Grade 06

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Chapter Notes
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Sr. No Chapter Name Pg no.
1 Getting to Know Plants 1
2 Separation of Substances 13
3 Sorting of Materials into Groups 23
4 Components of food 33
5

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The Living Organisms and Their
Surroundings
48
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6 Light, Shadows and Reflections 62
7 Motion and Measurement of 72
Distances
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8 Body Movements 87
Getting To Know Plants
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1
Topics to be covered

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1. Parts of a Plant

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 2. Root

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 3. Stem

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 3. Stem
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 4. Leaf

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 4. Leaf

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 4. Leaf

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 5. Flower

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 5. Flower

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 BY
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 POST CLASS NOTES

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Separation of
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Substances
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1. Need for Separation

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2. Methods of Separation

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2. Methods of Separation

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 2. Methods of Separation

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 2. Methods of Separation

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 2. Methods of Separation

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 3. Solutions
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 3. Solutions
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 Mind Map

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 POST CLASS NOTES

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Sorting of Materials
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into Groups
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 1. Need for Sorting
Materials

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 2. Sorting Based on
Properties of Materials

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 Sorting Based on
Properties of Materials

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 Sorting Based on
Properties of Materials

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 Sorting Based on
Properties of Materials

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 Sorting Based on
Properties of Materials

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 Sorting Based on
Properties of Materials

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 Sorting Based on
Properties of Materials

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 Mind Map

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Components of Food
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Topics to be covered

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Topics to be covered

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 1. Nutrients

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 2. Macronutrients

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 2. Macronutrients

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 2. Macronutrients

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2. Macronutrients
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3. Micronutrients

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3. Micronutrients

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3. Micronutrients

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3. Micronutrients

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 4. Roughage and Water

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 5. Balanced Diet

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 Mind Map

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 POST CLASS NOTES

The Living Organisms

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and Their
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Surroundings
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 Topics

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 1. Biotic and Abiotic Components

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2.Characteristics of Living Organisms

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2. Characteristics of Living Organisms
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2.Characteristics of Living Organisms
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2.Characteristics of Living Organisms

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CO
2

O2

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2.Characteristics of Living Organisms
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O2 CO2

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2.Characteristics of Living Organisms
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 Habitat

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3. Terrestrial Habitat Adaptations

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3. Terrestrial Habitat Adaptations

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3. Terrestrial Habitat Adaptations

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4. Aquatic Habitat Adaptations
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4. Aquatic Habitat Adaptations

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4. Aquatic Habitat Adaptations

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 Class Notes
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Light, Shadows and Reflections
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Grade 06
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 Topics to be Covered

Luminous and
1
Non-luminous Objects

Transparent, Translucent
2
and Opaque Objects

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Rectilinear Propagation of
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3 Light
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4 Pinhole Camera
1. Image Properties
2. Pinhole Camera in Nature

5 Shadow

6 Reflection of Light

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 1. Luminous and Non-luminous
Objects

Light enables vision.

• Objects which emit light of their own are

known as luminous objects.

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The Sun Candle
flame
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• Objects which do not emit light of their own

are known as non-luminous objects.

Glass Curtain

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1. Luminous and Non-luminous
Objects

1.1 Bioluminescence

• Living creatures which can emit light of their

own are said to be bioluminescent. In other
words, bioluminescence refers to the emission
of light by living organisms.

• Fireflies, jelly fish and angler fish are

bioluminescent creatures.
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Fireflies

Jelly fish Angler fish

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 2. Transparent, Translucent and
Opaque Objects

• Objects that completely allow

light to pass through them are
known as transparent objects.

• Examples: glass, air, etc.

Glass slab

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• Objects that partially allow light
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to pass through them are known
as translucent objects.
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• Examples: sunglasses, tracing

paper, etc. Sunglasses

• Objects that do not allow light to

pass through them are known as
opaque objects.

• Examples: wooden cupboard,

rock, etc. Cupboard

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 3. Rectilinear Propagation of
Light

• Light always travel in a straight line in a medium.

This is known as rectilinear propagation of light.

• If we look at a candle flame through a bent tube

and a straight tube, we will find that the flame is
visible only through the straight tube. This is
because light travels in straight lines in a medium
and cannot bend.
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 4. Pinhole Camera

Translucent screen

Pinhole Inverted image

Object Cardboard
box

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It is the simplest type of camera which doesn’t use a lens
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to form the image of an object. It can easily be
constructed using a cardboard box, and a translucent
sheet.
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❑ A small hole is made on one side of a cardboard

box, which acts as a pinhole. The hole should be
small to obtain a sharp image.

❑ The box is painted black from the inside to avoid

any reflection of light entering through the pinhole.

❑ A translucent screen is used to obtain the image.

❑ The image can be seen from the other open end of

the box. The open end should be covered with a
black cloth so that no other external light can enter
the box.
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 4. Pinhole Camera

4.1 Image Properties

The principle behind formation of image by a pinhole

camera is rectilinear propagation of light. No image
would have been obtained if light didn’t travel in
straight lines in a medium.

The image formed by a pinhole camera is always

❑ inverted
❑ same colour as the object
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❑ smaller, larger or same size as the object
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4.2 Pinhole Camera in Nature
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Gaps in between the thick leaves of a tree act as

pinholes for the light rays from the Sun or the Moon.
This forms circular patches on the ground which are
basically image of the Sun or the Moon.

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 5. Shadow
Light

• Shadow is the dark patch formed behind an opaque

body when it is placed in the path of light. Shadows
are formed because light travels in straight lines and
cannot bend when obstructed by an opaque object.
Screen
Object

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Light
source

Shadow
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• Properties of a shadow:

❑ Shadow can only be obtained on a screen.

❑ It is always black in colour.

❑ Size of a shadow can vary depending upon the

positions of the object, the light source and the
screen.

❑ Shadows give us some information about

shapes of objects. Sometimes, shadows can
also mislead us about the shape of the object.
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 6. Reflection of Light

• The phenomenon of bouncing back of light rays

after striking an object is known as the reflection of
light.

Incident light Reflected light

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Reflecting surface
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• Non-luminous objects can be seen because of
reflection of light. Light rays coming from a
luminous object fall on a non-luminous object, get
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reflected and finally reach our eyes to make vision

possible.

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 Class Notes
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Motion and Measurement of Distances
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Grade 06
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 Topics to be Covered

1 Measurement
1.1 Standardisation of Measurement
1.2 Interconversion of Units
1.3 Correct Measurement of Length
1.4 Measurement of Curved Line

2 Modes of Transportation
2.1 Land Transport
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2.2 Water Transport
2.3 Air Transport
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3 Rest and Motion
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3.1 State of Rest

3.2 State of Motion

4 Types of Motion

4.1 Rectilinear motion

4.2 Circular motion
4.3 Rotational motion
4.4 Oscillatory Motion
4.5 Periodic Motion
4.6 Combined Motion

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 Mind Map

Correct
Standardisation Interconversion Measurement
Measurement of
of Measurement of Units of Curved Line
Length

Measurement

Rest and Motion

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Motion and Measurement
of Distances
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Types of Modes of
Motion Transportation

Rectilinear
Motion Land Water Air

Circular Periodic
Motion Motion Combined
Motion

Rotational Oscillatory
Motion Motion
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 1. Measurement

Comparison of an unknown quantity with a known quantity of

the same kind is called measurement.

A measurement is expressed as a number followed by a unit.

Number
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Unit
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Length

• Length is the measure

of the distance
between two points.
• A ruler or a measuring
tape can be used to
measure length.

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 1. Measurement
1.1 Standardisation of Measurement
Ancient Units of Measurement

Hand span Cubit Foot

Standard Units of Measurement

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Length - metre Mass - kilogram Time - second
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Ancient Units Standard Units

Inaccurate Accurate

Not globally accepted Globally accepted

Inconvenient Convenient
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 1. Measurement
1.2 Interconversion of Units

x 1000
km

x 100 m

÷ 1000
x 10 cm

÷ 100
mm

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÷ 10
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1.3 Correct Measurement of Length
BY

The ruler must be aligned with the

length that is being measured.

Our eyes must be exactly in

front of the point where the
measurement is to be taken

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 1. Measurement

The end of the object should

coincide with the zero mark on
the ruler. If the ruler is broken,
we can measure between the two
fully visible marks on the scale.

1.4 Measurement of Curved Line

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B
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A B

The length of a curved line can be measured using a thread

and a ruler.

The thread is placed along the curve as shown and the end
points are marked. The thread is then straightened and the
length between the two markings measured using a scale.
This gives the length of the curve.

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 2. Modes of Transportation
Transport modes are means by which passengers and goods are
taken from one place to another.

These modes of transportation are generally categorised into:

2.1. Land Transport

It is the mode of transporting

people, animals, or goods
from one location to another
location on land. Examples:
car, train, etc. 'S
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2.2. Water Transport

It is the mode of transport of

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people or goods from one

place to another via water.
Examples: ship, boat, etc.

2.3. Air Transport

It is the movement of
passengers or goods by air.
Examples: aeroplane,
helicopter, etc.

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 3. Rest and Motion

The state of rest or motion of an object is always specified with

respect to an observer.

3.1 State of Rest

When an object does not

change its position with
time with respect to an
observer, it is said to be at
rest. Example: A house is
at rest with respect to its
surroundings
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3.2 State of Motion
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When an object changes its

position with time with
respect to an observer, it is
said to be in motion.
Example: A flying
aeroplane is in motion with
respect to its surroundings

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 4. Types of Motion

4.1. Rectilinear Motion

If an object moves along a

straight line, the motion of
the object is
called rectilinear motion.
Examples: A car moving on
a straight road, marching
soldiers, etc.

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4.2. Circular Motion
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If an object moves along a

circular path, the motion
of the object is called
circular motion. Examples:
A car moving on a circular
track, an artificial satellite
orbiting Earth, etc.

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 4. Types of Motion

4.3. Rotational Motion

Rotational motion is
defined as the motion of a
body about a fixed axis.
Examples: Motion of a
ferris wheel, a spinning
top, etc.
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4.4. Oscillatory Motion

Oscillatory motion is defined

as the to and fro motion of
an object about a fixed
position.
Examples: Motion of the
rocking chair, vibration of
guitar strings, etc.

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 4. Types of Motion

4.5. Periodic Motion

If an object repeats its

motion after fixed intervals
of time, its motion is called
periodic motion. Examples:
motion of minute hand of a
clock, motion of Earth
around the Sun, etc.
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4.6. Combined Motion

When an object is moving

in such a way that it
combines two or more
types of motion, it is called
combined motion.
Example: the movement of
wheels on a cart combines
rectilinear and rotatory
motion.

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 Class Notes
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Body Movements
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Grade 6

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 Topics to be
Covered

Human Body and Its Movements

Skeletal System
2.1 Bones
• Skull
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• Ribcage
• Vertebral column
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• Pelvis
2.2 Joints
• Ball and socket joints
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• Pivotal joint
• Hinge joints
• Saddle joint
• Fixed joints
2.3 Cartilage
Muscles

Gait of Animals
• Fish
• Bird
• Earthworm
• Snail
• Cockroach
• Snake
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 Mind Map

Fish

Bird

Gait of Animals Earthworm

Snail

Cockroach
Body
Movements Snake
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Human Body and Movements

BY

Skeletal System Muscular System

Bones Cartilage
Joints

Ball and
Skull Socket
Ribcage Hinge
Pelvis Pivotal
Vertebral
Saddle
column
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Fixed
 1. Human Body and its
Movement

Bones and muscles are involved in body movements.

Bones Muscles
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• Hard • Soft and flexible

• Give structure to the • Help the bones to
human body move

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 2. Skeletal System

2.1 Bones

All the bones in the body collectively

form a bony framework called skeletal
system.

Human Skeletal System

Skull
Protects
Rib cage
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brain
Protects
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lungs and Vertebral

heart column
Protects
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spinal cord

Pelvis

Protects
kidneys

Number of Bones

The human skeleton is composed of

around 305 bones at birth. It decreases to
206 bones by adulthood after some bones
fuse together.
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 2.2 Joints

Joints are the point at which two bones

meet .

Types of Joints

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Pivotal
joint
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Ball and
socket
joint
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Pelvis

Hinge joint Saddle

joint

Role of Joints
The bones cannot be bent as they are hard
and rigid. The joints therefore help to bend
where the bones meet.
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 Types of Joints and Movement allowed

Pivotal joint Ball and socket joint

• Neck region • Shoulders and hips
• Allows forward and • Allows movement in
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backward, side-to- all directions
side movement
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Hinge joint Saddle joint

• Fingers, elbows • Wrist and thumb
and knees • Rotational
• Front and back movement
movement

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 Immovable Joint

• Fixed joints do not allow

any movement and thus
are called immovable
joints.
• Fixed joint is present in the
skull.
Fixed joint • It attaches the upper jaw
to the rest of the head.
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2.3 Cartilage

Cartilage are additional parts of the

skeleton but are not as hard as the bones
and can be bent.

Between
Ear Nose joints

• It provides structural support to nose and ears.

• It is present in between joints and provides
cushioning effect.
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 3. Muscles

Muscles Contraction

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Relaxation
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• Muscles work in pair.

• A muscle can only pull
but it cannot push.
BY

• When one muscle

contracts the other
relaxes.

Difference Between Movement and

Locomotion

Movement Locomotion

Movement is when the Locomotion is when

living organism moves the movement of a
a body part without a part of the body leads
change in the position to change in the
of the organism. position and location
of the organism.

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 3. Gait of Animals

Locomotion in Fishes

• Fishes have
streamlined body
that help them to
swim in water.

• Fins and tail help

the fishes in
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movement while
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swimming.
BY

Locomotion in Birds

• Birds have wings

which they use for
flying.

• Birds also have

hindlimbs which
they use for walking
and perching.

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 Adaptation in Birds for Flying

Forelimb
Breastbone
It gets modified
It holds the to the wings
muscles of flight

Hindlimb Tail bone

It helps them to It supports the

perch and walk 'S tail feathers
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Locomotion in Earthworm
BY

• Earthworms have
muscles which
Bristles help them in
movement.

• They also have

tiny bristles
connected to
muscles which
help to get grip
on ground.

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 Locomotion in Snail

• Snail moves with the

help of muscular
Shell foot.

• Snails secrete a
slippery slime which
help them in
movement.
Foot
• Snail also have shell
which needs to be
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dragged during
locomotion.
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Locomotion in Cockroach
BY

• Cockroaches can
walk, climb and fly
in air.

• Cockroaches have
two pairs of wings
and three pairs of
legs.
Wings
(2 pairs) Legs
• They also have
(3 pairs) distinct muscles
near legs and
wings which help
them in walking
and flying
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Locomotion in Snake

• Snakes have a long

Muscles
and flexible
backbone.

• Snakes have
muscles that are
interconnected to
Backbone
'Sthe backbone.
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BY

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