Engineering Mathematics I Lecture 8: Prof. Dr.

Emad Al-Hemiary
Second Year, First Semester Non-Homogeneous ODE
and Higher Order ODEs

Non-Homogeneous ODE
Recalling the non-homogeneous 2nd order ODE given by:
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 ′ + 𝑞(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) (8.1)
With 𝑟(𝑥) ≢ 0, then the general solution is the sum of the general solution of the
homogeneous 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) and particular 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥):

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) (8.2)

Two solution methods:

• Method of undetermined coefficients
• Method of variation of parameters

Method of Undetermined Coefficients

Step 1: The homogeneous solution 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) is obtained by solving:
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 ′ + 𝑞(𝑥)𝑦 = 0
Step 2: The particular solution 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) is obtained by assuming to be one of the forms given in
Table (8.1) and substitute into the given ODE.
Table (8.1)

Term in 𝒓(𝒙) Choice of 𝒚𝒑 (𝒙)

𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝒙𝒏 (𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … ) 𝑘𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑘𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘0
𝒙𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒙 (𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … ) 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑘𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑘𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘0 )
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒙 𝑘1 cos 𝜔𝑥 + 𝑘2 sin 𝜔𝑥
𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒙 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑘1 cos 𝜔𝑥 + 𝑘2 sin 𝜔𝑥)
where 𝑎, 𝑘, 𝑘0, … , 𝑘𝑛 are arbitrary.

Example 8.1:
Solve the following 2nd order ODE using undetermined coefficients method:
𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 10𝑒 −3𝑥

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 Engineering Mathematics I Lecture 8: Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
Second Year, First Semester Non-Homogeneous ODE
and Higher Order ODEs

Solution:
Our general solution is: 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥)

Homogeneous part 𝑦ℎ (𝑥):

𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0 → 𝜆2 + 5𝜆 + 4 = 0 → (𝜆 + 1)(𝜆 + 4) = 0 → 𝜆1 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆2 = −4
Thus:
𝑦ℎ (𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −4𝑥
Non-homogeneous part 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥):

Since 𝑟(𝑥) = 10𝑒 −3𝑥 , then from table (8.1) we select 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝑘𝑒 −3𝑥 . Substitute 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) in ODE:

𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 10𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑2 −3𝑥 )
𝑑
(𝑘𝑒 + 5 (𝑘𝑒 −3𝑥 ) + 4𝑘𝑒 −3𝑥 = 10𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
9𝑘𝑒 −3𝑥 − 15𝑘𝑒 −3𝑥 + 4𝑘𝑒 −3𝑥 = 10𝑒 −3𝑥 → −2𝑘 = 10 → 𝑘 = −5
Thus:

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −4𝑥 − 5𝑒 −3𝑥

Example 8.2:
Solve the initial value problem 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0.001𝑥 2 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1.5
Solution:
The general solution is given by:
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥)

Homogeneous part 𝑦ℎ (𝑥):

𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0 → 𝜆2 + 1 = 0 → 𝜆2 = −1 → 𝜆1,2 = ∓𝑗.

Thus:
𝑦ℎ (𝑥) = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑥
Non-homogeneous part 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥):

Since 0.001𝑥 2 , then from table (8.1), we select:

𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝑘2 𝑥 2 + 𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘0 , 𝑘1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦. Sub. in ODE:

𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0.001𝑥 2
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 Engineering Mathematics I Lecture 8: Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
Second Year, First Semester Non-Homogeneous ODE
and Higher Order ODEs

𝑑2
2
(𝑘2 𝑥 2 + 𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘0 ) + (𝑘2 𝑥 2 + 𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘0 ) = 0.001𝑥 2 → (2𝑘2 ) + (𝑘2 𝑥 2 + 𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑘0 ) = 0.001𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑘2 = 0.001
{ 𝑘1 = 0 → 𝑘0 = −2𝑘2 → 𝑘0 = −2(0.001) → 𝑘0 = −0.002
2𝑘2 + 𝑘0 = 0
We therefore get:
𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 0.001𝑥 2 − 0.002

The general solution is thus given by:

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑥 + 0.001𝑥 2 − 0.002

Example 8.3:
Solve the following 2nd order ODE using the method of undetermined coefficients:
𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 = 18 cos 𝜋𝑥
Solution:
Our general solution is: 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥)

Homogeneous part 𝑦ℎ (𝑥):

𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 = 0 → 𝜆2 − 9 = 0 → (𝜆 + 3)(𝜆 − 3) = 0 → 𝜆1 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆2 = +3
Thus:
𝑦ℎ (𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
Non-homogeneous part 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥):

From table (8.1) select 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝑘1 cos 𝜋𝑥 + 𝑘2 sin 𝜋𝑥. Substitute 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) in ODE:

𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 = 18 cos 𝜋𝑥
𝑑2
(𝑘 cos 𝜋𝑥 + 𝑘2 sin 𝜋𝑥) − 9(𝑘1 cos 𝜋𝑥 + 𝑘2 sin 𝜋𝑥) = 18 cos 𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 1
𝑑
(−𝜋𝑘1 sin 𝜋𝑥 + 𝜋𝑘2 cos 𝜋𝑥) − 9𝑘1 cos 𝜋𝑥 − 9𝑘2 sin 𝜋𝑥 = 18 cos 𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−𝜋 2 𝑘1 cos 𝜋𝑥 − 𝜋 2 𝑘2 sin 𝜋𝑥 − 9𝑘1 cos 𝜋𝑥 − 9𝑘2 sin 𝜋𝑥 = 18 cos 𝜋𝑥
18
−𝜋 2 𝑘2 − 9𝑘2 = 0 → 𝑘2 = 0 → −𝜋 2 𝑘1 − 9𝑘1 = 18 → 𝑘1 = −
𝜋2 + 9
Finally, we get:

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 Engineering Mathematics I Lecture 8: Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
Second Year, First Semester Non-Homogeneous ODE
and Higher Order ODEs

18
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 − cos 𝜋𝑥
𝜋2 + 9

Method of Variation of Parameters

• This is more general and used for 𝑟(𝑥) not existing in table 8.1.
• It can be used for higher order ODE.

Given a 2nd order ODE:

𝑦 ′′ + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 ′ + 𝑞(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥)
has a general solution:
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥)

The particular part 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) has the form:

𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝑣1 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 𝑣2 𝑦2 (𝑥) (8.3)

You can solve using procedure 1 or procedure 2

Procedure 1:
Step 1: Solve the set of linear system to find 𝑣1′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2′ :
𝑣1′ 𝑦1 + 𝑣2′ 𝑦2 = 0
(8.4)
𝑣1′ 𝑦1′ + 𝑣2′ 𝑦2′ = 𝑟(𝑥)
Step 2: Integrate 𝑣1′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2′ to obtain 𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 discarding all constants of integration.
Procedure 2:
The particular part can be evaluated directly using Lagrange method:
𝑦ℎ (𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2
𝑦2 𝑟 𝑦1 𝑟
𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = −𝑦1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊 𝑊
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑦1 𝑦2′ − 𝑦2 𝑦1′

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 Engineering Mathematics I Lecture 8: Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
Second Year, First Semester Non-Homogeneous ODE
and Higher Order ODEs

Example 8.4: Solve the 2nd order ODE using variation of parameters:
𝑒𝑥
𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 =
𝑥
Solution:
Our general solution is: 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥)

Homogeneous part 𝑦ℎ (𝑥):

𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 → 𝜆2 − 2𝜆 + 1 = 0 → (𝜆 − 1)2 = 0 → 𝜆1,2 = 1

Thus:
𝑦ℎ (𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
Non-homogeneous part 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥):

From the homogeneous part we get:

𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑦1′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦2 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑦2′ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑊=| 𝑥 | = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥

𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑦2 𝑟 𝑦1 𝑟 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = −𝑦1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑊 𝑊 𝑒 𝑒
1
= −𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ln|𝑥| = (ln|𝑥| − 1)𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑥
Combining the two parts, we get:

𝑦(𝑥) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 + (ln|𝑥| − 1)𝑥𝑒 𝑥

Example 8.5: Solve the 2nd order ODE using the method of variation of parameters:
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1

Solution:
Our general solution is: 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥)

Homogeneous part 𝑦ℎ (𝑥):

𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0 → 𝜆2 + 2𝜆 − 3 = 0 → (𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 + 3) = 0 → 𝜆1 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆21 = −3

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 Engineering Mathematics I Lecture 8: Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
Second Year, First Semester Non-Homogeneous ODE
and Higher Order ODEs

Thus:
𝑦ℎ (𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥
Non-homogeneous part 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥):

From the homogeneous part we get:

𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑦1′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦2 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 → 𝑦2′ = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑥
𝑊 = |𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 | = −3𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 = −4𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 −3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦2 𝑟 𝑦1 𝑟 𝑒 −3𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1) 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1)
𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = −𝑦1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑊 𝑊 −4𝑒 −2𝑥 −4𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥
= ∫(1 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
4 4
𝑒𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
= {𝑥 − (−𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 ) + 𝑒 } − { −( − )− }
4 4 4 3 9 3
𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 2𝑒 3𝑥
= (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 ) − ( − − )
4 4 4 3 9
1 𝑥 2 1 4 20
= (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑒 𝑥 + + ) = (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + )
4 3 9 4 3 9
Finally, we get:

1 4 20
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + )
4 3 9

Higher Order ODE

In general, nth order ODE is written as:
𝑦 (𝑛) + 𝑝𝑛−1 (𝑥)𝑦 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑝1 (𝑥)𝑦 𝑛−1 + 𝑝0 (𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) (8.5)
has the general solution:
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥)

where:
𝑦ℎ (𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑦1 + 𝑐2 𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛 𝑦𝑛
{ (8.6)
𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝑣1 𝑦1 (𝑥) + 𝑣2 𝑦2 (𝑥) + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛 𝑦𝑛 (𝑥)

Solution of (8.6) can be carried out using procedure 1 above. The following examples illustrate
this.
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 Engineering Mathematics I Lecture 8: Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
Second Year, First Semester Non-Homogeneous ODE
and Higher Order ODEs

Example 8.6: Solve the 4th order ODE given by:

𝑦 (4) − 5𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 0
Solution:
This is a homogeneous equation; it has the characteristic equation:
𝜆4 − 5𝜆2 + 4 = 0 → (𝜆2 − 1)(𝜆2 − 4) = 0 → (𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 + 1)(𝜆 − 2)(𝜆 + 2) = 0 → 𝜆1 = 1, 𝜆2
= −1, 𝜆3 = 2, 𝜆4 = −2
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥

Example 8.7: Solve the 3rd order ODE given by:

𝑒𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ =
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Solution:
The general solution is: 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥)

Homogeneous part 𝑦ℎ (𝑥):

𝜆3 − 3𝜆2 + 2𝜆 = 0 → 𝜆(𝜆2 − 3𝜆 + 2) = 0 → 𝜆(𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 − 2) = 0 → 𝜆1 = 0, 𝜆2 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆3 = 2
𝑦ℎ (𝑥) = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐3 𝑒 2𝑥
Non-homogeneous part 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥):

From the homogeneous part we get:

𝑦1 = 1 → 𝑦1′ = 0 → 𝑦1′′ = 0
𝑦2 = 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑦2′ = 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝑦2′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦3 = 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝑦2′ = 2𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝑦2′′ = 4𝑒 2𝑥
We then form the linear system:
𝑣1′ + 𝑣2′ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑣3′ 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0 𝑣1′ + 𝑣2′ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑣3′ 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
𝑣1′ 𝑦1 + 𝑣2′ 𝑦2 + 𝑣3′ 𝑦3 = 0
𝑣2′ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑣3′ 2𝑒 2𝑥 = 0 3−2 𝑣2′ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑣3′ 2𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
{ 𝑣1′ 𝑦1′ + 𝑣2′ 𝑦2′ + 𝑣3′ 𝑦3′ = 0 ⇒ ⇒
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑣1′ 𝑦1′′ + 𝑣2′ 𝑦2′′ + 𝑣3′ 𝑦3′′ = 𝑟(𝑥) 𝑣 ′ 𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑣 ′
4𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑣 ′
2𝑒 2𝑥
=
{ 2 3
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 { 3
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑣1′ + 𝑣2′ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑣3′ 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
𝑣1′ + 𝑣2′ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑣3′ 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
𝑒 −𝑥
𝑣2′ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑣3′ 2𝑒 2𝑥 = 0 𝑠𝑢𝑏 3 𝑖𝑛 2 𝑣2′ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 =0
⇒ −𝑥 ⇒ 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
1 𝑒
𝑣 ′
3 = ′
1 𝑒 −𝑥
{ 21 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑣3 =
{ 2 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥

7
 Engineering Mathematics I Lecture 8: Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
Second Year, First Semester Non-Homogeneous ODE
and Higher Order ODEs

𝑒𝑥 1 𝑒𝑥 1 𝑒𝑥
𝑣1′ + 𝑣2′ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑣3′ 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0 𝑣1′ − + = 0 𝑣 ′
1 =
1 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 2 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 2 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑣2′ = − 𝑠𝑢𝑏 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 𝑖𝑛1 1 1
⇒ 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣2′ = − ⇒ 𝑣2
′
= −
1 𝑒 −𝑥 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
−𝑥
′
𝑣3 = ′
1 𝑒 ′
1 𝑒 −𝑥
{ 2 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑣 3 = 𝑣 =
{ 2 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 { 3 2 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Then we integrate with respect to x to find 𝑣𝑖 :
1 𝑒𝑥 1 𝑒𝑥
𝑣1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 2 𝑒𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑢−1 1 1 1 1
𝑣1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = {∫ 1 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑑𝑢} = {𝑢 − ln|𝑢|} = {𝑒 𝑥 + 1 − ln|𝑒 𝑥 + 1|}
2 𝑢 2 𝑢 2 2
1 1
𝑣2 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑣2 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|𝑢| = − ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑢
1 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑣3 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1 → 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1
𝑣3 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|𝑢| = − ln(𝑒 −𝑥 + 1)
2 𝑢 2 2
1 1
∴ 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝑣1 𝑦1 + 𝑣2 𝑦2 + 𝑣3 𝑦3 = {𝑒 𝑥 + 1 − ln|𝑒 𝑥 + 1|} − 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 1) − 𝑒 2𝑥 ln(𝑒 −𝑥 + 1)
2 2
Finally, we get:

1 1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 2𝑥 + {𝑒 𝑥 + 1 − ln|𝑒 𝑥 + 1|} − 𝑒 𝑥 ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 1) − 𝑒 2𝑥 ln(𝑒 −𝑥 + 1)
2 2