Light - Class Notes

City Pride School
Class : VIII Chp: 15- Light

Exercise Question/answers
II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1.State the laws of reflection.
The reflection of light is based on two
principles, also called laws of reflection.
a. The angle of incidence is always equal to the
angle of reflection, that is,
∠i = ∠r.
b. The incident ray, the normal and the reflected
ray all lie on the same plane
2.Describe the nature of the image formed by a
plane mirror.
The image formed by a plane mirror is always
virtual and erect, of the same size, laterally
inverted and at the same distance as the object
from the mirror.
3.Define power of accommodation of the eye.
It is the ability of eye to focus objects at
different distances.
4.How do visually impaired people read?
Visually impaired people can read using a
special system called Braille system. The Braille
system consists of groups of raised dots which
represent letters and numbers and can be felt by
the visually impaired people.
III. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1.Describe the structure of the human eye,
elaborating the function of each part.
The eye is like an optical instrument and also
one of our five sense organs. The eye helps us in
viewing objects. This happens only when light
from the object enters our eyes.
The structure of the eye is given below:
The parts of human eye are-
Vitreous humour, Ciliary muscles, Retina,
Aqueous humour, Blind spot, Optic nerve ,Lens,
Pupil, Cornea, Iris
1.The eyeball is spherical shaped with a slight

bulge in the front part. The outer covering of
the eye protects it from injuries.
2.The front part of the eye is covered by a
transparent spherical membrane called cornea.
Light enters the eye through the cornea.
3.Just behind the cornea, there is a dark-coloured
muscular diaphragm called the iris with a small
circular opening in the middle called the pupil.
The pupil appears black because no light is
reflected from it. The iris regulates the amount
of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of
pupil. When the intensity of light is more, the
iris makes the pupil contract and hence the
amount of light entering the eye decreases.
However, if the intensity of light is less, then the
iris makes the pupil dilate so that more light can
enter the eye. The iris also imparts us the colour
of the eye.
4.The eye lens is made up of a transparent jelly-
like proteinaceous material. The lens is hard in
the middle and becomes soft at the edges.
5.The ciliary muscles hold the eye lens in position
and also help in changing the curvature and
focal length of the eye lens.
6.The inner surface (innermost layer )of the
eyeball is called retina. It is a semi-transparent
membrane which is sensitive to light and can be
very well compared to the screen of a camera.
The retina has light-sensitive receptors called
rods and cones. Rods are sensitive to dim light,
whereas cones are sensitive to bright light.
7.When light falls on these receptors, they send
electrical signals to the brain through a nerve
called the optic nerve.
8.The space between the retina and the eye lens is
filled with a fluid called vitreous humour,
whereas the region between the cornea and the
eye lens is filled with aqueous humour, also a
transparent fluid.
9.The spot at which the optic nerve enters the eye
is called blind spot. This spot is insensitive to
light and is also called the area of no vision.
2.Write a note on myopia and hypermetropia.

There are two major defects of the eye: myopia
and hypermetropia.
Myopia :
In myopia or short-sightedness, a person can see
nearby objects clearly but has a difficulty in
viewing distant objects. The eye lens becomes
thick in this defect and thus, the ciliary muscles
are not able to relax sufficiently to make way for
light to enter from far off objects. The image in
this case is formed in front of the retina. This
defect is corrected by using spectacles which
have a diverging or a concave lens. These
spectacles help in diverging the parallel rays in
such a way that the image gets formed on the
retina.
Hypermetropia :
In hypermetropia or long-sightedness, a person
is able to view distant objects clearly but has a
difficulty in viewing nearby objects, for
example, has a difficulty while reading. In this
defect, the lens becomes too thin and ciliary
muscles lose the ability to contract and eyeballs
become shorter than normal and the image is
formed behind the retina. This is an old-age
defect as at that age, the ciliary muscles become
weak. This defect is corrected by using
spectacles made of converging lens or convex
lens.

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City Pride School

Class : VIII Chp: 15- Light

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1.The eyeball is spherical shaped with a slight

2.Write a note on myopia and hypermetropia.

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