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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

NAME: ENERSTO NELSON

ID #: 23100412
COURSE: BACM/2
SUBJECT: AR213
LECTURER: MR LAKI
ASSIGNMENT #: 02

BUILDING SYSTEMS I

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Table of Contents
ROOFING ................................................................................................................................................. 3
1. STEEP ROOF ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Importance of Steep Roofs:....................................................................................................... 4
1.2 PROS OF STEEP ROOFS .............................................................................................................. 5
1.3 CONS OF STEEP ROOFS.............................................................................................................. 6
1.4 TYPES OF STEEP ROOFS ............................................................................................................. 7
1.5 FORM & STRUCTURE OF THE DIFFERENT STEEP ROOFS ......................................................... 11
2. LOW-SLOPE ROOF.......................................................................................................................... 17
2.1 IMPOTANCE OF LOW-SLOPE ROOFS: ....................................................................................... 18
2.2 PROS OF LOW-SLOPE ROOFS: .................................................................................................. 19
2.3 CONS OF LOW-SLOPE ROOFS: ................................................................................................. 20
2.4 TYPES OF LOW-SLOPE ROOFS .................................................................................................. 20
2.5 FORM & STRUCTURE OF THE DIFFERENT STEEP ROOFS ......................................................... 24
NOTE: PARAPET ROOF ....................................................................................................................... 29
SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 29
REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................................ 30

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ROOFING
A roof is the top part of a building that shields it from rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extreme
temperatures. Roofs can take various forms like flat, pitched, vaulted, or domed, depending on
technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations. Early roofs were often thatched, made from straw
or reeds, with a slope for rain drainage. In Africa and other places, conical thatched roofs are still
common. Thicker branches and clay were later used for roofs, allowing for gabled and flat designs.
The invention of brick and cut stone led to dome and vault shapes.

A building's roof serves as its primary defense against the weather, playing a crucial role in insulating
the interior from extreme temperatures and controlling issues like condensation. Roofs, especially in
tropical regions, are exposed to intense solar radiation. Roof materials can be broadly categorized
into two groups based on their suitability for different roof slopes: those for steep roofs and those for
low-slope roofs, which are nearly flat.

Selecting the right roof for your home or building involves navigating through a range of styles and
designs, each offering distinct features and advantages. This decision might seem overwhelming, but
it's crucial to weigh factors like local weather conditions, the architectural style of the building, and
your personal preferences. Understanding these considerations will help you make a well-informed
choice that suits both practical needs and aesthetic preferences.

The distinction between steep and low-slope roofs is significant. Steep roofs efficiently drain water,
reducing the chances of wind and gravity pushing or pulling water through the roofing material. On
the other hand, low-slope roofs face challenges as water drains more slowly, potentially leading to
standing puddles if there are design or construction errors. Structural movements or water vapor
pressure from inside the building can damage the membrane that keeps water out. However, low-
slope roofs have notable advantages, including their ability to cover broad horizontal dimensions
economically, simpler and often more affordable geometry, and the potential for versatile uses such
as balconies, decks, patios, or even landscaped parks.

Low-slope roofs, often mistakenly considered flat roofs, are intricate assemblies of various
components. The deck serves as the structural surface supporting the roof, while thermal insulation
helps regulate heat passage. A vapor retarder is crucial in colder climates to prevent moisture
accumulation within the insulation. The membrane, an impervious sheet, keeps water out, and
drainage components manage water runoff. Special flashings and details around the edges and
penetration points are designed to prevent water penetration.

In essence, a building's roof is not only a protective barrier against the elements but also a complex
system with various components working together to ensure effective performance and durability,
depending on the roof slope.

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 1. STEEP ROOF

A steep roof is a type of roof with a high pitch or slope, meaning it has a noticeable slant.
Unlike flat or low-sloped roofs, a steep roof has a steeper angle, and its sides often form a
triangular shape. The angle of the roof slope can vary, but the key characteristic is the
noticeable incline.
Steep roofs are characterized by their high slope, which is the angle of the roof compared to
the horizontal plane. The slope is often described in terms of a ratio, such as 4:12 or 8:12,
where the first number represents the vertical rise of the roof over a 12-inch horizontal
distance. Steep roofs are beneficial because they allow water, snow, and debris to run off
easily, preventing accumulation that could lead to damage. They are common in regions with
heavy rainfall or snowfall and can offer additional interior space and aesthetic appeal.

1.1 Importance of Steep Roofs:

1. Effective Water Drainage:

- Steep roofs are designed to quickly and efficiently shed water. The slope allows rain, snow,
or other precipitation to slide off easily, reducing the risk of leaks or water damage.

2. Wind Resistance:
- The steep angle of the roof helps resist the force of strong winds. Wind is less likely to
push or lift the roofing materials, making steep roofs more resistant to weather elements.

3. Snow Removal:
- In areas with snowfall, a steep roof helps prevent the accumulation of heavy snow. Snow
tends to slide off, reducing the load on the roof and minimizing the risk of structural damage.

4. Aesthetic Appeal:
- Steep roofs are often chosen for their visual appeal. They contribute to the overall design
and style of a building, providing a traditional or classic look, and they are common in various
architectural styles.

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5. Additional Living Space:
- Some steep roofs, like Mansard roofs, create extra space within the roof structure. This
space can be utilized as an additional floor, offering more living or storage space.

6. Ventilation:
- The steep pitch of the roof allows for better natural ventilation. Air can circulate more
freely, helping regulate temperatures within the building.

7. Durability:
- Steep roofs are generally more durable and long-lasting. The angle of the roof reduces the
impact of weathering and extends the lifespan of the roofing materials.

8. Traditional Design:
- Steep roofs are often associated with traditional and classic architectural styles. Choosing
a steep roof can complement the overall design of a house and add to its curb appeal.

A steep roof is designed to efficiently manage water, resist wind forces, and contribute to the
overall aesthetics of a building. It serves practical purposes, such as preventing water
damage and snow buildup, while also enhancing the visual appeal of the structure.

1.2 PROS OF STEEP ROOFS

1. Effective in Snowy Areas:

- Steep roofs are ideal for regions with heavy snowfall. Their design ensures quick water
drainage, preventing water from pooling on the roof. This reduces the risk of damage and
extends the lifespan of the roofing materials.

2. Durability:
- Steep roofs are more durable compared to low-sloped roofs. Their ability to dry quickly
after rainfall minimizes the risk of water damage to shingles and other roofing components.
This results in a longer lifespan and less need for repairs.

3. Extra Space:
- The steep pitch of the roof creates an attic space, providing homeowners with extra room
for various purposes. Some use it as a bedroom, while others utilize it for storage, reducing
clutter in the main living areas.

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4. Energy Efficiency:
- Steep roofs allow for a cold roof system, promoting airflow and maintaining optimal
temperatures. This reduces the workload on heating and cooling systems, leading to lower
energy bills. Additionally, a cold roof helps prevent water and snow damage.

5. Less Debris Accumulation:

- Steep roofs are less prone to debris and dust accumulation. Leaves and debris tend to
slide off steep roofs more easily, preventing blockages in gutters and minimizing
maintenance concerns.

6. Reduced Water Pooling Risk:

- Steep roofs, with their high pitch, facilitate efficient water flow into gutters after rain.
Unlike flat roofs that retain moisture for a longer time, steep roofs have well-designed valleys
that ensure constant water flow, reducing the risk of moisture damage.

7. Aesthetic Appeal:
- Steep roofs enhance the visual appeal of a house. Their prominence makes the entire
structure more attractive, and homes with steep roofs often command higher prices in the
real estate market.

1.3 CONS OF STEEP ROOFS

1. Traditional Design:
- Steep roofs are often associated with traditional designs, making them a suitable choice
for homeowners looking to maintain a more classic or traditional appearance. Modern
houses, on the other hand, typically favor flat roofs for their contemporary aesthetics.

2. Gutter Clogging Issues:

- Despite the benefits of steep roofs, they come with the challenge of fast gutter clogging.
Debris and dust tend to accumulate in the gutters, requiring regular cleaning. Neglecting
gutter maintenance can lead to significant damage, including leaks.

3. High Risk and Safety Concerns:

- Steep roofs pose a higher risk and can be dangerous. The potential for collapse increases,
especially when tree branches fall on them. This can result in fatal accidents for homeowners

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and significant damage to the entire house. To mitigate this risk, it's advisable to ensure
there are no overhanging trees near the roof.

1.4 TYPES OF STEEP ROOFS

1. Gable Roof:
The gable roof is a classic design with two slopes meeting at a ridge, forming a triangular
shape. It is one of the most common roof types. The structure resembles an inverted "V,"
providing a straightforward and effective way to shed water and snow. The steep slopes of a
gable roof allow for efficient drainage and make it a popular choice for various architectural
styles.

2. Hip Roof:
A hip roof features slopes on all four sides, gently sloping downwards. This design enhances
stability and resistance to strong winds. Each side of the roof forms a slope, meeting at the
corners. Hip roofs are known for their durability and suitability in windy areas. The structure
distributes weight evenly, making it stable and aesthetically pleasing.

3. Mansard Roof:

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Inspired by French architecture, the Mansard roof has four sides and a double slope on each
side. The lower slope is steeper than the upper, creating a distinct look. This design often
allows for additional living space within the roof structure, known as an attic or garret. The
unique shape contributes to a timeless and elegant appearance.

4. Gambrel Roof:
Similar to a barn roof, the gambrel roof has two slopes on each side. The lower slope is
steeper than the upper, creating a distinctive profile. This design provides more space under
the roof, making it suitable for structures where maximizing interior space is essential.
Gambrel roofs are common in barns and evoke a rustic charm.

5. Saltbox Roof:
The saltbox roof has a sloping design with two different slopes, typically longer in the back
and shorter in the front. This architectural style is reminiscent of colonial New England
homes. The asymmetry of the roof adds character to the structure, creating a visually
appealing and historically inspired look.

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6. Pyramid Roof:
The pyramid roof forms a pyramid shape with a single point at the top. Each side slopes
downward to meet at the center. This design is often used for small structures or as an
architectural feature. The pyramid roof provides a symmetrical and sleek appearance,
making it an attractive choice for certain buildings.

7. Dutch Gable Roof:

Combining elements of both gable and hip roofs, the Dutch gable roof features a gable with a
small hip at the top. This design offers stability and additional space. The gable provides a
classic look, while the hip adds a touch of uniqueness. Dutch gable roofs are multipurpose
and can complement various architectural styles.

8. Butterfly Roof:
The butterfly roof has two roof surfaces that slope upwards, resembling the wings of a
butterfly. This modern design often allows for larger windows and increased natural light.

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The unique shape of the butterfly roof creates a striking and contemporary appearance,
making it popular in modern architecture.

9. A-Frame Roof:
Resembling the letter "A," the A-frame roof consists of two sloping sides meeting at a central
ridge. This design is common in cabins and cottages. The simple and triangular structure of
the A-frame roof provides stability and a cozy aesthetic. It is often used in smaller structures
or as a distinctive architectural feature.

10. Shed Roof:

The shed roof is a single-sloped roof that slopes downward in one direction. It is a simple and
minimalist design often used in modern architecture. The structure resembles a tilted plane,
offering a clean and contemporary look. Shed roofs are practical for shedding water and can
be used to create unique and functional spaces.

11. Skillion Roof (Mono-Pitch Roof):

The skillion roof is a single-sloped roof that slopes in one direction, providing a
contemporary and sleek look. It is characterized by a clean and minimalist design. Skillion

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 roofs are commonly used in modern architecture to create visually striking structures with a
focus on simplicity and functionality.

12. Bonnet Roof:

The bonnet roof is a double-sloped roof with the lower slope steeper than the upper slope.
This design offers some protection to the sides of the building. The bonnet roof has a unique
appearance with overhanging eaves, providing additional coverage and adding a touch of
architectural interest to the structure.

In summary, each type of steep roof has its unique characteristics, contributing to the overall
aesthetics and functionality of a building. The structures are designed to efficiently shed
water, provide stability, and enhance the visual appeal of different architectural styles.

1.5 FORM & STRUCTURE OF THE DIFFERENT STEEP ROOFS

1. Gable Roof:

FORM: Gable roofs have two sloping sides that create a triangular shape.
STRUCTURE:
- The main structural system is typically a roof truss or a stick-built rafter system.
- Sheathing (usually plywood or oriented strand board) provides a base for attaching
the roof covering.
- An underlayment (such as roofing felt) is applied on top of the sheathing to shed
water and protect against leaks.
- Example: A classic house with a triangular roof—those are gable roofs.

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2. Hip Roof:
FORM: Hip roofs have slopes on all four sides that meet at a central ridge.
STRUCTURE:
- Similar to gable roofs, they use roof trusses or stick-built rafters.
- Sheathing provides the base.
- Underlayment ensures water shedding.
- Example: A house with a pyramid-like roof—those are hip roofs.

3. Mansard Roof:
FORM: These roofs have a steep, double-sloped lower pitch and a flatter upper pitch.
STRUCTURE:
- The lower slope is often steeper than the upper one.
- Sheathing and underlayment play the same roles.
- Example: Picture a French château—their roofs often feature mansard style.

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4. Gambrel Roof:
FORM: Gambrel roofs resemble barn roofs with two slopes on each side.
STRUCTURE:
- They use a combination of roof trusses and rafters.
- The upper slope is less steep than the lower one.
- Sheathing and underlayment are essential.
- Example: Old barns often showcase gambrel roofs.

5. Saltbox Roof:
FORM: Saltbox roofs have an asymmetrical design with one long side and one short side.
STRUCTURE:
- Roof trusses or rafters create the framework.
- Sheathing and underlayment follow the standard pattern.
- Example: Colonial-style homes sometimes feature saltbox roofs.

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6. Pyramid Roof:
FORM: Pyramid roofs are square or rectangular with slopes on all sides meeting at a point.
STRUCTURE:
- Roof trusses or rafters form the base.
- Sheathing and underlayment are crucial.
- Example: Think of pagodas or certain modern buildings.

7. Dutch Gable Roof:

FORM: Dutch gable roofs combine elements of gable and hip roofs.
STRUCTURE:
- They use both gable and hip trusses or rafters.
- Sheathing and underlayment apply as usual.
- Example: Some European-style houses feature Dutch gable roofs.

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8. Butterfly Roof:
FORM: Butterfly roofs have two V-shaped slopes that meet in the middle.
STRUCTURE:
- Roof trusses or rafters create the unique shape.
- Sheathing and underlayment follow standard practices.
- Example: Mid-century modern architecture often includes butterfly roofs.

9. A-Frame Roof:
FORM: A-frame roofs resemble the letter "A" with steep slopes on both sides.
STRUCTURE:
- Simplicity defines A-frames, using basic trusses or rafters.
- Sheathing and underlayment are straightforward.
- Example: A-frame cabins or chalets showcase this style.

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10. Shed Roof:
FORM: Shed roofs have a single slope, often slanting away from the main structure.
STRUCTURE:
- They use simple rafters or trusses.
- Sheathing and underlayment are standard.
- Example: Garden sheds or modern minimalist designs may have shed roofs.

11. Skillion Roof (Mono-Pitch Roof):

FORM: Skillion roofs are single-sloped, similar to shed roofs.
STRUCTURE:
- Basic rafters or trusses form the structure.
- Sheathing and underlayment follow the norm.
- Example: Contemporary homes often incorporate skillion roofs.

12. Bonnet Roof:

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 FORM: Bonnet roofs have a double-sloped design, with the lower slope covering a porch
or veranda.
STRUCTURE:
- Roof trusses or rafters create the framework.
- Sheathing and underlayment apply as usual.
- Example: Southern-style houses sometimes feature bonnet roofs.

2. LOW-SLOPE ROOF
A low-slope roof is like a flat roof that doesn't have much of a slant. When you look at it
from the ground, it almost seems flat because the angle is very gentle or barely there at all.
Unlike steep roofs that look like a triangle, low-slope roofs are more like a straight line or a
very slight slope. These roofs are often seen on big buildings like schools, factories, or offices
because they cover a lot of space without needing a steep angle. They're also sometimes
used on houses, especially in places where it doesn't rain or snow a lot because they're not
as good at draining water.

Low-slope roofs are made differently from steep roofs. They might use materials like rubber
or plastic sheets to keep water out because they can't rely on the slope to help water run-off.
Instead, they have to make sure the roof is completely waterproof to prevent leaks.
Sometimes, low-slope roofs can have problems with water pooling up if they're not built or
maintained properly. But they're still useful because they're easier to walk on for repairs and
can sometimes provide extra space for things like rooftop gardens or solar panels.

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It is a roof with a very slight slope or no slope at all. Unlike steep roofs that have a noticeable
angle, low-slope roofs appear nearly flat when viewed from the ground. They are commonly
found on commercial buildings, industrial structures, and some residential properties.
Low-slope roofs are roofing systems with a minimal incline, typically defined as having a pitch
less than 2:12 or 3:12. This means for every 12 horizontal units (feet or inches), the roof rises
less than 2 or 3 vertical units. They are not steep enough to use shingles and often employ
waterproof membrane systems like EPDM, PVC, or TPO to protect against water
accumulation due to their shallow pitch.

2.1 IMPOTANCE OF LOW-SLOPE ROOFS:

1. Cost-Effectiveness: Low-slope roofs are often more cost-effective to install compared to

steep roofs. Their simple design and construction require fewer materials and labor, making
them a budget-friendly option for many building projects.

2. Versatility: Low-slope roofs offer versatility in design and functionality. They can
accommodate rooftop equipment, such as HVAC systems, solar panels, and green roofs,
making them ideal for commercial and industrial buildings with specific needs.

3. Accessibility: The flat surface of low-slope roofs makes them accessible for maintenance
and repairs. Workers can easily walk on the roof to perform inspections, clean gutters, and
repair any damages, reducing the overall maintenance costs over time.

4. Space Utilization: Low-slope roofs provide additional usable space for various purposes,
such as rooftop gardens, outdoor recreational areas, and equipment storage. This maximizes
the building's footprint and enhances its functionality.

5. Energy Efficiency: Low-slope roofs can be designed to incorporate insulation and reflective
coatings, improving energy efficiency and reducing heating and cooling costs. They also allow
for the installation of energy-efficient roofing materials, such as TPO (thermoplastic
polyolefin) and EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer).

6. Waterproofing: Properly designed low-slope roofs feature waterproofing membranes that

prevent water infiltration and protect the building's interior from leaks and water damage.
This ensures the longevity of the roof and maintains the structural integrity of the building.

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7. Aesthetics: While traditionally associated with commercial and industrial buildings, low-
slope roofs can also be aesthetically pleasing when designed with architectural features such
as parapet walls, coping stones, and decorative elements. They can complement modern
architectural styles and enhance the overall appearance of a structure.

2.2 PROS OF LOW-SLOPE ROOFS:

1. Cost-Effective: Low-slope roofs are often cheaper to install compared to steep roofs
because they require fewer materials and less labor.

2. Versatility: They can accommodate various rooftop equipment and installations, such as
HVAC units, solar panels, and green roofs.

3. Accessibility: It's easy for workers to access low-slope roofs for maintenance and repairs,
which can save time and money in the long run.

4. Space Utilization: These roofs provide extra usable space for things like rooftop gardens or
outdoor recreational areas, maximizing the building's potential.

5. Energy Efficiency: With proper insulation and reflective coatings, low-slope roofs can help
reduce heating and cooling costs by keeping the building's interior comfortable.

6. Waterproofing: They can be designed with waterproofing membranes to prevent leaks and
water damage, ensuring the building stays dry and safe.

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 2.3 CONS OF LOW-SLOPE ROOFS:

1. Drainage Issues: Since low-slope roofs don't shed water as quickly as steep roofs, they can
be prone to drainage problems, leading to ponding water and potential leaks.

2. Maintenance Challenges: Debris and standing water can accumulate on low-slope roofs,
requiring regular cleaning and maintenance to prevent damage and deterioration.

3. Limited Aesthetic Options: Flat roofs may not offer as much visual appeal as steep roofs,
and their design options can be more limited.

4. Durability Concerns: Low-slope roofs may not withstand extreme weather conditions, such
as heavy snow loads or high winds, as well as steep roofs.

5. Potential for Leaks: Without proper installation and maintenance, low-slope roofs can be
susceptible to leaks and water infiltration, which can damage the building's interior.

6. Temperature Regulation: Without adequate insulation, low-slope roofs may struggle to

regulate temperatures efficiently, leading to energy inefficiency and discomfort inside the
building.

2.4 TYPES OF LOW-SLOPE ROOFS

1.Built-Up Roof (BUR):

A built-up roof (BUR), also known as a tar and gravel roof, is a traditional roofing system
consisting of multiple layers of roofing felt, bitumen (either asphalt or coal tar), and topped
with a layer of gravel or mineral granules. These layers are built up to create a durable and
waterproof membrane. BUR roofs are known for their resilience and longevity, making them
a popular choice for low-slope applications. The gravel or mineral surface provides
protection against UV radiation and helps to keep the roof cool by reflecting sunlight.

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2.Modified Bitumen Roofing:
Modified bitumen roofing is a type of single-ply membrane roof made from asphalt and
reinforced with polyester or fiberglass. It is installed in multiple layers, typically using heat-
welding or adhesives to create a strong and waterproof seal. Modified bitumen roofs offer
excellent durability and flexibility, making them suitable for low-slope roofs. They are
resistant to UV radiation and can withstand extreme weather conditions.

3.Single-Ply Membrane Roofing:

Single-ply membrane roofing systems consist of a single layer of synthetic polymer-based
membrane, such as TPO, PVC, or EPDM. These membranes are lightweight, flexible, and
resistant to UV radiation, making them ideal for low-slope roofs. They are easy to install and
maintain, offering excellent waterproofing and durability. Single-ply membrane roofs are
available in a variety of colors and thicknesses to suit different design preferences and
performance requirements.

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4.Metal Roofing:
Metal roofs are made from steel, aluminum, or copper and can be installed with a low slope.
They are durable, long-lasting, and provide excellent protection against the elements. Metal
roofs are resistant to fire, rot, and insect damage, making them a popular choice for low-
slope applications. They are also lightweight and energy-efficient, helping to reduce heating
and cooling costs over time. Metal roofs are available in a variety of styles and finishes to
complement any architectural design.

5.Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Roofing:

SPF roofing involves spraying a liquid foam onto the roof surface, which expands and hardens
to form a seamless, waterproof membrane. SPF roofs offer excellent insulation properties
and can help to reduce energy costs by improving the thermal efficiency of the building. They
are lightweight, durable, and resistant to UV radiation, making them suitable for low-slope
roofs. SPF roofing systems require professional installation and periodic maintenance to
ensure long-term performance.

6.Green Roof:

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A green roof, also known as a living roof, consists of a waterproof membrane, drainage layer,
growing medium, and vegetation. Green roofs provide natural insulation, reduce stormwater
runoff, and improve air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. They can
help to mitigate the urban heat island effect and create habitat for wildlife. Green roofs are
suitable for low-slope applications and require specialized design and installation to ensure
proper drainage and plant selection.

7.Liquid Applied Roofing:

Liquid applied roofing involves applying liquid waterproofing materials, such as silicone or
acrylic coatings, directly onto the roof surface. These materials form a seamless, durable
membrane that can expand and contract with the roof. Liquid applied roofing systems are
lightweight, flexible, and resistant to UV radiation, making them ideal for low-slope roofs.
They are easy to install and maintain, offering excellent waterproofing and protection against
the elements. Liquid applied roofing systems are available in a variety of colors and
formulations to suit different performance requirements and design preferences.

8.Fiberglass Roofing Shingles:

Fiberglass roofing shingles are lightweight and durable, making them suitable for low-slope
roofs. They are made from a fiberglass mat coated with asphalt and mineral granules.
Fiberglass shingles are available in various colors and styles to mimic the appearance of
traditional roofing materials like wood or slate. They offer excellent resistance to fire, wind,
and impact damage, making them a popular choice for low-slope applications. Fiberglass
shingles are easy to install and require minimal maintenance, providing long-lasting
performance and protection for the building.

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 These different types of low-slope roofs offer a range of benefits and features to suit various
building requirements and design preferences. It's essential to consider factors such as
climate, budget, and maintenance requirements when selecting the right roofing system for
a particular project.

2.5 FORM & STRUCTURE OF THE DIFFERENT STEEP ROOFS

1. Built-Up Roof (BUR):

o Structure: BUR consists of multiple layers of roofing felt or fabric, alternating with
layers of bitumen (asphalt or coal tar).
o Form: It’s like a sandwich—layers of felt and bitumen stacked together to create a
durable and waterproof roof.

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2. Modified Bitumen Roofing:
o Structure: This roofing system is made of modified asphalt or bitumen sheets with
added polymers.
o Form: Imagine large, flexible sheets that are rolled out and adhered to the roof. They
provide excellent waterproofing.

3. Single-Ply Membrane Roofing:

o Structure: Single-ply membranes are large sheets of synthetic material (usually
EPDM, PVC, or TPO).

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 o Form: Picture a giant, tough blanket stretched across the roof. It’s lightweight, easy
to install, and offers good protection.

4. Metal Roofing:
o Structure: Metal panels or sheets (often steel or aluminium) are used for this type.
o Form: Think of overlapping metal tiles or sheets covering the roof. Metal roofs are
durable, reflective, and can last a long time.

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5. Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Roofing:
o Structure: SPF is a liquid foam that expands and hardens after application.
o Form: Imagine a thick layer of foam sprayed directly onto the roof surface. It seals
gaps and provides insulation.

6. Green Roof:
o Structure: Green roofs have a layer of vegetation (plants, soil, and drainage) on top
of a waterproof membrane.
o Form: Visualize a rooftop garden—lush plants growing on a sturdy base. Green roofs
improve insulation and absorb rainwater.

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7. Liquid Applied Roofing:
o Structure: Liquid coatings (like elastomeric or silicone) are applied directly to the
roof surface.
o Form: It’s like painting the roof with a protective layer. These coatings are flexible
and weather-resistant.

8. Fiberglass Roofing Shingles:

o Structure: Fiberglass shingles are made of a fiberglass mat coated with asphalt and
mineral granules.
o Form: Picture individual shingles (like small rectangular tiles) covering the roof.
They’re common in residential buildings.

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 NOTE: PARAPET ROOF
Parapet roofing can be found in both steep roofs and low-slope roofs, depending on
the specific design and construction of the building.

In steep roofs, parapet walls may be incorporated as architectural features or for

practical purposes, such as providing additional structural support or concealing roof
equipment. These parapet walls are typically integrated into the overall roof
structure and may have a steep slope similar to the main roof.

In low-slope roofs, parapet walls are commonly used as perimeter boundaries and
can serve as protective barriers against wind, water, and other elements. These
parapet walls are often constructed at the edges of flat or gently sloped roofs and
may extend above the roof surface to provide added protection.

Overall, whether parapet roofing is considered part of a steep roof or a low-slope

roof depends on how it is incorporated into the building's design and the specific
characteristics of the roofing system.

SUMMARY
In summary, roofs come in various shapes and sizes, each serving the crucial role of
protecting buildings from the elements like rain, snow, wind, and sunlight. Steep
roofs, with their noticeable slant, efficiently drain water and resist wind forces,
making them ideal for areas with heavy rainfall or snowfall. They also offer additional
living space, enhance ventilation, and contribute to the aesthetic appeal of a
building. On the other hand, low-slope roofs, nearly flat in appearance, provide cost-
effective solutions for covering broad horizontal dimensions. They offer versatility in
design, accessibility for maintenance, and opportunities for space utilization, such as
rooftop gardens or recreational areas. However, low-slope roofs may face challenges
with drainage and require careful waterproofing to prevent leaks and water damage.

Furthermore, different types of steep roofs, such as gable, hip, mansard, and gambrel
roofs, offer unique designs and structural features to suit various architectural styles
and preferences. Similarly, low-slope roofs, including built-up, modified bitumen,
single-ply membrane, metal, spray polyurethane foam, green, liquid applied, and
fiberglass roofing, provide a range of options with different advantages and
characteristics. Whether it's the classic look of a gable roof or the modern appeal of
a green roof, choosing the right roofing system involves considering factors like
climate, budget, maintenance requirements, and aesthetic preferences to ensure
effective performance and durability over time.

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