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Signal Processing: Deterministic Signals

The document discusses different types of signals including continuous-time and discrete-time signals, deterministic and random signals, and analog and digital signals. It then provides details on deterministic signals, describing periodic signals like sinusoidal and complex periodic signals as well as non-periodic signals such as almost-periodic, transient, and non-periodic signals.

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24 views25 pages

Signal Processing: Deterministic Signals

The document discusses different types of signals including continuous-time and discrete-time signals, deterministic and random signals, and analog and digital signals. It then provides details on deterministic signals, describing periodic signals like sinusoidal and complex periodic signals as well as non-periodic signals such as almost-periodic, transient, and non-periodic signals.

Uploaded by

meria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signal Processing

DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 1


Signal Types
•Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
•Deterministic Signals and Random signals
•Analog and Digital Signals
Energy and Power signals

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 2


Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
•A signal is said to be continuous when it is defined for all instants of
time.

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 3


Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
•A signal is said to be discrete when it is defined at only discrete instants
of time

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 4


Deterministic Signals and Random signals

Signal Signal

Non-
Deterministic Random Stationary
Stationary

Non-
Stationary Deterministic Random
Stationary

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 5


Deterministic Signals and Random signals
• In practical terms, the decision of whether physical data are deterministic or
random is usually based on the ability to reproduce the data by controlled
experiments.
• If an experiment producing specific data of interest can be repeated many times
with identical results (within the limits of experimental error), then the data can
generally be considered deterministic.
• If an experiment cannot be designed that will produce identical results when the
experiment is repeated, then the data must usually be considered random in
nature.

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 6


Deterministic Signals

Deterministic

Periodic Non-Periodic

Complex Almost-
Sinusoidal Transient
Periodic Periodic

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 7


Deterministic Signals - Periodic
• A periodic signal which repeats it self after a fixed time period is called as a periodic
signal.
x(t) = x(t+T0)

• Sinusoidal Periodic Data


Sinusoidal data are those types of periodic data that can be defined mathematically by a
time-varying function of the form
x(t) =Xsin(2f0t+ )
X = amplitude
f0 = cyclic frequency in cycles per unit time
 = initial phase angle with respect to the time origin in radians
x(t) = instantaneous value at time t

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 8


Deterministic Signals - Periodic
• In practice, the phase angle  is often ignored.
The time interval required for one full fluctuation or cycle of sinusoidal data is called the period
Tp
Time history and spectrum of sinusoidal data

1
𝑇𝑝 =
𝑓0

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 9


Deterministic Signals - Periodic
• Complex Periodic Data
The periodic data that can be defined mathematically by a time-varying function whose waveform
exactly repeats itself at regular intervals such that
x(t) = x(t ± n Tp) n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
• As for sinusoidal data, the time interval required for one full fluctuation is called the period Tp.
• The number of cycles per unit time is called the fundamental frequency f1.
• Complex periodic data may be expanded into a Fourier series according to the following formula:

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 10


Deterministic Signals - Periodic

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 11


Deterministic Signals - Periodic
• An alternative way to express the Fourier series for complex periodic data

• Complex periodic data consist of a static component X0 and an infinite number of sinusoidal
components called harmonics
• The phase angles n are often ignored

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 12


Deterministic Signals - Periodic
• Spectrum of complex periodic data

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 13


Deterministic Signals - Periodic
• For example:
• Suppose a periodic time history is formed by mixing three sine waves that have
frequencies of 60, 75, and 100 Hz.
• The highest common divisor is 5 Hz, so the period of the resulting periodic data
is TP = 0.2 s.
•When expanded into a Fourier series, all values of Xn are zero except for n = 12,
n = 15, and n = 20.
the vibration response of a multi-cylinder reciprocating engine will usually
display considerable harmonic content

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 14


Deterministic Signals - Non-Periodic
• A non-periodic signal is any signal that does not repeat itself after any period of time,
however large that period may be.
• The non periodic signal do not satisfy the condition of periodicity stated in equation :
x(t) ≠ x(t+T0)
Sometimes it is said that an aperiodic signal has a periodic T0 = ∞.

• Most of the signals we come across in real life are


non-periodic. For example, speech is a non-periodic signal.

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 15


Deterministic Signals - Non-Periodic
•Almost-Periodic Data
•Example

is periodic because 2/7, 3/7 and 2/3 are rational numbers (the fundamental period is Tp =1)

is not periodic because 2 50 and 2 50 are not rational numbers (the fundamental period is infinitely long)
but the requirements of periodic signal will not be satisfied for any finite value of Tp.

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 16


Deterministic Signals - Non-Periodic
• Based on these discussions, almost-periodic data are those types of nonperiodic data
that can be defined mathematically by a time-varying function of the form

𝑓𝑛
where ≠ rational number in all cases
𝑓𝑚
A good example is the vibration response in a multiple-engine propeller airplane when the
engines are out of synchronization

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 17


Deterministic Signals - Non-Periodic
• The only difference of periodic and almost-periodic signal is that the frequencies of the
components are not related by rational numbers

Spectrum of almost-periodic data

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 18


Deterministic Signals - Non-Periodic
• Transient Nonperiodic Data
• All nonperiodic data other than the almost-periodic data

temperature of water in a kettle after the flame is


turned off

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 19


Deterministic Signals - Non-Periodic

the free vibration of a damped mechanical system after an excitation force is removed.

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 20


Deterministic Signals - Non-Periodic

the stress in an end-loaded cable that breaks at time c.

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 21


Deterministic Signals - Non-Periodic
• A continuous spectral representation for transient data can be obtained in most cases: as opposed
to periodic and almost-periodic data, a discrete spectral representation is not possible.
From a Fourier transform:

complex polar notation

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 22


Deterministic Signals - Non-Periodic
•

Time-history of transient data. Spectra of transient data.

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 23


Deterministic Signals - Non-Periodic
•

Time-history of transient data. Spectra of transient data.

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 24


Deterministic Signals - Non-Periodic
•

Time-history of transient data. Spectra of transient data.

2nd Semster 2022-2023 S. H. MOMENI 25

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