ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY

INSTITUES OF LAND ADMINISTRATION

DEPARTMENT OF LAND ADMINISTRATION AND SURVIVING

Assessing the Impact of informal settlement on infrastructural

development in case of Chiro town

BY
1.MENGISTU KINFU..............................2433/13
2.MEBRHIN MAMU……….....................2432/13

ADVISOR
Gadisa Gesese(MSc)

PROPOSAL FOR THE FULL FILLMENT OF BACHLIORE DEGREE IN LAND

ADMINISTRATION AND SURVEYING

DECEMBER, 2023
CHIRO, ETHIOPIA
 ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF LAND ADMINISTRATION

DEPARTMENT OF LAND ADMINISTRATION AND SURVEYING

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM

Approval sheet

Submitted by:
________________ ____________ _________________

Name of student signature Date

Approved by:
________________ _____________ ________________

1. Name of adviser: Signature Date

_________________ ______________ _______________

2. Name of examiner 1 Signature Date

_________________ ______________ _______________

3. Name of examiner 2 Signature Date

 Acknowledgement

First, I would like to thanks greatly to my almighty GOD for gave me all the patience
(power) to complete this proposal.

Next,I would like to express my heart fully gratitude my advisor Gadisa Gesese for his
invaluable and constructive comments from beginning to the finishing of my research
paper.

My great gratitude is extended to my families for their nothing compare advice,

contribution in supplying materials and supporting me in the finance during in my staying
time in Oda Bultum University.

My great thanks to all too my families, Chiro town leaderships and individuals who
contribute material support and experiences during my study.
 Acronyms and Abbreviations
ADLI - Agricultural Development Led Industrialization.

CSA – Census Statistics Agency

FDRE – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

GoK - Government of Kenya

ORAAMP - Office for the revenue of Addis Ababa Master plan

UNCSD - United Nation Committee on Sustainable Development

UNDP - United Nation Development Program

UN – United Nation

UNCHS – Unite Nation Committee of Housing Settlement

PRSP-Poverty Reduction Strategic Paper

ii
 Table of Contents
Contents
Page

Acknowledgement i

Acronyms and Abbreviations ii

Abstract v

CHAPTER ONE VI

1. IntroductionVI

1.1 Background of the study...................................................................................................................

1.2 Statement of the problem.................................................................................................................
1.3 Objective of the Research...............................................................................................................
1.3.1 General objective VIII

1.3.2 Specific objective VIII

1.4 Research Questions.........................................................................................................................

1.5 Scope of the Study............................................................................................................................
1.6 Significance of the study...................................................................................................................
1.7 Organization of the study..................................................................................................................
1.8 Definitions of terms...........................................................................................................................
CHAPTER TWO XI

2. Literature review XI

2.1 Characteristics of informal settlement...............................................................................................

2.2 Informal settlement in Developing countries....................................................................................
2.3 Legal responses of government Ethiopian experiences....................................................................
2.4. Current infrastructural accessibility...............................................................................................
2.5 Adequacy of infrastructure on household.......................................................................................
2.6 Major caused of informal settlement...............................................................................................
2.7 Problem Related to informal Settlement.........................................................................................
2.8 Impacts that are faced on the informal settlers.................................................................................
2.9 Consequences of Informal Settlement.............................................................................................
iii
CHAPTER THREE XVI

3. Materials and Methodology XVI

3.1 Description of the study area XVI

3.1.1 Location XVI

3.1.4 Demographics XVIII

3.2 Materials and Methods.................................................................................................................

3.2.1 Materials XVIII

3.2.2 Data collection methodology XVIII

3.2.5 Data collection methods XX

3.2.6 Questionnaire XX

3.2.7 Interview XX

3.2.8 Field observation XX

3.2.9 Data analysis and presentation....................................................................................................

4.1.1 Age structure of the respondent..................................................................................................
4.1.2 Educational status of the respondents........................................................................................
4.1.3 Family size of the respondents..................................................................................................
4.1.5 The access of public service........................................................................................................
4.1.8 Difficulty of public service expansion........................................................................................
4.1.9 Socio-economic consequence...................................................................................................
5.1 Conclusion....................................................................................................................................
5.2 Recommendation..........................................................................................................................

iv
 Abstract

Informal settlement imposes numerous and sophisticated problems that require effective
urban planning system to have proper urban structure. Most of the informal settlements
are around urban fringe unities. Due to Rapid horizontal growth of the different towns of
Ethiopia are suffered with informal settlement mostly caused by different factors. This
study was used to investigate the negative impacts of informal settlement on
infrastructure development. Based on this point the cause, consequence and government’s
measurement on informal settlers in Chiro town. In addition to this, the study also
assesses the Public service distribution and provision, socio-economic impacts and
environmental impacts of informal settlement on the study area. In order to achieve the
objective of the study both primary and secondary data was used accordingly, primary
data was collected from multiple sources such as households, municipalities, woreda
administration and physical field surveys. As a secondary source of data the study was
used different books, directives, strategies, journals, and electronic instruments
including internet websites. To analyses study the purposive sampling techniques and the
quantitative and qualitative data collection methods was used. The result was show the
impact of informal settlement in social, economic and environmental in the study area
and its surroundings.

Key Words: Informal settlement and Infrastructural development

v
CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

Informal settlements in the world refer to “residential areas where housing is not in compliance
with current planning and building regulations, that is, unauthorized housing” (United Nations
Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), 1996: 67). They represent some of the
most troubling problems facing developing countries today as “the spatial manifestations of
urban poverty, social exclusion, and inappropriate government policies "(Scalar and Northridge
1981: 23).
As a result of rapid urbanization, the majority of urban residents in sub-Saharan Africa live in
informal settlements often characterized by a lack of basic services such as schools, health
center, roads, electricity, communication system, water supply, drainage system, waste disposal
and other services. Consequently, the urban poor often use inexpensive pit latrines and at the
same time may draw domestic utility from nearby wells. Overcrowding in slums limits the public
services distribution in this area has great challenge. Equitability, fairness and addressability
practices in these overcrowded slums are also poor, leading to contamination of these wells (UN-
Habitat 2004).

Most informal settlements are faced with a myriad of problems ranging from inadequate
infrastructure, poor sanitation, education quality, health access, noise pollution, water pollution
and poor water disposal system (GoK, 2001). Since construction is informal and unguided by
urban planning, there is a near total absence of formal street grids, numbered streets, sewage
network, water pipelines, draining system, electricity, or telephones. Even if these resources are
present, they are likely to be disorganized d, old or inferior. Informal settlements also tend to
lack basic services present in more formally organized d settlements, including policing, medical
services and firefighting (GoK, 2009).

Due to urban expansion and the growth of informal settlements (or slums) therefore place great
pressure on already struggling social services such as education, water and sanitation. Slums
place great pressure on the environment and are often highly polluted. They also pose challenges

VI
to addressing service, security and social cohesion. An adequate supply of safe and distributed
public service is universally recognized as a basic human need. Yet millions of people in the
developing world do not have ready access to adequate and safe infrastructural availability.
By1996, the number of people without access to safe obtaining use of utility in urban areas was
rising sharply. This situation is occurred in Most of the developing countries in the World rather
in African countries. Such as (Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia and so many African countries) the result
of rapid urbanization, more of these were occurring in peri-urban and in informal settlement
areas. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP 2003) and (UNDP, 2007)

The level and scale of informality is associated with Ethiopians urban land policy has often been
difficult to distinguish quantitatively. However, a more qualitative approach base city/ town
official’s perception reveals that the most affected land use has been residential followed by
commercial, industrial and lastly recreational. The major cause of such informality has been the
challenges or follows associated with the land administration process among other factors that
related to historical land tenure system and urbanization this influences the public service
distribution that makes to have high infrastructural cost (Daniel, 2003).

Generally, the study focused on the Impact of informal settlement on infrastructural development
of Chiro Town. From this study the researcher was expected to find the basic problem of
informal settlement and its impact on the infrastructural Development in Chiro town. Because,
there have not previously done researches in this area that included the overall infrastructural
overview.

1.2 Statement of the problem

. Major informal settlement areas are found in the infrastructural of Chiro Town Zuria where
they are characterized by their irregular shape as a result they have significantly contributed to
the unplanned and rapid horizontal expansion of the built-area. As the result of rapid horizontal
expansion and spontaneous growth a different type of problems has occurred. One of the
problem is the emergence of informal settlements, in this study informal settlements refers to
those residential housing units, publicity owned land without the legal claims, authorization or
permissions from the relevant authorities.

The informal settlement in Chiro Town can affect the community and town development.
Since the construction is informal and unguided by urban planning there is a total absence of

VII
street grids, numbered roads, sewage networks, electricity or telephone at informal settlement in
town. Informal settlement in Chiro Town also tend to lack of basic services present in more
formally organized settlement, including policing, medical services and firefighting.

Informal settlements are tackling for the provision of infrastructures and for the urban beauty.
In contrast these people who are living informally are leading alarm life without basic urban
services and government consideration.

There are some estimating problems here , the one is the problem of the people which are
living under consideration without basic services and the second in that the impacts of informal
settlement for the government, these are the intention of the research, so the research would help
in order to alleviate and balance these other problems by the government and other concerned
body to design a solution, these solution well be organize in infrastructural development system
over come sustainable development and to safeguard the complex life of informal settlers, like
other cities in Ethiopia, Chiro Town particularly my study area expected to affect by such
problem.

Therefore, the major concern addressed here is, to assess the impact of informal settlement on
infrastructural development.

1.3 Objective of the Research

1.3.1 General objective

The main objective of this study was assessing the impact of informal settlement on infrastructural
development of Chiro Town.

1.3.2 Specific objective

Specific objectives of this study was:
 To identify the cause of informal settlement
 To identify the impact of informal settlement on infrastructural development
 Determine how to solve impact of informal settlement on the infrastructural
development

1.4 Research Questions

 What are the cause of informal settlement
 What is the effect of informal settlement on infrastructural development?
 How to solve the impact of informal settlement on the infrastructure development

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1.5 Scope of the Study
This study was conduct in Chiro Town and aims to assess the impact of informal settlement on
the infrastructural development. This town’s expanding in horizontal direction at varying pace in
different direction. Here the existence informal settlement in the study area affects the quality
and equability distribution of the infrastructural necessarily in each stage of public service.
Logically urban expansion and infrastructural development have proportional relation those
influenced by informal settlement. Due to the present of informal settlement the complicity of
managing and extending public service increased. So, that the researcher has select this
vulnerable Town (Chiro Town) to assess the impact of the informal settlement on infrastructural
development.

1.6 Significance of the study

This study was investigated to assess the impact of informal settlement on the infrastructural
development of Chiro Town. This study has solution in the problem of infrastructural
development with related to informal settlement and was used as reference source for urban
development, urban plan and public service distribution and easy, fair and equitable public
service distribution. To meet the objective of the study, public service distribution, first of all by
setting out plan concerned pre-condition to the area that expecting informal settlement may occur
to be have environmentally friendly cost for built expanse. The study was taken the possible
measurement to achieve the objective of the study to bring sustainable society living style by
assist the impact of informal settlement on infrastructural development.

1.7 Organization of the study

This study is organized five chapters. Chapter one discusses about the introduction, back ground,
statement of the problem, research question, objective, significance and scope of the study.
Chapter Two covers review of literature related to impact of informal settlement on
infrastructural development. Chapter three is described the description of the study area and
methodology. This was location, topography, climate condition, drainage, economic activity and
demographics. Chapter four would be results and discussion which would be collected from
primary and secondary and the last chapter five would be contain the important conclusion and
recommendation the detail of the study.

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1.8 Definitions of terms
Informal settlements: are the residential area where a group of housing unites has been contacted
on land to which complex the infrastructural expansion (Un-Habitat, 2007). Or
They Unplanned settlements and areas were housing is not in compliance with currents planning
and building regulations (unauthorized housing) (Un-Habitat, 2007).

Settlement: is any form of human dwelling from the smallest house to the large city and also the
place where the people live and work (www.wikipdia.com).

Infrastructural development: is the basic facility and installations that help to continuance and
growth of a community and state etc., depends on the roads, schools, power plants generation,
transportation, and communication systems (Webster, 2010). Infrastructural development refers
to the process of building, improving, and maintaining the physical organizational structure and
facilities necessary for the functioning of the society or enterprise.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature review

2.1 Characteristics of informal settlement

In most developing countries informal settlements have marked the urban land escape for at least
half of century, as cities have expanded, so have the informally developed residential areas
where development has been uneven, particularly. In situation of war and large scale
displacement resulting of the population residing in an area informal settlement formalization
and improvement were attempted have proven complex and implementation is usually slower
and mostly costly than anticipated have in political leadership at national or even city level have
often means damage in approaches discarding valuable lessons from the pas few countries
progressed to develop motion of policies level and programs that aim to deal realistically with
informal settlement. The trend of informal settlement is correlated with urbanization refers to the
demographic process shifting the balance of national population from rural to urban braes. Rapid
urbanization one of the greatest socio-economic changes during the last five decades the
burgeoning/growth/of a new kind of sums of the growth of squatters and informal housing, on all
around the rapidly expanding cities develop world despite urbanization an incentive to
development wealth creation in the sense that cities are place of innovation and attractors of
industries and agile environment (Smith, 2007).

According to the global report on human settlement urban population increased explosively in
the past 50 years and was continue to do so farer at least the next 30 years as the number people
born in cities increase and as people continue to be displaced from rural area that are almost at
capacity. The rate of creation of formal sectors urban jobs is well below the major of these new
residents was out an informal housing and was live in slums the challenges of slums Global
report on humans’ settlement, (UN-Habitat, 2003).

2.2 Informal settlement in Developing countries

The informal housing sectors generally serve lower –informal migrants to cities. Today in China
almost all rural urban migrants are housed in employer –provide dormitories or in the informal

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sectors on land owned and operated by rural urinates within the city boundaries or on the urban
prince. These enclaves operate pouted formal settlement regulation (S.U. et al., 2009).
The challenges of slums the United Nations human settlement program (un-Habitat, 2003)
estimate that 870 million people in developing counties livid in urban slums. It also EST erase
that if presents trends continue unchecked. The number of slum residents was grown to
approximately 1.43 billion by 2020. Africa is the world’s fastest urbanizing region and the
poorest continent. A generation of earlier effect to upgrade urbanisms starting in the 1970s has
been only partially successes full.

2.3 Legal responses of government Ethiopian experiences

A) Demolishing: In Addis Ababa the city government has responded to the problem of the
emergence and development of squatters by reporting to demolish. Hugh compiled and be well
Organized d data about the total number of demolished squatter housing units are lacking
periodic demolition of squatter housing units without legal provision of land for housing has
been common practice in the response to the problem of squatter development. Recent
information obtained from Addis admass newspaper indicated that about 1000 squatters housing
units Nefassilk Lafto sub-city administration. Due to this demolish, squatter households’ heads
have been deprived of shelters and have complained about the absence of compensation for them
demolish dwellings similarly is in Kolfe Keranio the administration demolished 58 squatter
housing units in Keble 05 in 2003 (Addis admass Newspaper, 2003).

B. Application of regulation number 1: The other responsible of the city government to solve
the problem of the development of squatters in Addis Ababa were the introduction of regulation
number1, which was issued by the city government in December 1998. In Ethiopian context
these types of settlements are known as “Chereka Bet”. The term chereka bet in its Literal
Translation means “House of the moon” implying the illegal construction of housed overnight
using moon light, thus, they are defined as a settlement built on land occupied or used without
the consent of the city council and without having any construction permit grantee by the city
council these are great influence on the expansion of public service. Informality is generally
considered to be the characteristics of low-income settlement both caused by poor and
beneficiaries.
 Illegal appropriation of land

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  Illegal subdivision
 Built with inappropriate materials or poor serviced land etc.
All these informal settlement problems caused to be difficult the way to expanded
infrastructure development (Daniel, 2013).

2.4. Current infrastructural accessibility

Big backlogs, substandard physical substances and lack of infrastructure facilities mark the
housing situation in Addis Ababa. Including all housing types, the average available living space
in 1994 was only 4.3m²/person as compared to the African average of 6.5m²/person. 1 over half
of the housing stock is constructed out of temporary materials and deteriorates from time to time.
As per Baker only 21% of the total housing stocks meet the local definition of acceptable
housing. 2. Although big efforts have been made in infrastructure construction and maintenance
and still going on, the need is still very high, mainly for sanitation and water supply. The
following data show the percentage of housed without adequate material and technical service in
relation to the total number of housed (Baker etal., 1997)

2.5 Adequacy of infrastructure on household

In addition to income/employment generation opportunities and social services, relocates need
some basic physical infrastructures useful for urban life. These include electricity, water supply,
sanitation, garbage disposal, surface water drainage, roads network and telephone line. The study
Shows that electricity and telephone lines are not in short supply, although many households do
not have a telephone for economic reasons rather than supply shortages. (Ambaye Ogato. 2006).

As UN-Habitat (2007, 35) reported, “The older and unplanned inner parts of the city are better
served by access roads than newer, outer and planned areas. The problem of garbage disposal
and surface water drainage were found to be serious problems in some villages. For example, in
Gurara, there were two full dumpsters that had not been collected for several months. The
residents therefore were forced to dump their garbage near the dumpsters and other open spaces.
There could not be any doubt that this could be a recipe for a health disaster (Gebre, 2013).

2.6 Major caused of informal settlement

Land related issues: there has been a poor unclear definition regarding the role of institutions in
urban planning and development there is what appears to be an overlapping of institutional roles

XIII
and responsibilities, this particular situation has created difficulties in establishing and enforcing
sound development control measures this affects public service distribution (Mohammed,
2006:1).

In adequate formal land distribution: one of the major cause has been failure of ability of the
responsible instructions to provide residential plots to ever increasing of urban population while
officials application to provide residential plots have been steadily increasing supply of the
extremely inadequate there is a general perception among the urban dwellers that there is
virtually no responsibility of getting residential plots from land authority therefore the
mushrooming could be seen as a process of filling the gab as determined driven (Mohammed,
2006, 2).

2.7 Problem Related to informal Settlement

The problems that are facing the cities, towns and their people are inadequate financial resources
increased poverty and widening gap between rich and poor unsustainable use of land,
uncoordinated development and unsecured land tenure, lack of green space, and inadequate
water supply, transportation, communication system, electricity, wastage system, and other
similarly problems like lack of job spreading. Homeless and expand of squatter settlements,
growing insecurity and rising crime in adequate and deteriorated building stock services, rising
traffic congestion and more population. The conservation governments housing policy was based
on long-term improvements which would be affected by market forces and public service but it
glossed over immediate problems, homelessness, and the dwellings unfit or in share series
disrepair, the special needs of the aged, and physically and mentally disabled (UN-Habitat,
2004).

There are a number of problems related to informal settlements around the world. Some of these
problems are related to informal urban development are (UN-Habitat, 2006), informality land
occupation is very high in major cities, no organized d land registration, lack of public awardees
and land policy, evicting and demolishing are the main alternatively measures and limitation of
capacity of urban administration to combat in formality.

Accessibility- lack of access is one of the most common problems caused and experienced by
residents in the informal settlements. Because there is neither the layout plans nor the regulatory

XIV
machinery Residents tend to build almost all of their plate size. It has become impossible to the
provide access roads to these areas as there is no space for this likewise. On area is left often for
social services like schools, hospitals, children’s play, grounds of sport consequently, people and
service movement in these areas are very restricted and residents have to walk long distance to
obtain services (UN-Habitat, 2004:12).

2.8 Impacts that are faced on the informal settlers

A. Eviction- this hinders all development and maintenance of strictures and frustrating people
mare further more housed are built of temporarily or semi-temporary materials such as mud,
plastic and scrap materials in habitants that might be financially able to improve their structure
decide not to risk their money in fear of eviction (Brihanu, 2015and UN-Habitat, 2009).

B. Lack of planning - these cause random patters of building up environment in efficiency and
congestion. Which itself contributes to more problems hazards lay out structure means that open
spaces necessary for essential infrastructural developments are hard to find without removal of
structures. Squatter housed vacant spaces reserved of structures. Squatter housed vacant spaces
reserved for roads, toilets, drainages, schools (Brihanu, 2015 and UN-Habitat, 2009)

C. Lack of infrastructures - this caused poverty, misery and disease. Most of the roads in
formal settlements are narrow which makes moving within settlements is difficult and also
prevents any emergency vehicles from entering these areas. Lack of water pipes means these
people have to fetch water from tub wells. Lack of drainage system, toilets and waste collection
attributes to poor sanitation and numerous health hazards, making the spread of deadly diseases
easily. Every basic social need is difficult to spreading around this informally settled society
(Brihanu, 2015 and UN-Habitat, 2009).

2.9 Consequences of Informal Settlement

The sprawling of poorly controlled settlement has resulted in many environmental and related
problems. Uncontrolled development caused physical disorder, miss land management and
excessive encroachments of settlements in to good agricultural lands, environmental
degradations, high infrastructural cost and pollution risks (Colle, 1995).
In general consequences of informal settlements harms these phenomena can impose on the
cities and caused instability of urban developments in the following manners;
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  Social harms like crime and murder.
 Cultural harms like the increase of cultural illiteracy and decrease of interests on cultural
educations.
 Physical harms including irregular, unorganized d face of buildings and undesirable
effects on appearance of towns to public service distribution.
 Economic harms, spreading of poverty, increment of unemployment in the town.
These are the most common for expansion of informal settlement. Due to this the infrastructural
distribution is affected (Mustafa, 2009).

CHAPTER THREE
3. Materials and Methodology

3.1 Description of the study area

3.1.1 Location
Chiro Town is the administrative town of West Hararghe Zone. It is located in the
2
Eastern Oromia and it accounts a t o t a l area of 6 km , 326 km far away from the
capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. In terms of relative location, it is bounded by
Alawa Góra Kebele in the East, Wedeyti kebele in the North, Nejabas Keble in the
West, and Chiro Kela in South. Geographically, it is located in the Amhar Mountains; it
0 0 0 0
extends from 9.059 N to 9.098 N latitude and 40.856 E to 40.876 E longitudes
and an altitude of 1826 meters above sea level. It is the administrative core of the West
Harerge Zone.

XVI
Figure 3.1: Location map of the study area.

3.2.1. Topography

Chiro is a town located in the West Hararghe Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The town is
situated at an elevation of approximately 1,800 meters (5,900 feet) above sea level.
Chiro is surrounded by a diverse topography, including hills, valleys, and plateaus. The
landscape is characterized by fertile agricultural land, with the town serving as a hub for trade
and commerce in the region.
The town is also located near the Awash River, which flows to the east of Chiro. The river and
its surrounding areas provide important resources for agriculture and support the livelihoods of
local communities. Chiro town topography is marked by its varied terrain, which supports a
range of economic activities and contributes to the town significance with in the region.
3.1.2. Climate Condition
The climate of Chiro is generally influenced by the topographic features of the country. These
town has a comparatively mild climate because of its high elevation (1500-3000masl). The
annual climate may be divided in a rainy and dry season. The rainy season may be divided in to a
major rainy season (Kiremt) and minor rainy seasons (Belg & Tsedey). During Kiremt season
from June through August above 75% of total rainfall occurs in Belg season from March to May
small rainfall occur. The dry seasons (Bega) occurs in December to February and Tsedey covers
from September through November.
3.1.3 Economic Activities
The main economic activities in the Chiro Town are agriculture, trade and service. The
agricultural sector is known for the production of the cash crops like ‘chat’, coffee and
fattened oxen commonly known as ‘Yeharer Senga’. The trade sector on its behalf,
XVII
includes the wholesale and retailing trades of various commodities. The service sector is
dominated by hotels, banks and restaurants. Trade is the main economic activity in small
cities of the zone. Generally, the area is known for its high-quality agricultural products;
coffee, honey, and meat that fetch highest price at locally and internationally market; and
its charitable society.

3.1.4 Demographics
According to the 2007 national census report, a total population for this town of 33,670,
of whom 18,118 were men and 15,552 were women. The majority of the residents said
they were Muslim with 49.88% of the population reporting they perceived this credence;
while 43.34% of the population practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and 5.33%
of the population were Protestant. In addition, the 1994 national census reported this
town had a total population of 18,678 of whom 9,218 were males and 9,460 were females.

3.2 Materials and Methods

3.2.1 Materials
The study was used materials such as Camera which is use to capture the ground images the
informal settlement, resettlement and to identify the social service access that strengthen the
research work.

3.2.2 Data collection methodology

In order to investigate the problem, the study was collected data from two types of sources.
These are primary and secondary data sources.
Primary data was obtained from field observation, questionnaires and face to face interview.
These was used to get fresh information from the interviewee and questionnaire and was also
used to get the information about the source of income, social service information, general public
service provision, major sociocultural and economic problems they face, perceptions on their
infrastructure status and the expropriation of the study. The study obtains such kind of data by
preparing structural interview for municipality experts and households and also questioner for
households, municipality experts, and local development plan office, urban development office
and kebele administration.

XVIII
The secondary data was gathered from books, Journals, research works and other supporting
documents in relation to the issue. In addition to this the study was also been used reports,
internets, published, unpublished documents and another documentary review.

3.2.3 Sampling techniques

In this study the study was, be applied purposive sampling techniques form the sample
population to collected data and to make discussion issue and also used for the sake of managing
the population living in the Town of Chiro. Because the study was given prior attention and
select to the area that suffered by the lack of infrastructural development due to the existence of
informal settlement. So, the purposive sampling technique was better to this situation from
households.
In addition to this the study was also used random sampling techniques from the administrative
households.

3.2.4 Sample Size

The whole population is not included in the study because of time and financial resource
limitation. Sample respondent determination: The ever-increasing demand for research need for
an efficient method of determining the sample size needed to be representative of a given
population. Determination of sample size is resolved by means of Soleven’s sampling formula
with a 90% confidence level to determine sample respondent from a target population is:

The sampling method is based on simple random sampling. The required sample size is obtained
based on the following formula.

Using 90%confidence level 10%or 0.1 margin of error (100%-90%)

Where: n = statistically acceptable sample size

N = Total size of target population =2719

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 e = level of precision (error level) at 90% confidence level (0.1).Using this formula,
the statistically acceptable sample size will (n)97 from the population Number(N) 2719 and
level o of significance(e) at 10% will found to be (97) households are living with problem of
informal settlement. by using this report as a population, we used 97 household respondents as a
sample for the purpose of our research.

3.2.5 Data collection methods

In order to collect the required data, questionnaires, interview, field observation and document
analysis was used.

3.2.6 Questionnaire
In primary data collection, structured and semi-structured questionnaires are used for household
survey. The questionnaires cover a wide range of issues on socio economic status of the
households, caused of their movement into their present homes, where they come from their
views on provision of services like water, electricity, roads, telecom, and sanitation etc. Several
questionnaires were also preparing to the municipality office of Chiro Town administration and
urban development and urban land administration offices.

3.2.7 Interview
An interview schedule was administration to a sample of key informants. It was administration to
the chief technical officer of Chiro water, electricity, road, and telecom and drainage system.
These interviews have the aim to providing information on the caused of urban informal
settlements, their infrastructural impacts and the respondents perceived amelioration measures to
the problem within the municipality and the urban development. Secondary data was gathering
from Chiro Municipal records, urban plan, urban development offices published and unpublished
literature, legislation, policy statements, and government documents.

3.2.8 Field observation

A reconnaissance survey on the study area was carried out to develop a good picture to the study
town in terms of housing arrangement, infrastructural provision and socio-economic activity.
Exchange of idea was carried out with the kebelle leadership, municipality and selected
households’ individuals having good awareness in their localities.

XX
Besides, the direct observations was used in order to come up with clear understanding of the
overall informal settlement’s areas and the resulting service provision and distribution of
environmental conditions in the Chiro Town.

3.2.9 Data analysis and presentation

The data collected for this study comprises both quantitative and qualitative data. The qualitative
data was organized and presented in the form of statements and the quantitative data was
analysis using descriptive statistics table. The study was used descriptive data analysis, since the
data was collected from questioners and semi-structural interview and then analyzing by using
tables and statements and then result was present with percentage besides on such presentation.
The overall data was integrate including possible intervention areas by improving the plan to
have sufficient public service distribution.

XXI
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter concerns on the data analysis and discussion of the finding of the study. The
findings are presented based on the objective of the study. The data that obtained from the
respondents such as; households, kebelle administration, and municipality was analyzed and
presented by percentage in the form of tables.

4.1.1 Age structure of the respondents

Age of respondents’ plays an important role in the house hold is decision making on informal
settlement.

As can be seen from the figure below 54.6% were founded in the age category of 18 and 42 years
and 29.9% in the age category of 43-65 years while remaining 15.5 % were above 65 years. The
minimum and the maximum age of the respondents are 18 and above 65 respectively. Therefore,
from this data we conclude that the large share of sample respondent’s fall in the category of (18-
42).

Table: 4.1 Distribution of sample respondents (in formal settlers) by age category

Age group (yr) Number Percentage

18-42 53 54.6
43-65 29 29.9
65 and above 15 15.5
Total 97 100

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 Source: own survey (2024)

4.1.2 Educational status of the respondents

Education is important because of livelihood of the people largely depends upon knowledge
and information, the result of the survey shows that the educational status of the respondents is
illiterate 39% those who do not have both writing and reading abilities about 61 % of them
completed grade 1-4 level through formal schooling or have joined the former illiteracy
campaign

Table: 4.2 Educational levels of sampled participants in formal settlement

Education level Number of respondents Percentage

Illiterate 25 25.8

grade (1-4) 20 20.6

grade(5-8) 22 22.7

grade(8-12) 18 15.56

diploma 12 12.4

Can read and write

Source: Own survey (2024)

4.1.3 Family size of the respondents

The household size of the total sampled informal settlement participants ranges from 1 to 12
persons per family.

Table: 4.3 Distribution of in formal respondents by house hold size

House hold size Number Percentage

1—3 24 24.71

4-6 40 41.24

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7-9 25 25.8

10-12 8 8.25

Total 97 100

Table; Source own survey (2024)

Table 4.4 occupation level of the respondents

No_ Occupation level of Number of
respondents respondents
1 Civil servant 52 53.6%
2 Self-employer 35 36.1%
3 Un-employer 10 10.3%
4 Total 97 100%
Source: Questionnaire survey march 2024

The employment rate of the respondents plays an important role to identify the Chiro Town
economic activity and their source of income to lead family. This also helps to understand the
negative effect of un-employer in the informal settlement and its pressure on providing social
service. Then 53.6% of the respondents are civil servants and they have more understanding
about the cause and effect of the informal settlement. The left 36.1% and 10.3% are self-
employers and un-employers consecutively.

4.1.4 Trends of informal settlement

According to the perception of the respondents replied that the change in population number
leads to changing the informal settlement from time to time whether increasing, decreasing, and
no change. The trends of informal settlement increased from time to time in Chiro Town . The
table below shows the trends of informal settlements.

Table 4.5 trends of informal settlement

Respondents The trends of informal Frequency Percentage (%)

settlement
Increasing 25 62.5%

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 HHS Decreasing 5 12.5%
No change 10 25%
Total 40 100%
Increasing 17 63%
Kebelle Decreasing 2 7.4%
Administration No change 8 29.6%
Total 27 100%
Increasing 20 66.6%
Municipality Decreasing 8 26.7%
No change 2 6.7%
Total 30 100%

Source: questionnaire survey, march 2024

According to the data on the above table (4.5) the trends of informal settlement is increasing.
Because the collected data shows averagely 64% of the total respondents suggested that the
trends of informal settlement is increased from the previous time, while 15.4% suggested that the
trends of informal settlement is in decreasing. The other of the respondents 20.6% replied that
the trends of the informal settlements have no change.

4.1.5 The access of public service

Table 4.6 Respondents perspective on public service access
Respondents Type of public service Number of respondents and their
Yes Percentage No Percentage
Clean drink water 18 45% 22 55%
Good continuous road 10 25% 30 75%
HHS Enough electricity 15 37.5% 25 62.5%
Well drainage system 19 47.5% 21 52.5%
Telecommunication 16 40% 24 60%
Kebelle Clean drink water 10 37% 17 63%
Good road 12 44% 15 56%
Administratio
n Enough electricity 9 33.3% 18 66.7%
Well drainage system 11 40.7% 16 59.3%
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 Telecommunication 14 51.9% 13 48.1%
Municipality Clean drink water 20 66.7% 10 33.3%
Good continuous road 8 26.7% 22 73.3%
Enough electricity 19 63.3% 11 36.7%
Well drainage system 12 40% 18 60%
Telecommunication 24 80% 6 20%

Source: Questionnaire Survey march 2024

The above table 4.6 shows that 41% of the respondent or 40 HHS, 28% of the respondents or 27
kebelle administration, and 31% of the respondent or 30 municipality respondents view over the
access of public service in the informal settlement. Accordingly, the data on the above table 4.6
according to the respondants response the provission of clean drink water,well drainage
system,road and electricity is 49.5%,43.3%,30% and 44.3% respectively this shows that the
provission of such infrastructure in the informal srttlenent is less than 50% but when we compare
the respondants reponse of regarding to the providing of infrastructure in the informal
settlements such as telecommunication in the town of chiro is 56% it is better than others
infrastructure development .

4.1.6 The cause of the informal settlement and its consequence

Table: 4.7 Causes of informal settlement

The main cause of informal settlement on The information from 97 Percentage(%)

Chiro Town respondents (NO)

Long term process to get formal land 15 15.5

Growth of urbanization 26 26.8

High rent of house 42 43.3

Cost of plan 14 14.4

Total 97 100

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 Source: questionnaires survey march(2024)

As table 4.7 shows that most serious cause for informal settlements is high rent of house
(43.3%) in the city since these people are too poor. In addition another factors are less
governmental control of open spaces, limited capacity of the code enforcement services to
control illegal constructions of houses, lack comprehensive and clearly defined legal responses
to control emergence and development of squatters and holding houses are encompasses. The
survey resulted that sales of labor and farming are the main sources of house hold’s income in
the study area.

4.1.7 The negative consequence of the informal settlement

The main problem with in study has the consequence of informal settlement in the infrastructure
development in the Chiro Town community stated below.

4.1.8 Difficulty of public service expansion

The consequence of informal settlement for public service distribution and provision at the
peripheral areas of this city has difficult. The community of Chiro Town has not full access in
most of these public services such as roads, clean water, electricity, drainage system, and so on.
The main reason for the absence of inadequate supply of infrastructures are the setting form of
the surrounding poor settlement style, irregular housing, squatter and different construction
without plan. All over thus problems have great influence to public service distribution.

The main factors that affect the infrastructural development in Chiro Town are;

• Rapid population growth

• lack of community engagement

• The lack of procedural based implementation case to hindrance of measurement

• The informal settlement needs high infrastructural cost

• The absence of planning is case to construct irregular buildings

• The complexity of the settlement is makes difficult the service extending

XXVII
 • Inadequate technical expertise and climate change impacts etc

4.1.9 Socio-economic consequence

In this informal settlement area not only difficult for distribution of infrastructure development
but, also it have highly negative effect in the socio-economic change of one society. The same to
that in this city the community supposed to unpredicted financial and property extraction. The
community lives in the informal settlement are vulnerable to the high cost. For instance, when
the informal settlers expropriate from their land, they have no any advanced compensation
because the developed building was illegal and holds out of the authorized body. Even after
expropriation they have no anybody to help them to find the substituted housing land and to
leased and bought the land, they have not financial capacity. At that time these community fall
down their life under social and economic risk. Additionally, the displace people most of the
time they live at the infrastructure development of the town mean far away from the place where
the accessibility found. So due to this case these people suffered high cost of transport, time
wastage and tedious the society to find the public services.

4.10 Urban development related consequence

The consequence of informal settlement on the general overview of the town makes senseless the
urban beauty, the structural plan of the town is boring to residents and other neighbor observers,
it is obstacle for public service provision, rising the extent of informal settlement cause to broken
down the rule and regulation of the town. This process leads the whole urban dwellers to high
expense during eviction from their settlement. informalinformal settlement

The measurement and the comparable punishment to society which illegally land holders have
vital role to learn the residents and to prevent the informal settlement infrastructure. Still now no
more successful measurement is \\\because;

• The society were weak awareness about the informal settlement

• The absence of fair and legal land distribution to society

• The weak capacity and low coordination of the responsible organs

• The poor decision-making way and they were not confidential

• The official’s knowledge, skill and profession have not more powerful

XXVIII
 • The law exercised individual based over all these leads to fail the plan to stop informal
settlement expansion.

Then this indicates the responsible bodies have not more committed in decision making. The
following are written measurement that starting to minimize informal settlement by municipality
and the kebelle administration;

• creating awareness on society about the crime of informal settlement

• The taking measurement is learnable

• Addressing the land for landless society as much as possible and

• The last measurement for the informally construction that displaced the people,
demolished the house and bring them to court.

All these actions performs with the coordination of the town police and with other similar
responsible bodies.

XXIX
CHAPTER FIVE

5. Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion
Generally, to have had enough, adequate and simple way infrastructural development access;
The first stage is to have good access of public service. The study was focuses on the impact of
informal settlement on infrastructural development in Chiro Town . To minimize this
phenomenon it should be taking in to account the community interest, keep nature and culture of
society, socio-economic access.
Secondly the government should be taking possible action rapidly with clear and understanding
procedure to implement and respect the rule and regulations of the town with in the acceptability
form of the community. This cleans the way to have sufficient access of public service.

The cause of informal settlement in Chiro Town during was due to the growth of urbanization,
high rent of house, high displacement rate of the population, less capacity of the decision
making, weak control of concerned bodies and lack of fair land distribution. Consequently, the
problem of the settlements which constructed out of plan and without the permission of the
authorize bodies case to rise additional influence on the public service distribution. When the
degree of informal settlement growth to high level; it is impossible enough access of distribution
of public services. The improper setting of house development makes difficult expanded services
over it. Even if where the settlers are expropriated, they have no any payment of compensation
was implemented and no substitution of land was given to the evicted people.

The area which has proper urban plan and regular lay out design support to be have the town
beautiful, supposed the public service expansion and provision easy.

5.2 Recommendation
In the discussion part we have observed the impact of informal settlement on infrastructural
development in the Chiro Town. The impact was great and continuous. Thus, to tackle the
problem the study recommends the following for the concerned body.

• The problem of informal settlement has great influence for infrastructural development. So,
the government should be taking rapid measurement and strong decision making and control
the urban land by taking responsibility of negative impact of the informal settlement.

XXX
• There is a need to have clear rules and regulations and committed decision makers to
properly govern informal settlers. It is therefore the municipality should be taken in to
consideration the need for developing rules to address the issue and to prevent the emergence
of new informal settlement and finding a solution to the existing problem.

• For regularized settlers’ municipality should provide infrastructure services to the settlers to
safeguard their life, because these informal settlements are an integral part of the
municipality’s area. Usually in the informal settlement have absence or lack of public service
access to improve this scarcity must be stop or minimize the informal settlement.

• Most of the time the government should upgrade housing conditions and provide the system
of regularization instead of demolishes and the evicted people would be managed in
sustainable way of their future life.

• Presence of skilled manpower in the areas of planning, surveying and regulatory activities is
crucial to provide public service. As a result the Municipalities and kebele administration
together should identify their gaps, strengthening their coordination, and supported and read
each other.

XXXI
 Reference

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Buhr, W. (2003). "What is Infrastructure? " Department of Economics, School of
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Appendix

Questionnaire that will be filled by the Municipalities

ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY

School of Land Administration

Department of Land Administration and Surveying

Undergraduate program
Dear participant,
This questionnaire is prepared to collect data for research entitled that ‘‘impact of informal
settlement on infrastructural development in Chiro Town.’’ The study is conveyed for academic
purpose for the partial fulfillment of BSC degree in Land administration and surveying. Hence,
the responses from respondents are confidential.

Thank you in advance for your cooperation!

XXXV
A. B Please indicate your answer by circling the letter(s) and write your response to these
open ended questions.

Part I : Respondents personal data

1.sex: A.male B. Female

2.Age: A,18-30 B,31-61 C,>65

3. Educational statuse A primary B Secondary C Dgree D. Diploma

4Family Size A. B.

5. marital status, a, married b, divorced C, unmarried

6.Occupation

A, Civil servant B, self employed C, Daily labor D, unemployed

7.Posetion ----------------------------------------------------------------

Part II: Perception on informal settlement

1What are the main causes for informal settlement?
_____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2.Does an informal settlement have great impact on infrastructural development ?

A. Yes B) No C) I don’t know
3.If your answer question number 2 is yes; what is the impact specify?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Is the trend of informal settlement increasing from time to time?
A. Yes B. No
5.If your answer for question number 4 is yes, what are the basic causes for the increment of
informal settlement in urban areas?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Part III: 1. What is the impact of informal settlement on infrastructural development?

XXXVI
 _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2.What strategies will be put in place to stop the infrastrucural development informal
settlement and to find solutions to those already living informal settlement areas?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Does informal settlement have a negative impact on the public service distribution?
A. Yes B. No
4.If your answer for question number 3 is yes, how?
__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5’ Is informal settlement an obstacle for socio economic development of the town?
A. Yes B. No
6. If your answer for question number 5 is yes, how informal settlement can be an
impediment for socioeconomic development?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

7.What are the major effect you face in your informal settlement on infrastructural
development?
A Yes B No

a. Water

b. Electric power

c. School servic

d. Health service

Part 4: 1. how to solve the impact of informal settlement on infrastructural development?

XXXVII
2. Are there any people in Chiro Town settle before informal settler settled?

A. Yes B. No

3. if your answer is yes for question ten is there how it’s done?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------

4why did the kebelle, city administration and municipality fail to stop the infrastructural
development of informal settlement from the very beginning?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________

5.What are the solutions that have been given in recent time to solve the problem of informal
suttlement on infrastructural development?

XXXVIII