Chapter 4

Introduction to programming in
MATLAB

4.1 Introduction
So far in these lab sessions, all the commands were executed in the Command Window.
The problem is that the commands entered in the Command Window cannot be saved
and executed again for several times. Therefore, a different way of executing repeatedly
commands with MATLAB is:

1. to create a file with a list of commands,

2. save the file, and
3. run the file.

If needed, corrections or changes can be made to the commands in the file. The files that
are used for this purpose are called script files or scripts for short.
This section covers the following topics:

• M-File Scripts
• M-File Functions

4.2 M-File Scripts

A script file is an external file that contains a sequence of MATLAB statements. Script
files have a filename extension .m and are often called M-files. M-files can be scripts that
simply execute a series of MATLAB statements, or they can be functions that can accept
arguments and can produce one or more outputs.

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4.2.1 Examples
Here are two simple scripts.

Example 1

Consider the system of equations:


 x + 2y + 3z = 1
3x + 3y + 4z = 1

2x + 3y + 3z = 2

Find the solution x to the system of equations.

Solution:

• Use the MATLAB editor to create a file: File → New → M-file.

• Enter the following statements in the file:

A = [1 2 3; 3 3 4; 2 3 3];
b = [1; 1; 2];
x = A\b

• Save the file, for example, example1.m.

• Run the file, in the command line, by typing:

>> example1
x =
-0.5000
1.5000
-0.5000

When execution completes, the variables (A, b, and x) remain in the workspace. To see a
listing of them, enter whos at the command prompt.
Note: The MATLAB editor is both a text editor specialized for creating M-files and a
graphical MATLAB debugger. The MATLAB editor has numerous menus for tasks such as
saving, viewing, and debugging. Because it performs some simple checks and also uses color
to differentiate between various elements of codes, this text editor is recommended as the
tool of choice for writing and editing M-files.
There is another way to open the editor:

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 >> edit

or

>> edit filename.m

to open filename.m.

Example 2

Plot the following cosine functions, y1 = 2 cos(x), y2 = cos(x), and y3 = 0.5 ∗ cos(x), in the
interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. This example has been presented in previous Chapter. Here we put
the commands in a file.

• Create a file, say example2.m, which contains the following commands:

x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y1 = 2*cos(x);
y2 = cos(x);
y3 = 0.5*cos(x);
plot(x,y1,’--’,x,y2,’-’,x,y3,’:’)
xlabel(’0 \leq x \leq 2\pi’)
ylabel(’Cosine functions’)
legend(’2*cos(x)’,’cos(x)’,’0.5*cos(x)’)
title(’Typical example of multiple plots’)
axis([0 2*pi -3 3])

• Run the file by typing example2 in the Command Window.

4.2.2 Script side-effects

All variables created in a script file are added to the workspace. This may have undesirable
effects, because:

• Variables already existing in the workspace may be overwritten.

• The execution of the script can be affected by the state variables in the workspace.

As a result, because scripts have some undesirable side-effects, it is better to code any
complicated applications using rather function M-file.

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4.3 M-File functions
As mentioned earlier, functions are programs (or routines) that accept input arguments and
return output arguments. Each M-file function (or function or M-file for short) has its own
area of workspace, separated from the MATLAB base workspace.

4.3.1 Anatomy of a M-File function

This simple function shows the basic parts of an M-file.

function f = factorial(n) (1)

% FACTORIAL(N) returns the factorial of N. (2)
% Compute a factorial value. (3)

f = prod(1:n); (4)

The first line of a function M-file starts with the keyword function. It gives the function
name and order of arguments. In the case of function factorial, there are up to one output
argument and one input argument. Table 4.1 summarizes the M-file function.
As an example, for n = 5, the result is,

>> f = factorial(5)
f =
120

Table 4.1: Anatomy of a M-File function

Part no. M-file element Description

(1) Function Define the function name, and the
definition number and order of input and
line output arguments
(2) H1 line A one line summary description
of the program, displayed when you
request Help
(3) Help text A more detailed description of
the program
(4) Function body Program code that performs
the actual computations

Both functions and scripts can have all of these parts, except for the function definition
line which applies to function only.

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 In addition, it is important to note that function name must begin with a letter, and
must be no longer than than the maximum of 63 characters. Furthermore, the name of the
text file that you save will consist of the function name with the extension .m. Thus, the
above example file would be factorial.m.
Table 4.2 summarizes the differences between scripts and functions.

Table 4.2: Difference between scripts and functions

Scripts Functions
- Do not accept input - Can accept input arguments and
arguments or return output return output arguments.
arguments.
- Store variables in a - Store variables in a workspace
workspace that is shared internal to the function.
with other scripts
- Are useful for automating - Are useful for extending the MATLAB
a series of commands language for your application

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4.3.2 Input and output arguments
As mentioned above, the input arguments are listed inside parentheses following the function
name. The output arguments are listed inside the brackets on the left side. They are used
to transfer the output from the function file. The general form looks like this

function [outputs] = function_name(inputs)

Function file can have none, one, or several output arguments. Table 4.3 illustrates some
possible combinations of input and output arguments.

Table 4.3: Example of input and output arguments

function C=FtoC(F) One input argument and

one output argument
function area=TrapArea(a,b,h) Three inputs and one output
function [h,d]=motion(v,angle) Two inputs and two outputs

4.4 Input to a script file

When a script file is executed, the variables that are used in the calculations within the file
must have assigned values. The assignment of a value to a variable can be done in three
ways.

1. The variable is defined in the script file.

2. The variable is defined in the command prompt.

3. The variable is entered when the script is executed.

We have already seen the two first cases. Here, we will focus our attention on the third one.
In this case, the variable is defined in the script file. When the file is executed, the user is
prompted to assign a value to the variable in the command prompt. This is done by using
the input command. Here is an example.

% This script file calculates the average of points

% scored in three games.
% The point from each game are assigned to a variable
% by using the ‘input’ command.

game1 = input(’Enter the points scored in the first game ’);

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 game2 = input(’Enter the points scored in the second game ’);
game3 = input(’Enter the points scored in the third game ’);
average = (game1+game2+game3)/3

The following shows the command prompt when this script file (saved as example3) is
executed.

>> example3
>> Enter the points scored in the first game 15
>> Enter the points scored in the second game 23
>> Enter the points scored in the third game 10

average =
16

The input command can also be used to assign string to a variable. For more information,
see MATLAB documentation.
A typical example of M-file function programming can be found in a recent paper which
related to the solution of the ordinary differential equation (ODE) [12].

4.5 Output commands

As discussed before, MATLAB automatically generates a display when commands are exe-
cuted. In addition to this automatic display, MATLAB has several commands that can be
used to generate displays or outputs.
Two commands that are frequently used to generate output are: disp and fprintf.
The main differences between these two commands can be summarized as follows (Table
4.4).

Table 4.4: disp and fprintf commands

disp . Simple to use.

. Provide limited control over the appearance of output

fprintf . Slightly more complicated than disp.

. Provide total control over the appearance of output

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function [x1,x2]=quadratic(a,b,c);
%to solve equation 2nd order
%x1 and x2 is the root of equation
%by mohammed
d=b^2-4*a*c;
x1=(-b+sqrt(d))/2*a;
x2=(-b-sqrt(d))/2*a;
end