• Gram Sabha – authorized to determine individual and community
forest rights
• Rights
• To collect Minor forest Produce
• Titular rights for the land being cultivated(Max 4 hectares)
• Community rights
• Rehabilitation rights if illegal eviction
Green Highways Plantation Policy
• Reduce the impact of dust by afforestation
• Community, farmers, NGO, private sector, govt institutions
• World Bank funding
Environment Impact Assessment
• Under Provisions of EPA, 1986
• Screening – investments
• Scooping – potential impact
• Collection of baseline data
• Impact prediction
• Mitigation measures and report
• Public Hearing
• Decision makiing
EIA draft 2020
• Reduced time for public hearing
• List of exempted projects increased
• Annual submission of reports
• No public reporting for non compliance
• Post facto clearance
FAME scheme
• Min of Heavy industries
• National Electric mobility mission
• Charging infra
• Reduce vehicular pollution
• Adopt electric and hybrid vehicles
• Phase 1- 2015 to 31st March 2019
• Phase 2 started on 1st April 2019
• GST reduced – e-Vehicles + Charging infra
• Production linked incentive scheme
CAMPA
• Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning
Authority (CAMPA)
• A body created on the order of Supreme Court
• Purpose
• 90% money to be kept with State
• 2006-2012 – 1200 to 23000 crore
• CAG – Most of it is unused
CAMPA
• Recently IPCC objected to this
• Net Present Vale of forest – cant be regained
• Mandatory to identify land for afforestation – not done
• Affects biodiversity corridors
Institutional Mechanisms
National Green Tribunal
• Statutory body, NGT Act
• 3rd country in the world(Australia and New Zealand)
• Chairperson, Judicial members and expert members
• 3 years / 65 years
• Civil Cases
• Principle of Natural Justice
NGT
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974,
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977,
• The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980,
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981,
• The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,
• The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and
• The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Other bodies
• Wildlife Crime Control Bureau
• Statutory under Wildlife Protection Act

• Animal Welfare Board of India

• Statutory under Prevention of cruelty to Animals Act, 1960
National Bamboo Mission (Green steel)
• Min of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare; centrally sponsored scheme
• Advantages
• Highest area under production across the world
• Aims for development of complete value chain
• Initiatives to promote bamboo
• Bamboo clusters
• MSP Hike
• Not a tree
National Board of Wildlife
• Statutory – WPA, 1972
• PM – head
• Functions
• Approves projects in and around WS or NP
• Promotion and development – wildlife conservation
• Alteration of boundaries of protected areas without permission
National Clean Energy Fund
• To implement Polluter Pays principle
• Collected from coal cess – produced and imported
• Loan or VGF mechanism – innovative methods to clean energy
• Also to fund research (upto 40%)
• Non lapsable under Public accounts
• Finance secretary – disbursement decision
• Min of Finance
Thankyou