Integrals

Topic-1 Types of Integrals

Basic Formulae

𝑥 𝑛+1
1. xn dx = +c
𝑛+1
1
2.  dx = log | x | + c.
𝑥

3. sin x dx = – cos x + c.
4. cos x dx = sin x + c.
5. tan x dx = − log | cos x | + c or log | sec x | + c.
6.  cot x dx = log | sin x | + c. or − log | cosec x | + c
7. sec x dx = log | sec x + tan x | + c.
8.  cosec x dx = log |cosec x – cot x | + c
9.  sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
10. cosec x cot x dx = − cosec x + c
11. sec2 x dx = tan x + c.
12. cosec2 x dx = − cot x + c.
13. ex dx = ex + c.
𝑎𝑥
14. ax dx = + c.
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎

15. log x dx = x log |x| - x + c.

1
16. √1−𝑥2 dx = sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑐.
−1
17. √1−𝑥2 dx = cos −1 𝑥 + 𝑐.
1
18. ∫ = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐.
1+𝑥 2
−1
19. ∫ = cot −1 𝑥 + 𝑐.
1+𝑥 2
1
20. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
−1
21. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = cosec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
1 𝑥
22. ∫ √𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 + 𝑐.
−𝑥 2 𝑎
 1 1 𝑥
23. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 + 𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎
1
24. ∫ √𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐.
+𝑎2
1
25. ∫ √𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐.
−𝑎2
1 1 𝑥−𝑎
26. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log | | + 𝑐.
𝑥 2 −𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
1 1 𝑎+𝑥
27. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log | | + 𝑐.
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
28. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 + 𝑐.
2 2 𝑎
𝑥 𝑎2
29. ∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + log|𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐.
2 2
𝑥 𝑎2
30. ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐.
2 2

31. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 {𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)} = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝐶.

Integration Using Trigonometric Identities

• Cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
• 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
• 1 +cot2 x = cosec2 x
• cos (x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
• cos (x-y) = cosxcosy + sinxsiny
• sin(x+y) = sinxcosy + cosxsiny
• sin(x-y) = sinxcosy – cosxsiny
tan x+tan y
• tan(x+y) =
1−tanxtany
tanx−tany
• tan(x-y) =
1+tanxtany

1−tan 2x
• cos 2x = cos2x – sin2x = 2cos2x – 1 = 1 – 2sin2x =
1+tan 2x

2 tanx
• sin 2x = 2 sinxcosx =
1+ tan 2x

2 tanx
• tan 2x =
1−tan 2x

• sin 3x = 3 sinx – 4sin3x

 • cos 3x = 4cos3x – 3cosx
3 tanx−tan 3x
• tan 3x =
1−3tan 2x

x+y x−y
• cos x + cos y = 2cos cos
2 2
x+y x−y
• cos x - cos y = -2 sin sin
2 2
x+y x−y
• sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos
2 2
x+y x−y
• sin x – sin y = 2 cos sin
2 2

• 2 cosx cos y = cos (x +y) + cos (x-y)

• -2 sin x siny = cos (x+y) – cos (x- y)
• 2 sin x cos y= sin (x+y) + sin (x-y)
• 2 cos x siny = sin (x+y) - sin (x-y)

Integration by parts

𝒅
∫ 𝒖 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒖. ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ {𝒅𝒙 𝒖. ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒙}dx.

Note-Keep in mind ILATE

Integration by partial fraction.

Degree of numerator is less than degree of denominator, if not, divide numerator by

denominator and write it as

𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫
= 𝐐𝐮𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 +
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫
𝑝(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(i) (𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥+𝑏)(𝑥+𝑐)
≡ + + ;
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑥+𝑐
𝑝(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(ii) (𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥+𝑏)
= + (𝑥−𝑎)2 +
𝑥−𝑎 𝑥+𝑏
𝑝(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
(iii) (𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥 2 +𝑏)
≡ + ;
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥 2 +𝑏
Special Cases To Solve problems
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
1. To evaluate ∫
𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟
𝑑
We write, ax + b = λ (𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟) + 𝜇 .
𝑑𝑥

2. To evaluate ∫(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑑𝑥.

𝑑
px + q = λ (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ) + 𝜇
𝑑𝑥
𝑝𝑥+𝑞
3. To evaluate ∫ √𝑎𝑥2 dx
+𝑏𝑥+𝑐
𝑑
px + q = λ (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ) + 𝜇
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 ∓1
4. To evaluate ∫ dx.
𝑥 4 +𝜆𝑥 2 +1

1 2
Divide numerator and denominator by x2 and make a perfect square as (𝑥 ± ) in
𝑥
1
denominator and substitute 𝑥 ± = 𝑡 and proceed.
𝑥

1
5. ∫ dx, put √𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 𝑡.
(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)√𝑐𝑥+𝑑
1 1 1 1
6. Form ∫ 𝑑𝑥: ∫ 𝑑𝑥; ∫ 𝑑𝑥; ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎+𝑏 sin2 𝑥 𝑎+𝑏 cos2 𝑥 𝑎 cos2 𝑥+𝑏 sin2 𝑥 𝑎 cos2 𝑥+𝑏 sin2 𝑥+𝑐

(i) Divide numerator and denominator by cos2 x.

(ii) Reduce sec2 x in denominator as 1 + tan2 x.
(iii) Put tan x = t and proceed for perfect square.
1 1 1 1
7. Form : ∫ 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑑𝑥, ∫ dx
𝑎+𝑏 cos 𝑥 𝑎+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝑥+𝑏 sin 𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝑥+𝑏 sin 𝑥+𝑐
𝑥 2 1−𝑡 2
In such cases, substitute tan = 𝑡, we get dx = 2
𝑑𝑡, cos 𝑥 = sin x =
2 1+𝑡 1−𝑡 2
2𝑡
, simplify and proceed.
1+𝑡 2
Topic 2 Properties of Definite integrals and Limit of sums

Properties of Definite Integral

𝑎 𝑎
1. ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
3. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑎
4. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
5. ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏
𝑎
6. ∫–𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑓 (−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
{ 𝑎
2 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑓 (−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
7. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ={ 0 7
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓 (𝑥)
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
8. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥