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atmosphere, pa

Q1
Q x
A1 A(x) A2

nozzle

A nozzle with exit area A2 is mounted at the end of a pipe of area A1 , as shown. The nozzle converges
gradually, and we assum that the flow in it is (i) approximately uniform over any particular station x, (ii)
incompressible, and (iii) inviscid. Gravitational e↵ects are, furthermore, taken as negligible. The volume
flow rate in the nozzle is given as Q and the ambient pressure is pa .

(a) Derive an expression for the gage pressure at a station where the area is A(x).

(b) Show, by integrating the x-component of the pressure force on the nozzle’s interior walls, that the net
x-component of force on the nozzle due to the flow is independent of the specific nozzle contour and is
given by
2
(A1 A2 )
F = ⇢Q2
2A1 A2 2
(c) The expression in (b) predicts that F is in the positive x-direction regardless of whether the nozzle is
converging (A2 < A1 ) or diverging (A2 > A1 ). Explain.

1
Q2 T a , ρa
d

g h
d«H«h

1 2
H

Ta Ta + ΔT

Consider a furnace of height H with a tall cylindrical smoke stack of diameter d (d « H) and height h
(h » H). Air, an ideal gas (P = ρRT ), enters the furnace at atmospheric density and temperature and
at local atmospheric pressure. Between stations 1 and 2, heat is added at constant pressure and the air
temperature is raised by an amount ΔT . Thereafter, heat addition is negligible and the air rises through
the stack at a sensibly constant density.

(a) On the assumption that viscous effects are negligible, derive an expression for the steady mass flow
rate of air drawn by a stack of given height, h, in terms of the temperature rise in the furnace.
(b) If the chimney were capped off at the top, what would be the pressure differntial across the cap,
assuming that ΔT would not be altered by the flow stoppage?

Note: The height h of the stack is small compared with the length RTa /g over which the atmosphere density
falls by 1/e (see Problem 1.8). Hence, gravitational density changes can be neglected.

2
Q3

An incompressible, inviscid liquid flows with speed V vertically downward from the nozzle of the radius R.
The liquid density ρ is high compared with that of the ambient air. The surface tension between the liquid
and the air is σ.

(a) Obtain an expression which relates the local radius r of the liquid stream to the distance x from the
nozzle.
(b) Show that for sufficiently large x,
1
V2 4
r≈R , (4.11a)
2gx

(c) (Optional-Since you need to use dimensional analysis for this part and it is not covered yet in the class)
Write down all the criteria which must be satisfied for this expression to be a good approximation.
State each criterion as ‘x must be very large compared with y’, where y is some combination of the
given quantities V , R, g, and σ.

3
Q4

A soap bubble (surface tension σ) is attached to a narrow glass tube of the dimensions shown. The initial
radius of the bubble is R0 . At t = 0, the end of the tube is abruptly opened.

a) Obtain a solution for R(t), assuming that the flow is : (i) incompressible ans (ii) inviscid, that (iii) grav­
itational effects are negligible, and that (iv) the temporal acceleration term in Euler’s equation is negligible
(we are referring to the term involving the partial derviative of the velocity with time).

b) Derive a criterion for when assumption (iv) is satisfied.

4
 Q5
pa from pump

mass bellows
M
ground
clearance: h settling chamber slot width: w
p0

w h
pb R

A circular hovering platform of radius R is to support a mass M (its own mass plus a load). A thin, sheet-like
jet (width w) is directed downward at the platform’s periphery, as shown. The jet is fed from a settling
chamber which is maintained at a pressure p0 by an external pump. The system is to hover at an elevation
h which is large compared to the width w of the sheet-like jet, but small compared with R.

When the jet is turned on, the pressure under the platform builds up and the platform rises until a steady
state is reached. It is this steady state that we are concerned with.

(a) Describe the physical mechanism which allows the pressure pb under the platform be higher than the
atmospheric pressure pa , in steady state, and thus to support a weight

M g = (pb − pa ) πR2

(b) Given the system weight M g, the platform radius R, the jet width w, and the air density ρ, derive
approximate expressions for (i) the volume flow rate Q of air required and (ii) the gage pressure
p0 required in the settling chamber, in order to maintain a ground clearance h. You may assume
incompressible, inviscid flow in the peripheral jet, and make physical approximations consistent with
the jet being thin compare with h (w « h) and the gage pressure pb − pa below the platform being
very small compared with the gage pressure p0 − pa in the settling chamber.