5.1 - 5.

7 Test Fall 2023 Name:___________________

1. Most of the Irish immigrants who came to the United States following the potato famine of
the 1840s settled in
(A) urban areas of the North
(B) seacoast cities of the South
(C) rural sections of the Old Northwest
(D) California
(E) Appalachian

“[After the mid-nineteenth century,] Whites did not set out, directly at least, to destroy the
Indians’ life. They were simply following a script that had no Indians in it, except as exotic
relics. Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Comanches, Kiowas, and Plains Apaches were pushed aside by
consequences of another dream. . . . The advantages of the invader were incalculable—a
population hundreds of times that of the Indians, gigantic reserves of capital, a technology
capable of changing its world with a twitch. Despite their adaptive genius, the plains nomads
could not possibly sustain themselves against that force.

“Plains Indians were left with two dreadful choices. They could try to accommodate,
surrendering their vision, or they could try to resist the inevitable.”

Elliott West, historian, The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado,
1998

2. The developments described in the excerpt were most directly a response to which of the
following?
(A) American Indian competition for land with miners, farmers, and settlers
(B) United States effort to explore and map new territory
(C) Christian missionary campaigns directed at natives
(D) Shifting alliances among American Indians and European imperial nations

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“We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare
and ordain. . . that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States,
purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign
commodities. . . are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true
meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State. . . .”

South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832

3. Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of
the following?
(A) The entry into the Mexican-American War
(B) The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
(C) The secession of most Southern states
(D) The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment

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4. The trend shown in the map led most directly to which of the following?
(A) A decreasing gap in wealth because land ownership increased among White citizens
(B) Decreasing tensions between White settlers and Native Americans because expanded
United States territory undercut competition
(C) Increasing divisions between North and South because of questions about the status of
slavery in new territories
(D) Increasing legal immigration for Asians because the United States became a Pacific Rim
country

5. In the mid-nineteenth century, the process shown in the map was advocated by supporters of
which of the following ideologies?
(A) Republicanism
(B) Abolitionism
(C) Progressivism
(D) Manifest Destiny

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6. Which of the following was a common justification in the United States for the trend depicted
in the map?
(A) The interest in greater access to trade with the British colonies in the Americas
(B) The desire for better relations with Mexico
(C) The intention to assimilate Plains Indians into White society
(D) The belief in White cultural and political superiority

7. Members of the American (Know-Nothing) Party of the 1850s typically supported

(A) universal manhood suffrage
(B) restoration of a national bank
(C) immediate abolition of slavery
(D) homesteads in the western territories
(E) restrictions on Catholics’ holding public office

8. Which of the following provisions of the Compromise of 1850 provoked the most controversy
in the 1850’s?
(A) The admission of California as a free state
(B) The establishment of the principle of popular sovereignty in the Mexican cession
(C) The ban on the slave trade in the District of Columbia
(D) The continued protection of slavery in the District of Columbia
(E) The strengthened Fugitive Slave Law

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“[I am] commanded to explain to the Japanese that.... [the United States] population has rapidly
spread through the country, until it has reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean; that we have now
large cities, from which, with the aid of steam vessels, we can reach Japan in eighteen or twenty
days; [and] that . . . the Japan seas will soon be covered with our vessels.

“Therefore, as the United States and Japan are becoming every day nearer and nearer to each
other, the President desires to live in peace and friendship with your imperial majesty, but no
friendship can long exist, unless Japan ceases to act toward Americans as if they were her
enemies....

“Many of the large ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not yet arrived in these seas, though
they are hourly expected; and [the United States has], as an evidence of [its] friendly intentions...
brought but four of the smaller ones, designing, should it become necessary, to return to Edo
[Tokyo] in the ensuing spring with a much larger force.”

Commodore Matthew C. Perry to the emperor of Japan, letter, 1853

9. The population trend described in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following
domestic developments in the nineteenth century?
(A) The belief that it was the Manifest Destiny of the United States to control territory across
the continent
(B) The question of the role of government in funding internal improvements
(C) The claim that the United States should limit European colonialism in the Western
Hemisphere
(D) The dispute over whether Congress should reestablish a national bank

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10. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was most similar in intent to which of the following
earlier legislative initiatives?
(A) The Missouri Compromise of 1820
(B) The forced removal of American Indians
(C) The funding of internal improvements under the American System
(D) The annexation of Texas in 1836

11. The pattern depicted in the graph in the first half of the nineteenth century most directly
resulted in
(A) the formation of a political party that promoted nativism
(B) federal provision of financial assistance to immigrants
(C) the establishment of settlement houses
(D) a more unified national culture that embraced immigrants

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“We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of
holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union....To incorporate
Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more
than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes.... Ours,
sir, is the Government of a white race.... [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these
Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the
United States. I protest utterly against such a project.”

Senator John C. Calhoun, “Conquest of Mexico” speech, 1848

12. Based on the excerpt, Calhoun would also be most likely to support which of the following?
(A) Proslavery arguments
(B) Policies favoring immigration
(C) Expanded United States federal authority
(D) United States sale of disputed territory

13. The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States
during the first half of the nineteenth century?
(A) The end of the Spanish-American War
(B) Westward expansion
(C) The booming internal slave trade
(D) Increased manufacturing

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“The slaves in the United States are treated with barbarous inhumanity; . . . they are overworked,
underfed, wretchedly clad and lodged, and have insufficient sleep. . . . They are often kept
confined in the stocks day and night for weeks together.”

Theodore Dwight Weld, Slavery As It Is, published in New York, 1839

“Slaves of the South are the happiest, and in some sense, the freest people in the world. . . . They
enjoy liberty because they are oppressed by neither care nor labor. . . . The women do little hard
work. . . . Men and stout boys work, on the average, in good weather, not more than nine hours a
day.”

George Fitzhugh, Slaves Without Masters, published in Richmond, Virginia, 1857

14. The views expressed by Fitzhugh would have been most likely to align with which of the
following arguments?
(A) States’ rights should be secured from federal interference.
(B) The judicial branch of government should be strengthened.
(C) Tariffs on imported goods should be increased.
(D) Labor unions should be organized.

15. The disagreements expressed in the two excerpts most directly reflect which of the
following?
(A) Debates between management and unions over working conditions.
(B) Disputes between Jacksonian Democrats and Whigs.
(C) The intensification of regional differences between labor systems.
(D) The employment of immigrants in the North and South.

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“The Vigilance Committee of Boston inform you that the MOCK TRIAL of the poor Fugitive
Slave has been further postponed. . . .

Come down, then, Sons of the Puritans: for even if the poor victim is to be carried off by the
brute force of arms, and delivered over to Slavery, you should at least be present to witness the
sacrifice, and you should follow him in sad procession with your tears and prayers, and then go
home and take such action as your manhood and your patriotism may suggest.

Come, then, by the early trains on MONDAY, and rally. . . . Come with courage and resolution in
your hearts; but, this time, with only such arms as God gave you.”

Proclamation addressed “To the Yeomanry of New England,” Boston, 1854

16. The sentiments expressed in the proclamation would have been most widely condemned by
White residents of
(A) coastal South Carolina
(B) northern California
(C) western New York
(D) western Virginia

17. Which of the following did NOT contribute to the perception of many White Southerners
that antislavery sentiment was spreading in the 1850s?
(A) Uncle Tom’s Cabin drew enthusiastic audiences of Northern readers and theatergoers.
(B) Groups like the New England Emigrant Aid Company worked to make Kansas a free
state.
(C) Some prominent Northern intellectuals like Henry David Thoreau praised John Brown’s
raid on Harpers Ferry.
(D) The Republican Party attracted an increasing number of supporters.
(E) Congress voted to end the interstate slave trade.

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18. Which of the following best describes the position on slavery of most northerners during the
sectional crisis of the 1850s?
(A) They were willing to accept slavery where it existed but opposed further expansion to
the territories.
(B) They were active supporters of complete abolition.
(C) They favored continued importation of slaves from Africa.
(D) They advocated expansion of the slave system to provide cheap labor for northern
factories.
(E) They advocated complete social and political equality for all races in the United States.

“The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and
sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence
by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and
privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is
the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . .
. It is the judgment of this court that it appears. . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in
the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution.”

United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney,

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857

19. The decision in the excerpt held which of the following to be unconstitutional?
(A) The Northwest Ordinance
(B) The Louisiana Purchase
(C) The Missouri Compromise
(D) The Wilmot Proviso

20. Which of the following was the most immediate result of the decision in the excerpt?
(A) Tensions over slavery diminished.
(B) Support grew for the Republican Party.
(C) The United States fought a war with Mexico.
(D) Most slave states voted to secede from the Union.

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21. In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president on a Republican platform that advocated all
of the following EXCEPT
(A) higher protective tariffs
(B) government subsidies for a transcontinental railroad
(C) free western land for settlers who would live and work on it
(D) the exclusion of slavery from United States territorial possessions
(E) the abolition of slavery throughout the United States

“I am not included within the pale of this glorious anniversary! Your high independence only
reveals the immeasurable distance between us. The blessings in which you, this day, rejoice, are
not enjoyed in common. The rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity and independence,
bequeathed by your fathers, is shared by you, not by me. The sunlight that brought life and
healing to you, has brought stripes and death to me. This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You
may rejoice, I must mourn. To drag a man in fetters into the grand illuminated temple of liberty,
and call upon him to join you in joyous anthems, were inhuman mockery and sacrilegious irony.
Do you mean, citizens, to mock me, by asking me to speak today?”

Frederick Douglass, African American activist, “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?,”
speech, 1852

22. In the 1850s, the ideas such as those expressed in the excerpt most directly contributed to
(A) controversies over the expansion of slavery to new territories
(B) the creation of separate African American churches
(C) the extension of voting rights to African Americans in the North
(D) growth in the international slave trade

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23. Prior to the civil war, a transformation occurred in the workforce of the new england textile
mills as new england farm girls were replaced by
(A) French-Canadian immigrants
(B) freed African Americans from the South
(C) Irish immigrants
(D) German immigrants
(E) Italian immigrants

“I am filled with deep emotion at finding myself standing here in the place . . . from which
sprang the institutions under which we live. . . . I have never had a feeling politically that did not
spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. . . . It was not the mere
matter of the separation of the colonies from the mother land; but something in that Declaration
giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. It
was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of
all men. . . .”
“Now, my friends, can this country be saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one
of the happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it can’t be saved upon that principle, it
will be truly awful.
“Now, in my view of the present aspect of affairs, there need be no bloodshed and war. . . . And I
may say in advance, there will be no blood shed unless it be forced upon the Government. . . .
“My friends, this is a wholly unprepared speech. I did not expect to be called upon to say a word
when I came here. . . . I may, therefore, have said something indiscreet, but I have said nothing
but what I am willing to live by, and, in the pleasure of Almighty God, die by.”

President-elect Abraham Lincoln, speaking at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, February 22,

1661

24. The excerpt most likely reflects which of the following historical situations?
(A) Abraham Lincoln won all of the electoral college votes in the presidential election.
(B) Formerly enslaved people were given the right to vote in presidential elections.
(C) Southern states refused to participate in the presidential election.
(D) States in the South had begun seceding after the presidential election.

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25. All of the following contributed to Northern fear of a slave power conspiracy in the 1840s
and 1850s EXCEPT the
(A) enforcement of a new fugitive slave law
(B) decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case
(C) imposition of a gag rule in the House of Representatives
(D) proposal of the Ostend Manifesto
(E) passage of the Wilmot Proviso

26. Historians have argued that all of the following were causes of the Civil War EXCEPT
(A) the clash of economic interests between agrarian and industrializing regions
(B) the actions of irresponsible politicians and agitators in the North and the South
(C) differences over the morality and future of slavery
(D) the growing power of poor Southern Whites who resisted planter dominance and sought
to abolish slavery
(E) a constitutional crisis pitting states’ rights against federal power

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“For a few years in the 1850s, ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major
political issue. The immediate origins of this phenomenon lay in the sharp increase of
immigration after 1845. . . . The average quadrupled in the 1830s. But even this paled in
comparison with the immigration of the late 1840s. . . . During the decade 1846–1855, more than
three million immigrants entered the United States—equivalent to 15 percent of the 1845
population. This was the largest proportional increase in the foreign-born population for any
ten-year period in American history.... Equal in significance to the increase in the foreign-born
population were changes in its composition.”

James M. McPherson and James K. Hogue, historians, Ordeal By Fire: The

Civil War and Reconstruction, 2010

27. Which of the following most directly contributed to “the sharp increase of immigration after
1845” referenced in the excerpt?
(A) The Second Great Awakening
(B) Crop failures and revolutions in Europe
(C) Removal of American Indians from the Southeast
(D) Tariff policies during Andrew Jackson’s administration

28. Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the
excerpt that “ethnic conflict among whites rivaled sectional conflict as a major political issue” of
the period?
(A) Growing concern about the political and cultural influence of Catholic immigrants
(B) Growing fear of political radicalism among southern and eastern European immigrants
(C) Increasing cultural influence of European Romanticism in the United States
(D) Increasing support for the antislavery cause among the immigrant community

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“That the normal condition of all the territory of the United States is that of freedom: That, as our
Republican fathers, when they had abolished slavery in all our national territory, ordained that
‘no persons should be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law,’ it
becomes our duty, by legislation, whenever such legislation is necessary, to maintain this
provision of the Constitution against all attempts to violate it; and we deny the authority of
Congress, of a territorial legislature, or of any individuals, to give legal existence to slavery in
any territory of the United States.”

Republican Party platform, 1860

29. Republicans asserted that political leaders could not “give legal existence to slavery in any
territory of the United States” in order to express opposition against the
(A) idea of popular sovereignty exemplified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act
(B) removal of American Indians from their homelands
(C) recruitment of laborers for Northern factories
(D) application of California for statehood

30. Which of the following factors can best be used to explain the Union victory in the Civil
War?
(A) Superior military leadership, particularly early in the war
(B) Greater population and industrial development
(C) Stronger resilience and ideological commitment to a cause
(D) Better understanding of contested territory and shorter supply lines to resources

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